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"Patron-client relationship" redirects here. For a political practice, see Clientelism. Patronage (clientela) was the distinctive relationship in ancient Roman society between the patronus (plural patroni , "patron") and their cliens (plural clientes , "client"). The relationship was hierarchical, but obligations were mutual. The patronus was the protector, sponsor, and benefactor of the client; the technical term for this protection was patrocinium . [1] Although typically the client was of inferior social class, [2] a patron and client might even hold the same social rank, but the former would possess greater wealth, power, or prestige that enabled them to help or do favors for the client. From the emperor at the top to the local municipal person at the bottom, the bonds between these groups found formal expression in legal definition of patrons' responsibilities to clients. [3] Benefits a patron might confer include legal representation

This article is about land law in Ancient Rome. For modern laws concerning agriculture, see Agricultural law. Agrarian laws (from the Latin ager , meaning "land") were laws among the Romans regulating the division of the public lands, or ager publicus . Various attempts to reform agrarian laws were part of the socio-political struggle between the patricians and plebeians known as the Conflict of the Orders. Contents 1 Introduction 2 Proposed land distribution in 486 BC 3 Land distribution in 467 BC 4 Gracchan reforms in late 2nd century BC 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Introduction There existed two kinds of land in ancient Rome: private and public land ( ager publicus ), which included common pasture. By the 2nd century BC, wealthy landowners had begun to dominate the agrarian areas of the republic by "renting" large tracts of public land and treating it as if it were private. This b

Part of the Politics series Elections Basic types By-election (special election) Corporate Direct / Indirect Fixed-term General Local Mid-term Plurality Primary Proportional Recall Show Snap Sortition (allotment) Two-round (runoff) Terminology Anonymous elector Apportionment Audits Boundary delimitation (redistricting) Crossover voting Election silence Gerrymandering Cash For Vote Initiative Psephology (electoral study and analysis) Secret ballot Suffrage Subseries Political party Voting Electoral systems Lists Elections by country Close elections Most recent Next general elections Electoral calendars for 2019 National Local Related Criticisms of electoral politics Election security Electoral fraud Referendum (by country) Politics portal v t e A referendum (plural: referendums or less commonly referenda ) is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is i

The first secessio plebis of 494 B.C. was an event in ancient Roman political and social history between 495 and 493 BC, involving a dispute between the patrician ruling class and the plebeian underclass, and was one of a number of secessions by the plebs and part of a broader political conflict known as the conflict of the orders. [1] The Secession of the People to the Mons Sacer, engraving by B. Barloccini, 1849. The secession was initially sparked by discontent about the burden of debt on the poorer plebeian class. The failure of the patrician rulers, including the consuls and more generally the senate, to address those complaints, and subsequently the senate's outright refusal to agree to debt reforms, caused the issue to flare into a more widespread concern about plebeian rights. As a result, the plebeians seceded and departed to the nearby Mons Sacer (the Sacred Mountain). [2] Ultimately, a reconciliation was negotiated and the plebs were given political represent