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The reservoir emptying through the failed Teton Dam

Ruins of the dam of Vega de Tera (Spain) after breaking in 1959.

A dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs or slows down the flow, often creating a reservoir, lake or impoundments. Most dams have a section called a spillway or weir over or through which water flows, either intermittently or continuously, and some have hydroelectric power generation systems installed.

Dams are considered "installations containing dangerous forces" under International humanitarian law due to the massive impact of a possible destruction on the civilian population and the environment. Dam failures are comparatively rare, but can cause immense damage and loss of life when they occur. In 1975 the failure of the Banqiao Reservoir Dam and other dams in Henan Province, China caused more casualties than any other dam failure in history. The disaster killed an estimated 171,000 people^[1] and 11 million people lost their homes.

Main causes of dam failure

International special sign for works and installations containing dangerous forces

Common causes of dam failure include:

Sub-standard construction materials/techniques (Gleno Dam)

Spillway design error (South Fork Dam, near failure of Glen Canyon Dam)

Geological instability caused by changes to water levels during filling or poor surveying (Malpasset Dam).

Sliding of a mountain into the reservoir (Vajont Dam – not exactly a dam failure, but caused nearly the entire volume of the reservoir to be displaced and overtop the dam)

Poor maintenance, especially of outlet pipes (Lawn Lake Dam, Val di Stava dam collapse)

Extreme inflow (Shakidor Dam)

Human, computer or design error (Buffalo Creek Flood, Dale Dike Reservoir, Taum Sauk pumped storage plant)

Internal erosion or piping, especially in earthen dams (Teton Dam)

Earthquakes

Deliberate dam failure

A notable case of deliberate dam failure (prior to the Humanitarian Law rulings) was the British Royal Air Force Dambusters raid on Germany in World War II (codenamed "Operation Chastise"), in which six German dams were selected to be breached in order to impact on German infrastructure and manufacturing and power capabilities deriving from the Ruhr and Eder rivers. This raid later became the basis for several films.

Other cases include the Chinese bombing of multiple dams during Typhoon Nina (1975) in an attempt to drain them before their reservoirs overflowed. The typhoon produced what is now considered a 1-in-2000 years flood, which few if any of these dams were designed to survive.

