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Xiangsheng performers in a Tianjin theater.

Xiangsheng (simplified Chinese: 相声; traditional Chinese: 相聲; pinyin: xiàngsheng; literally: "face and voice"), also known as crosstalk, is a traditional Chinese comedic performing art, and one of China's most popular cultural elements. It is typically in the form of a duo dialogue between two performers, but much less often can also be a monologue by a solo performer (similar to most western stand-up comedy), or even less frequently, a group act by multiple performers. The xiangsheng language, rich in puns and allusions, is delivered in a rapid, bantering style, typically in the Beijing dialect (or in Standard Chinese with a strong northern accent). The acts would sometimes include singing, Chinese rapping and musical instruments.

Canadian xiangsheng comedian Dashan (Mark Rowswell) says the closest equivalent in English would be Abbott and Costello's "Who's on First?" sketch.^[1]

Format

Modern xiangsheng is made up of four classic skills:

• 
  Speaking (simplified Chinese: 说; traditional Chinese: 說; pinyin: shuō)


• 
  Imitating (simplified Chinese: 学; traditional Chinese: 學; pinyin: xué)


• 
  Teasing (Chinese: 逗; pinyin: dòu)


• 
  Singing (Chinese: 唱; pinyin: chàng).

History

Xiangsheng is generally thought to have taken form in the late Qing Dynasty, particularly during the rule of the Xianfeng Emperor and the Tongzhi Emperor in the mid-1800s, although its roots may extend as far back as the Ming Dynasty. It began as a form of street performance incorporating joke-telling, comedic banter, imitations, or borrowing from other forms of performance art such as Peking Opera, all with the express purpose of making audiences laugh. By the early days of the Republic of China, xiangsheng had evolved to the format as it is known today, is performed in teahouses and theatres as well as, eventually, on radio and television.

There are three major sources of Xiangsheng: Beijing Tianqiao, Tianjin Quanyechang, Nanjing Confucius Temple. The origins of some of the traditional xiangsheng pieces still being performed today can be traced back well over 100 years, although in many cases the original author is unattributed. Many skits in the body of work known as "traditional xiangsheng" have evolved through generations of performers successively revising material, retaining the general structure or "heart" of a piece while updating specific references with more modern material.

The earliest xiangsheng comedian known by name is Zhang Sanlu (simplified Chinese: 张三禄; traditional Chinese: 張三祿), who performed during the mid-nineteenth century. Originally a performer of traditional Manchu style drum-song (Chinese: 八角鼓; pinyin: bā jiǎo gǔ), Zhang eventually switched to doing imitations and telling humorous stories and was considered by later artists to have been the first xiangsheng performer.

After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the popularity of xiangsheng increased. What had previously been seen as relatively low-class street performing was now regarded as a proletarian art form, and the fact that xiangsheng was performed in Standard Chinese made it a useful tool for promoting the use of Putonghua throughout the nation.

Hou Baolin led a group of xiangsheng performers to reform xiangsheng in the 1950s, removing what was considered "vulgar" language and content and generally making xiangsheng more "politically correct". Xiangsheng began to be revered as an art form rather than lowly street performing. Hou later became widely regarded as a master of xiangsheng and is often characterized as being "China's Charlie Chaplin".^[2]

As with many forms of performance art, xiangsheng was banned during the Cultural Revolution but enjoyed a huge resurgence in the mid-1970s with many skits satirizing the Gang of Four and excesses of this period. With the popularization of television in the 1980s, xiangsheng became a standard feature of CCTV's annual New Year's Gala and other popular performing arts shows in China.

Xiangsheng entered a period of decline in the 1990s, resulting in large part by increased official sensitivity towards political and social satire following the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 as well as the lack of performance venues outside of sanitized state-run television programming. Many performers called for a return to the teahouses and small theatres that had traditionally been the main venue for xiangsheng performances but whose use in this regard had almost completely vanished. A new generation of xiangsheng performers emerged from this movement, the most prominent of these being Guo Degang. Guo is largely credited with renewing interest among young audiences reared in the Internet age who found xiangsheng to be boring and didactic. Guo's rise to fame, while representing a very traditionalist movement, pitted him against more mainstream, establishment performers such as Jiang Kun.^[3]

To appeal to younger audiences, in recent years animators have also created animated versions of various skits using audio from past broadcasts. The animated versions often use humour in a literal sense, illustrating scenes or stories described by the performers.

