Lamo language
| Lamo | |
|---|---|
| mBo | |
| ’Bo skad | |
| Native to | China |
| Region | Zogang County, Chamdo Prefecture, Tibet |
Language family | Sino-Tibetan
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
Lamo (also called mBo; IPA: mbo˥; ’Bo skad) is an unclassified Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Tshawarong, Zogang County, Chamdo Prefecture, Tibet. It was recently documented by Suzuki & Nyima (2016). sMad skad, a closely related language variety, is also spoken in Tshawarong.
Drag-yab is referred to by the Changdu Gazetteer (2005: 819)[1] as Dongba 东坝话, as it is spoken in Dongba Township 东坝乡, Zogang County. Suzuki & Nyima (2018) document the Kyilwa 格瓦 variety of Dongba Township 东坝乡.
Contents
1 Classification
2 Lexicon
3 Comparison
4 References
Classification
Suzuki & Nyima (2016, 2018) suggest that Lamo may be a Qiangic language. Guillaume Jacques (2016)[2] suggests that mBo is a rGyalrongic language belonging to the Stau-Khroskyabs (Horpa-Lavrung) branch.
Suzuki & Nyima (2018) note that Lamo is closely related to two other recently documented languages of Chamdo, eastern Tibet, namely Larong (spoken in the Lancang River valley of Zogang County and Markam County) and Drag-yab (spoken in southern Zhag'yab County).
Lexicon
Suzuki & Nyima (2016) list the following Lamo words.
| Gloss | Lamo |
|---|---|
| one | də˥ |
| two | na˥ |
| three | sɔ̰̃˩ |
| four | lə̰˥ |
| five | ɴʷɚ̰˥ |
| six | tɕi˩ |
| seven | n̥i˥ |
| eight | ʱdʑə˥ |
| nine | ᵑɡo˥ |
| ten | ʁɑ˥ |
| hundred | ʱdʑi˥ |
| 1.SG pronoun | ŋa˥ |
| 2.SG pronoun | nə˥ |
| 3.SG pronoun | kə˥ |
| blood | sa˥ |
| urine | qo˩ |
| meat | tɕʰi˥ |
| iron | ʰtɕɑ˥ |
| needle | ʁɑ˩ |
| fish | ɲɛ˩ (Tibetic loan) |
| pig | pʰo˥ ɦu |
| horse | re˩ |
| sky | nɑ˥ |
| land | sɛ˥ tɕʰɛ (Tibetic loan) |
| sand | ɕe˩ mɛ (Tibetic loan) |
| hillside | ɴɢa˥ |
| snow | jʉ˥ |
| road | tɕɯ˥ |
| water | tɕə˥ |
| eat | wə˥- |
| sleep | nə˥- |
Comparison
Suzuki & Nyima (2018: 4-6) provide the following lexical items for Lamo, Larong, and Drag-yab.
The lexical data below is based on the following dialects.