List of major dam failures

Dam/incident	Date	Location	Fatalities	Details
Marib Dam	575	Sheba, Yemen	Unknown	Unknown causes, possibly neglect. The consequent failure of the irrigation system provoked the migration of up to 50,000 people from Yemen.
Puentes Dam	1802	Lorca, Spain	608	1,800 houses and 40,000 trees destroyed.^[2]
Bilberry reservoir	1852-02-05	Holme Valley, United Kingdom	81	Failed due to heavy rain.
Dale Dike Reservoir	1864-03-11	South Yorkshire, United Kingdom	244	Defective construction, small leak in wall grew until dam failed. More than 600 houses were damaged or destroyed.
Iruka Lake Dam	1868	Inuyama, Aichi Prefecture (then Owari Province), Japan	941	Under the influence of heavy rain from late April, this soil dam collapsed on May 13. Water accumulated in Lake Iruka overflowed downstream, causing severe damage to Inuyama, Iwakura, Kasugai, Tsushima Yatomi, and to Komaki. 807 houses were destroyed, with another 11709 flooded.
Mill River Dam	1874	Williamsburg, Massachusetts, United States	139	Lax regulations and cost cutting led to an insufficient design, which fell apart when the reservoir was full. 600 million gallons of water were released, wiping out 4 towns and making national headlines. This dam break led to increased regulation of dam construction.
South Fork Dam	1889-05-31	Johnstown, Pennsylvania, United States	2,209	Blamed locally on poor maintenance by owners; court deemed it an "Act of God". Followed exceptionally heavy rainfall. Caused Johnstown flood. 1,600 homes were destroyed.
Walnut Grove Dam	1890	Wickenburg, Arizona, United States	100	Heavy snow and rain following public calls by the dam's chief engineer to strengthen the earthen structure.^[3]
Gohna Lake dam	1894-08-25	Garhwal, India	1	Failure of a landslide dam. Authorities had been able to evacuate the valley.
Austin Dam	1900-04-07	Austin, Texas, United States	8	Extreme current caused failure.
Hauser Dam	1908-04-14	Helena, Montana, United States	0	Heavy flooding coupled with poor foundation quality. Workers managed to warn people downstream.
Broken Down Dam	1908-09-24	Fergus Falls, Minnesota, United States	0	Design flaw. Four downstream dams and bridge destroyed. Mills, homes and farms flooded. No fatalities.
Sweetwater Dam	1916-01-27	San Diego County, California, United States	0	Over-topped from flooding; partial failure.
Lake Toxaway Dam	1916-08-13	Transylvania County, North Carolina, United States	0	Heavy rains caused the dam to give way. Dam was later rebuilt in the 1960s
Austin Dam	1911-09-11	Austin, Pennsylvania, United States	78	Poor design, use of dynamite to remedy structural problems. Destroyed paper mill and much of the town of Austin.
Desná Dam	1916	Czech Republic (then Desná, Austria-Hungary)	62	Construction flaws caused the dam failure.
Lower Otay Dam	1916	San Diego County, California, United States	14	Over-topped from flooding.
Tigra Dam	1917-08-19	Gwalior, India	1,000	Failed due to water infiltrating through foundation. Possibly more fatalities.
Gleno Dam	1923-12-01	Province of Bergamo, Italy	356	Poor construction and design.
Llyn Eigiau dam and Coedty reservoir	1925-11-02	Dolgarrog, United Kingdom	17	The outflow from Llyn Eigiau destroyed Coedty reservoir. Contractor blamed cost-cutting in construction but 25" of rain had fallen in preceding 5 days.
St. Francis Dam	1928-03-12	Santa Clarita, California, United States	600	Geological instability of canyon wall that could not have been detected with available technology of the time.
Granadillar Dam	1934	Canary Islands, Spain	8	Bad design and foundation.
Secondary Dam of Sella Zerbino	1935	Molare, Italy	111	Geological unstable base combined with flood.
Horonai Dam	1941	Ōmu, Hokkaido, Japan	60	A torrential rain struck around Horonai River area. This is the dam collapse in the wake, and according to official confirmed, the lost houses reached to 32.
Nant-y-Gro dam	1942	Elan Valley, United Kingdom	0	Destroyed during preparation for Operation Chastise in World War II.
Edersee Dam	1943-05-17	Hesse, Germany	70	Destroyed by bombing during Operation Chastise in World War II. Widespread destruction.
Möhne Dam	1943-05-17	Ruhr, Germany	1,579	Destroyed by bombing during Operation Chastise in World War II. 11 factories were destroyed, 114 seriously damaged.
Xuriguera Dam	1944	Barcelona, Spain	8	Heavy rain.
Heiwa Lake Dam	1951	Kameoka, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan	117	In heavy rain, it swallowed the muddy stream of the village of the downstream portion and collapse the peace pond of irrigation ponds, Kameoka and damage in the surrounding area of 80 houses damaged, according to local official confirmed.
Tangiwai disaster	1953-12-24	Whangaehu River, New Zealand	151	Failure of Mount Ruapehu's crater lake.
Taisho Lake Dam	1951	Ide, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan	108	Under the influence of heavy rain, outburst with a Ninotani Lake Dam.
Vega de Tera	1959-01-09	Ribadelago, Spain	144	According to dam workers testimonies, the grounds had serious structural deficiencies due to poor construction. On the night of January 9, a 150 meters long portion of the contention wall collapsed letting out nearly 8 million cubic meters of stored water.^[4]
Malpasset dam	1959-12-02	Côte d'Azur, France	423	Geological fault possibly enhanced by explosives work during construction; initial geo-study was not thorough. Two villages were destroyed.
Kurenivka mudslide	1961-03-13	Kiev, Ukraine (then Ukrainian SSR of the Soviet Union)	1,500	Impoundment of the clay slurry reservoir (storing the waste of the local brick factories) failed after heavy rains, inundating the Kurenivka neighborhood with meters of mud, up to 2,000 fatalities.
Panshet Dam	1961-07-12	Pune, India	1,000	Dam wall burst due to pressue of accumulated rain water.^[5]
Baldwin Hills Reservoir	1963-12-14	Los Angeles, United States	5	Subsidence caused by over-exploitation of local oil field. 277 homes destroyed.
