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Court of Appeal for Ontario Cour d'appel de l'Ontario (French) Established 1867 Jurisdiction Ontario Location Osgoode Hall, Toronto Authorized by Courts of Justice Act Decisions are appealed to Supreme Court of Canada Number of positions 23 (plus supernumeraries) Website ontariocourts.ca/coa Chief Justice of Ontario Currently George Strathy Since June 13, 2014 The Court of Appeal for Ontario (frequently referred to as the Ontario Court of Appeal or ONCA ) is an appellate court in Ontario that is based at historic Osgoode Hall in downtown Toronto. Contents 1 Description 2 Current judges 3 Chief Justices of Ontario 4 Past judges 5 Chief Justices of Upper Canada (to 1841)/Province of Canada (1841–1867) 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Description The Court is composed of 22 judicial seats [1] , in addition to one or more justices who sit supernumerary. They hear over

For reference questions in the context of libraries, see Reference interview. In Canadian law, a reference question or reference case (formally called abstract review [1] ) is a submission by the federal or a provincial government to the courts asking for an advisory opinion on a major legal issue. Typically the question concerns the constitutionality of legislation. Contents 1 Constitutional and statutory authority 1.1 Reference jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of Canada 1.2 Reference jurisdiction of the provincial courts 2 Constitutionality of the reference jurisdiction 3 Federal reference questions 3.1 Decisions by the Supreme Court 3.2 Decisions by the Judicial Committee on appeal 4 Provincial reference questions 4.1 Initial decisions by the provincial courts 4.2 Decisions of the Supreme Court on appeal 4.3 Decisions of the Judicial Committee on appeal 5 Imperial reference questions relating to Canada 6 Referenc

A marketing board is an organization created by many producers to try to market their product and increase consumption and thus prices. It can also be defined as an organization set up by a government to regulate the buying and selling of a certain commodity within a specified area. They most commonly exist to help sell farm products such as milk, eggs, beef or tripe and are funded by the farmers or processors of those crops or products. Marketing boards often also receive funding from governments as an agricultural subsidy. The leadership and strategies of the marketing boards are set through votes by the farmers who are members of the board. Marketing boards also sometimes act as a pool, controlling the price of farm products by forming a legal cartel. They also fund other ventures beneficial to their members such as research. Marketing boards differ from industry trade groups in that their primary goal is marketing towards consumers, not governments, but they may also lobb

Not to be confused with cooperative federation, co-operative federalism, or corporative federalism. Cooperative federalism , also known as marble-cake federalism , is a concept of federalism in which national, state, and local governments interact cooperatively and collectively to solve common problems, rather than making policies separately but more or less equally (such as the dual federalism of the 19th-century United States) or clashing over a policy in a system dominated by the national government. Contents 1 Comparison of European Union and United States 2 United States 3 See also 4 References Comparison of European Union and United States In the Lisbon Treaty the distribution of competences in various policy areas between Member States and the European Union is redistributed in 3 categories. In the United States soon after its creation (1789), it had exclusive competences only (changed somewhat since then, but the basic design remain to this day