- Kyilwa 格瓦 dialect of Lamo
- Tangre Chaya 达日 (sMarkhams) and Phagpa 坝巴 (mDzogang) dialects of Larong
- Razi 热孜 dialect of Drag-yab
- Cognates
| no. | gloss | Lamo | Larong | Drag-yab |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | bitter | qa˥ qʰɛ˥ | n̥tsʰə˥ | tsʰə˥ |
| 2 | cry | qo˧˥ | qo̰˧˥ | qə˧˥ |
| 3 | earth | ndzɔ̰˧˥ | ndzɑ˧˥ | ndza˧˥ |
| 4 | eat | ndzə˥ | ndzə˥ | ndzə˥ |
| 5 | house | tɕi˥ | tɕo˥ | tɕẽ˧˥ |
| 6 | blood | se˥ | se˥ | sɛ˥ |
| 7 | needle | ʁɑ˧˥ | ʁɑ˧˥ | ʁɑ˧˥ |
| 8 | cow | ŋʉ˧˥ | ŋʉ˧˥ | ŋu˧˥ |
| 9 | wait | ɦlḭ˥ | ɦle˥ | ɦli˥ |
| 10 | horse | re˧˥ | re˥ | re˧˥ |
| 11 | salt | tsʰo˥ | n̥tsʰə˥ | tsʰə˥ |
| 12 | six | tɕi˧˥ | tɕʰu˧˥ | tɕʰu˥ |
| 13 | meat | tɕʰi˧˥ | ɲtɕʰi˥ | ɲ̥tɕʰə˧˥ |
| 14 | you | nə˥ | ɲe˥ | ɲa˥ |
| 15 | seven | n̥i˥ | n̥i˧˥ | ɲ̥e˥ |
| 16 | hand | lu˧˥ | ndi˥ | nde˧˥ |
| 17 | butter | jwɚ̰˥ | wa˥ | we˧˥ |
| 18 | head | wɔ̰˥ | wɔ̰˥ | ʁo̰˧˥ |
| 19 | eye | məʔ˥ do˧ | ɦɲi˥ | ɲə˥ |
| 20 | nose | n̥ʉ˥ | ɲ̥u˥ | n̥a˥ rə˧ |
| 21 | tongue | ʰl̥ə˥ | ndə̰˥ | mda˧˥ |
| 22 | tooth | xʉ˧˥ | ʰl̥i˧˥ | xɯ˧˥ |
| 23 | milk | χɔ̰˧˥ | ʰl̥ɔ̰˥ | χl̥ɔ̰˧ |
| 24 | moon | le˥ | ɦli˥ | ɦla̰˧ jḭ˧ |
- Non-cognates
| no. | gloss | Lamo | Larong | Drag-yab |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 25 | mouth | ɲ̥tɕʰu˥ to˧ (< Tibetan) | mu˧˥ | ɕi˧˥ |
| 26 | foot | siʔ˥ ka˧ | ŋɡɯ˧˥ | pʰə˥ ndɯ˧ |
| 27 | liver | se˥ | je˥ | ɲ̥tɕʰĩ˥ mbi˧ (< Tibetan) |
| 28 | laugh | ɦɡɛ (< Tibetan) | n̥tsʰə˧˥ | ʁə˥ |
| 29 | sleep | nə˥ ɦgɯ˧ | jṵ˧˥ | nə˧˥ mḛ˧ |
| 30 | child | no˥ no˧ | n̥tʰe˥ | ɲa˧˥ |
| 31 | take | le˧˥ | ɣi˧˥ | tɕʰõ˥ |
| 32 | search | xɯ˥ | ɦzɔ̃˥ | ɲə˧˥ ŋo˧ |
| 33 | forget | nɛ˧˥ tʰa˥ | ɦmɛ˥ | ɣə˧˥ ɦmu˧ se˧ |
| 34 | sky | ɦnɑ˥ (< Tibetan) | ŋo˥ | mo˧˥ |
| 35 | sun | nə˥ | ɲi˧˥ | ɲi˧˥ me˧ (< Tibetan) |
| 36 | red | ɦmaʔ ɦma˧ (< Tibetan) | nḛ˥ nḛ˧ | ndja̰˥ |
| 37 | body hair | ʰpu˥ (< Tibetan) | mɔ˧˥ | mo̰˧˥ |
| 38 | urine | qo˥ | pi˧˥ | bi˧˥ |
| 39 | look | ʈu˥ | ŋi˧˥ | tʰa˧˥ ŋɛ̃˧ |
| 40 | person | mə˧˥ | ŋʉ˥ nɛ̰˧ | ɦŋɯʔ˥ ɲi˧ |
| 41 | male | no˥ | zə˧˥ | zə˧˥ |
| 42 | daughter | nu˧˥ mo˧ | m̥e˧˥ | m̥ə˧˥ |
| 43 | road | tɕə˥ | rɛ˥ | ra˧˥ |
| 44 | fear | ɦlɛ˥ | ɦɣe˥ | ɣe˧˥ |
