Mru language




Not to be confused with Mro language.

































Mru
Mrung
Region
Bangladesh, Burma, India
Ethnicity Mru people
Native speakers
 50,000 (1999–2007)[1]
Language family

Sino-Tibetan

  • Mruic[2]
    • Mru
Writing system
Mru script, Latin script
Language codes
ISO 639-3 mro
Glottolog
mruu1242[3]



A group of Mrus foraging in the hills




The Mru people and language are located in the lower right hand corner of the map of Bangladesh


Mru (Maru), also known as Mrung (Murung), is a Sino-Tibetan language and one of the recognized languages of Bangladesh. It is spoken by a community of Mros (Mrus) inhabiting the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh with a population of 22,000 according to the 1991 census, and in Burma. The Mros are the second-largest tribal group in Bandarban District of the Chittagong Hill Tracts. A small group of Mros also live in Rangamati Hill District.


The Mru language is considered "Severely endangered" by UNESCO.[4]




Contents






  • 1 Classification


  • 2 Distribution


  • 3 Subdivisions


  • 4 Grammar


  • 5 Numerals


  • 6 Script


    • 6.1 Unicode




  • 7 See also


  • 8 References


  • 9 Further reading





Classification


Mru forms the Mruic language branch with Hkongso and Anu, which are spoken in Paletwa Township, Chin State, Myanmar. The position of Mruic with Sino-Tibetan is unclear.



Distribution




Map of Bandarban District


The Mros live in forest areas of Lama, Ruma, Alikaram, and Thanchi near Chimbuk Mountain of Bandarban District (Rashel 2009). They also live in Sittwe (Akiab), Rakhine State, Burma.



Subdivisions


Ethnologue (21st edition) lists 3 main dialects as Anok, Dowpreng (Dopreng), and Sungma (Tshungma), as wel as the 2 minor dialects of Dopreng and Rumma.



  • Anok: largest and central

  • Tshungma: in the north

  • Domrong: in the lowlands north of the Matamuri

  • Dopreng: in far south and into Arakan

  • Rumma: in far south and into Arakan


There are five Mru dialects according to Ebersole (1996).



  • Anawk

  • Süngma

  • Dopreng

  • Tamsa

  • Rengmitsa


There are five major Mro clans (Rashel 2009).



  • Dengua

  • Premsang

  • Kongloi

  • Maizer

  • Ganaroo Gnar


Rashel (2009) also lists another classification scheme which lists ten Mro clans.



  • Yarua (subdivisions below)

    • Khatpo

    • Chimlung

    • Zongnow



  • Sangkan

  • Chawla

  • Ngaringcha

  • Tang

  • Deng

  • Kough

  • Tam-tu-chah

  • Kanbak

  • Prenju

  • Naichah

  • Yomore



Grammar


Unlike the Kuki-Chin languages, Mru has SVO (subject-verb-object) word order (Ebersole 1996).



Numerals


Rashel (2009:159) lists the following Mro numerals.



  1. lɔk

  2. pre

  3. ʃum

  4. taːli

  5. taŋa

  6. trok

  7. rinit

  8. riyat

  9. tako

  10. h:muit



Script




























Mru
.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}
Mro, Krama[1]
Type
alphabet
Languages Mru
Direction Left-to-right
ISO 15924 Mroo, 264
Unicode alias
 Mro
Unicode range
 U+16A40–U+16A6F

The Mru script is an indigenous, messianic script: In the 1980s Menlay Murang (also known as Manley Mro) created the religion of Khrama (or Crama) and with it a new script for the Mru language.[5][6]


The script is written from left to right and has its own set of digits. It does not use tone marks.


The Mru language is written in both the Latin and Mru scripts.



Unicode


Main article: Mro (Unicode block)

The Mru alphabet was added to the Unicode Standard in June, 2014 with the release of version 7.0.


The Unicode block for the Mru script, called Mro, is U+16A40–U+16A6F:


















































































Mro[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+16A4x
 𖩀
 𖩁
 𖩂
 𖩃
 𖩄
 𖩅
 𖩆
 𖩇
 𖩈
 𖩉
 𖩊
 𖩋
 𖩌
 𖩍
 𖩎
 𖩏
U+16A5x
 𖩐
 𖩑
 𖩒
 𖩓
 𖩔
 𖩕
 𖩖
 𖩗
 𖩘
 𖩙
 𖩚
 𖩛
 𖩜
 𖩝
 𖩞
U+16A6x
 𖩠
 𖩡
 𖩢
 𖩣
 𖩤
 𖩥
 𖩦
 𖩧
 𖩨
 𖩩



𖩮
 𖩯

Notes

1.^ As of Unicode version 12.0

2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points




See also



  • Mru word list (Wiktionary)


References





  1. ^ ab Mru at Ethnologue (21st ed., 2018)


  2. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Mruic". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  3. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Mru". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.


  4. ^ Evans, Lisa (2011-04-15). "Endangered languages: the full list". the Guardian. Retrieved 2018-11-26.


  5. ^ Hosken, Martin; Everson, Michael (24 March 2009). "N3589R: Proposal for encoding the Mro script in the SMP of the UCS" (PDF). Retrieved 2 August 2014.


  6. ^ Zaman, Mustafa (24 February 2006). "Mother Tongue at Stake". Star Weekend Magazine. The Daily Star. 5 (83).




  • Ebersole, Harold. 1996. The Mru Language: A preliminary grammatical sketch. Ms.

  • Peterson, David A., "Where does Mru fit into Tibeto-Burman?", The 42nd International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (ICSTLL 42), November 2009, Payap University, Chiangmai, Thailand. Cf. p. 14.

  • Rashel, Md Mostafa (2009). "Morphosyntactic Analysis of Mro Language." Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics, Vol, 2, No, 3, February 2009, 141–160.



Further reading



  • Clifton, John M. 2009. "Orthography development as an ongoing collaborative process: lessons from Bangladesh". 1st International Conference on Language Documentation and Conservation (ICLDC)

  • Mru word list (Luce 1985)

  • Mru word list (Matisoff 1987)











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