As social commentary

The small scale and popularity of xiangsheng make it second only to word of mouth in reflecting popular concerns. Hou Baolin and others have said that xiangsheng items are "works of comic nature which use satire and humour as their principal base. The cross talks use witty speech, bitter, ridiculous ridicule, in order to achieve the purpose of arrogant "big laugh" and entertaining people. Its earliest form was derived from the juggling of "Yuyou". In these jokes, artists often pinned their mockery and whipping against the rulers. Their satirical content strikes home at contemporary malpractices and also often includes political satire." The role of xiangsheng in the social commentary was seen after the fall of the Gang of Four in 1976 when xiangsheng performances provided the first open criticisms of the gang. After 1976, xiangsheng has also provided satire concerning corrupt officials and members of the Communist Party of China, although criticism of the Party as an entity remains off limits.^[4]

Notable performers

• 
  Zhang Sanlu (simplified Chinese: 张三禄; traditional Chinese: 張三祿) was one of the fathers of xiangsheng. Zhang was born in Beijing in the late Qing Dynasty, his disciples include Zhu Shaowen, A Yantao, and Shen Chunhe.


• 
  A Yantao (simplified Chinese: 阿彦涛; traditional Chinese: 阿彥濤) better known by his stage name A Er (阿二) or A Cier (阿刺二), was a xiangsheng performer of Manchu descent. His disciples include En Xu, Gao Wenkui, Chun Changlong, and Shen Zhushan. A Yaotao was born in Beijing, to a rich family of the Sumuru clan belonging to the Eight Banners. During his childhood years, A Yantao developed an interest in traditional Chinese opera and experimented with several different vocal techniques. Later, A Yaotao's family came down in the world, in order to support his family, he studied under Zhang Sanlu and became a second-generation xiangsheng performer.


• 
  Shen Chunhe, better known by his stage name Shen Er (沈二), who told stories before performing xiangsheng. He studied under Zhang Sanlu and became a second-generation xiangsheng performer. His disciples include Wei Kunzhi, Wang Youdao, Li Changchun, Gao Wenyuan, Feng Kunzhi, and Yu Erfu.


• 
  Zhu Shaowen (1829–1903), known by his stage name Qiongbupa (穷不怕), was one of the fathers of xiangsheng. He was born in Beijing, and his ancestral home was Shaoxing, Zhejiang. Zhu was honoured as one of the "Eight Oddities of Tianqiao" (天桥八怪). His disciples include Pinyouben, Fu Guizhen, Xu Changfu, and Fan Changli.


• Hou Baolin


• Ma Sanli


• 
  Liu Baorui (Chinese: 刘宝瑞; pinyin: Liú Bǎoruì)


• Ma Ji


• Chang Baohua


• Ding Guangquan


• Jiang Kun


• Hou Yaowen


• Guo Qiru


• Dashan (Mark Rowswell)


• Feng Gong


• Guo Degang


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  Yu Qian (Chinese: 于谦; pinyin: Yú Qiān)


• Yue Yunpeng


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  Sun Yue (Chinese: 孙越; pinyin: Sūn Yuè)


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  Feng Yi-kang (simplified Chinese: 冯翊纲; traditional Chinese: 馮翊綱)


• 
  Sung Shao-ching (Chinese: 宋少卿)


• 
  Lee Li-Chun (Chinese: 李立群)


• 
  Li Mu (Liam Bates) (Chinese: 李牧; pinyin: Lǐ Mù)

See also

• Manzai


• Rakugo


• Shuochang


• Kouji


• Shulaibao


• Double act


• Pingshu

References

"相声". 百度百科. Retrieved 11 November 2013..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}

External links

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  China Xiangsheng Online (中华相声网) (Simplified Chinese)


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  Tianjin Xiangsheng Online (天津相声网) (Simplified Chinese)


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  Comedians Workshop (based in Taiwan) (相聲瓦舍) (Traditional Chinese)


• 
  A Translation of a routine on "Learning Manchu" by Lei Lin, Harvard University

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crosstalk (comedy).

• Stifled Laughter: How the Communist Party Killed Chinese Humor, from Danwei.org