| 45 | be born | no˥ mbə˧ | ndzə˧˥ | ndzɑ˧˥ |
| 46 | go | xɯ˥ | n̥tʰõ˥ | n̥tʰɛ̃˥ |
| 47 | shout | kəʔ˥ ɕi˧ | rɛ˥ | rḛ˧˥ |
| 48 | four | lə̰˥ | ɦɣə˧˥ (< Tibetan) | ɦɣe˧˥ (< Tibetan) |
| 49 | eight | ɦdʑə˥ (< Tibetan) | ɕe˧˥ | ɕa˥ |
| 50 | ten | ʁɑ˧˥ | ʔa˥ qõ˧ | ɦa̰˧˥ ʁõ˧ |
| 51 | twenty | ɲe˧˥ qɑ˧ | nɑ˧˥ | nɑ˧˥ |
| 52 | be sick | ŋo˥ | nø̰˧˥ | nɛ˧˥ ŋa˧ |
| 53 | rain | mo˧˥ | tsu˥ | mo˧˥ |
| 54 | wear | to˧˥ ŋɡʉ˧ | ŋɡu˥ | qe˧˥ |
| 55 | wind | mɛ̰˥ | ŋɑ˧˥ mi˧ | ɦdʑa˧˥ ɦɡə˧ rə˧ |
| 56 | wipe | nə˥ ɕə˧ | ɕḛ̃˥ | xɔ̰˧˥ |
The Changdu Gazetteer (2005: 819)[1] provides the following comparative data in Tibetan script. The table below uses Wylie romanization. English translations for the Chinese glosses are also provided.
| English gloss | Chinese gloss | Lhasa Tibetan | Khams Tibetan (Chamdo) | Lamo (Dongba 东坝话) | Larong (Rumei 如美话) | Drag-yab (Zesong 则松话) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| house | 房子 | ཁང་པ (khang pa) | ཁོང་པ (khong pa) | ཅིས (cis) | ཅོང (cong) | ཅིམ (cim) |
| chhaang (Tibetan alcohol) | 青稞酒 | ཆང (chang) | ཆོང (chong) | ཨོས (os) | ཆང (chang) | དགེས (dges) |
| hand | 手 | ལག་པ (lag pa) | ལག་པ (lag pa) | ལུའུ (lu'u) | འདིས ('dis) | འདིས ('dis) |
| ride horse | 骑马 | རྟ་བཞོན (rta bzhon) | རྟ་ཀྱ (rta kya) | རིས་གྱིས (ris gyis) | རེ་གག (re gag) | རེའུ་ན་ཚེམ (re'u na tshem) |
| hat | 帽子 | ཞྭ་མོ (zhwa mo) | ཞ་མགོ (zha mgo) | ཇའ (ja'a) | དེའུ (de'u) | དེའུ (de'u) |
| eat rice | 吃饭 | ཁ་ལག་ཟས (kha lag zas) | ཟ་མ་ཟ (za ma za) | ཆོག་ཅོག་ཏོས (chog cog tos) | གཟིས་མའི་མཛད (gzis ma'i mdzad) | གཟིན་ཐོ་འམ (gzin tho 'am) |
| sheep | 绵羊 | ལུག (lug) | ལུག (lug) | ཡིས (yis) | ལའ (la'a) | ལྭའུ (lwa'u) |
| beautiful | 漂亮 | སྙིང་རྗེ་མོ (snying rje mo) | གཅེས་ལི་མ (gces li ma) | ཀ་ཞིས་ཉིས (ka zhis nyis) | དངེས་ཡིས (dnges yis) | དངུད་ལུ (dngud lu) |
| donkey | 毛驴 | བོང་བུ (bong bu) | ཀུ་རུ (ku ru) | བ་ཅི (ba ci) | ཅོའུ (co'u) | གུའུའུ (gu'u'u) |
| salt | 盐 | ཚྭ (tshwa) | ཚྭ (tshwa) | ཚོག་ཏི (tshog ti) | ཚེའུ (tshe'u) | ཚྭའུ (tshwa'u) |
| swell | 肿 | སྐྲངས་པ (skrangs pa) | སྐྲོང་པ (skrong pa) | སྐྲེ་བེ (skre be) | དུ་རགས (du rags) | དུའུ་རམས (du'u rams) |
| head | 头 | མགོ (mgo) | མགོ (mgo) | དབུ (dbu) | དབོག (dbog) | གཞོག (gzhog) |
| child | 小孩 | སྤུ་གུ (spu gu) | ཉོག (nyog) | ཉོག་ཉོག (nyog nyog) | ཐད (thad) | ཆ་ཆོག (cha chog) |
| dry beef | 干牛肉 | ཤ་སྐམ (sha skam) | ཤ་སྐམ (sha skam) | བྱིས་རོ (byis ro) | ཆེས་རོང་རོང (ches rong rong) | ཆོའུ་རིམ་རིམ (cho'u rim rim) |
| What is this? | 这是什么 | དེ་ག་རེ་རེད (de ga re red) | འདི་ཆི་རེད་ལས ('di chi red las) | ཏེ་ཧ་ཆོས (te ha chos) | ཨེ་ཏི་ཐོའུ (e ti tho'u) | ཙེ་དུ་ཁྱི (tse du khyi) |
| Where are you going? | 你去哪里 | རང་ག་བ་འགྲོ་ག (rang ga ba 'gro ga) | ཁྱོད་ག་ན་འགྲོ་ཇི (khyod ga na 'gro ji) | ནི་རི་ཧི་ལོ་ཤས (ni ri hi lo shas) | གནད་མདོ་ཧུ་ནུ་ངོག (gnad mdo hu nu ngog) | འདེ་རུ་ཧེན ('de ru hen) |
| crazy person | 疯子 | སྨྱོན་པ (smyon pa) | མྱོན་པ (myon pa) | འ་རོ ('a ro) | སྨྱོན་འབས (smyon 'bas) | ཡ་རོག (ya rog) |
| crow (bird) | 乌鸦 | པུ་རོག (pu rog) | ཁ་ཏ (kha ta) | ཕོ་རོག (pho rog) | ཁ་གཏེ (kha gte) | ཕུའུ་རོག (phu'u rog) |
| Thank you. | 谢谢 | ཐུགས་རྗེ་ཆེ (thugs rje che) | ཡག་བྲུང (yag brung) | བྱུ་ནུ་པུ་ང་ཉིད་གུ་ནི་ད (byu nu pu nga nyid gu ni da) | དེ་སྒྲ་དགེ (de sgra dge) | ཏི་སྒྲ་དགེ (ti sgra dge) |
References
^ ab Xizang Changdu Diqu Difangzhi Bianzuan Weiyuanhui 西藏昌都地区地方志编纂委员会 (2005). Changdu Diquzhi 昌都地区志. Beijing: Fangzhi Chubanshe 方志出版社.
^ Jacques, Guillaumes. 2016. Les journées d'études sur les langues du Sichuan.
- Suzuki, Hiroyuki and Tashi Nyima. 2016. ’Bo skad, a newly recognised non-Tibetic variety spoken in mDzo sgang, TAR: a brief introduction to its sociolinguistic situation, sounds, and vocabulary. Fourth Workshop on Sino-Tibetan Languages of Southwest China (STLS-2016). University of Washington, Seattle, September 8-10, 2016.
- Suzuki, Hiroyuki and Tashi Nyima. 2017. Outline of verb morphology of Lamo (mDzo sgang, Tibet). Paper presented at 50th International Conference for Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (Beijing).
- Suzuki, Hiroyuki and Tashi Nyima. 2018. Historical relationship among three non-Tibetic languages in Chamdo, TAR. Proceedings of the 51st International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (2018). Kyoto: Kyoto University.