Vajont Dam	1963-10-09	Monte Toc, Italy	2,000	Strictly not a dam failure, since the dam structure did not collapse and is still standing. Filling the reservoir caused geological failure in valley wall, leading to 110 km/h landslide into the lake; water escaped in a wave over the top of dam. Valley had been incorrectly assessed stable. Several villages completely wiped out.
Spaulding Pond Dam (Mohegan Park)	1963-03-06	Norwich, United States	6	More than $6 million estimated damages.
Swift Dam	1964-06-10	Montana, United States	28	Caused by heavy rains.
Mina Plakalnitsa	1966-05-01	Vratsa, Bulgaria	107	A tailings dam at Plakalnitsa copper mine near the city of Vratsa failed. A total 450,000 cu m of mud and water inundated Vratsa and the nearby village of Zgorigrad, which suffered widespread damage. The official death toll is 107, but the unofficial estimate is around 500 killed.^[6]^[7]
Sempor Dam	1967-11-29	Central Java Province, Republic of Indonesia	2,000	Flash floods over-topped the dam during construction.^[8]
Certej dam failure	1971-10-30	Certej Mine, Romania	89	A tailings dam built too tall collapsed, flooding Certeju de Sus with toxic tailings.^[9]
Buffalo Creek Flood	1972-02-26	West Virginia, United States	125	Unstable loose constructed dam created by local coal mining company, collapsed in heavy rain. 1,121 injured, 507 houses destroyed, over 4,000 left homeless.
Canyon Lake Dam	1972-06-09	South Dakota, United States	238	Flooding, dam outlets clogged with debris. 3,057 injuries, over 1,335 homes and 5,000 automobiles destroyed.
Banqiao and Shimantan Dams	1975-08-08	Zhumadian, China	171,000	Extreme rainfall, beyond the planned design capability of the dam, dumped on China by Typhoon Nina. 11 million people lost their homes. Dam would later be rebuilt between 1986 and 1993.
Teton Dam	1976-06-05	Idaho, United States	11	Water leakage through earthen wall, leading to dam failure. 13,000 head of cattle died.
Laurel Run Dam	1977-07-19	Johnstown, United States	40	Heavy rainfall and flooding that over-topped the dam. Six other dams failed the same day, killing five people.
Kelly Barnes Dam	1977-11-06	Georgia, United States	39	Unknown, possibly design error as dam was raised several times by owners to improve power generation.
Machchu-2 Dam	1979-08-11	Morbi, India	5,000	Heavy rain and flooding beyond spillway capacity. Old estimates were 1,800–25,000 but a 2011 book by Sandesara & Wooten refined the bracket to 5,000–10,000.^[10]
Wadi Qattara Dam	1979	Benghazi, Libya	0	Flooding beyond discharge and storage capacity damaged the main dam and destroyed the secondary dam in the scheme.
Lawn Lake Dam	1982-07-15	Rocky Mountain National Park, United States	3	Outlet pipe erosion; dam under-maintained due to location.
Tous Dam	1982-10-20	Valencia, Spain	8	Heavy flooding coupled with poor quality of the dam wall, lack of qualified staff and negligence of a warning of heavy rain in the area. On the next day, newspapers reported possibly 40 fatalities and 25 disappeared but in the coming days the count went down to 8 or 9. One year later, LaVanguardia spoke of 25.
Val di Stava dam	1985-07-19	Tesero, Italy	268	Poor maintenance and low margin for error in design; outlet pipes failed leading to pressure on dam.
Kantale Dam	1986-04-20	Kantale, Sri Lanka	180	Poor maintenance, leakage, and consequent failure. Destroyed over 1600 houses and 2000 acres of paddy fields.
Upriver Dam	1986-05-20	Spokane, United States	0	Lightning struck power system, turbines shut down. Water rose behind dam while trying to restart. Backup power systems failed, could not raise spillway gates in time. Dam overtopped(rebuilt).
Peruća Dam detonation	1993-01-28	Split-Dalmatia County, Croatia	0	Not strictly a dam failure as there was a detonation of pre-positioned explosives by retreating Serb Forces.
Merriespruit tailings dam	1994-02-22	Free State, South Africa	17	Dam failed after a heavy thunderstorm. The dam was in an unacceptable condition prior to failure. Widespread devastation and environmental damage.
Meadow Pond Dam	1996-03-13	New Hampshire, United States	1	Design and construction deficiencies resulted in failure in heavy icing conditions.
Saguenay Flood	1996-07-19	Quebec, Canada	10	Problems started after two weeks of constant rain, which severely engorged soils, rivers and reservoirs. Post-flood enquiries discovered that the network of dikes and dams protecting the city was poorly maintained.
Opuha Dam	1997-02-06	Canterbury, New Zealand	0	Heavy rain during construction caused failure, dam was later completed.
Doñana disaster	1998-04-25	Andalusia, Spain	0	Over-steepened dam failed by sliding on weak clay foundation, releasing 4–5 million cubic metres of acidic mine tailings into the River Agrio, a tributary of the River Guadiamar, which is the main water source for the Doñana National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Shihgang Dam	1999-09-21	Taiwan	0	Caused by damage sustained during the 921 earthquake.
Martin County coal slurry spill	2000-10-11	Martin County, United States	0	Failure of a coal slurry impoundment. The water supply for over 27,000 residents was contaminated. The spill was 30 times larger than the Exxon Valdez oil spill and one of the worst environmental disasters ever in the southeastern United States
Vodní nádrž Soběnov	2002	Soběnov, Czech Republic	0	Extreme rainfall during the 2002 European floods.
Zeyzoun Dam	2002-06-04	Zeyzoun, Syria	22	2,000 individuals displaced and over 10,000 directly affected.^[11]^[12]
Silver Lake Dam	2003-05-14	Michigan, United States	0	Heavy rains caused earthen dam and bank to wash away. 1,800 people evacuated.
Hope Mills Dam	2003-05-26	North Carolina, United States	0	Caused by heavy rains. 1,600 people evacuated.
Ringdijk Groot-Mijdrecht (nl)	2003-08-23	Wilnis, Netherlands	0	Strictly not a dam or dike failure. The original Peat soil surrounding a polder (where peat had subsidized due to oxidization) was pushed away by the water in the canal. The peat became lighter than water during the 2003 drought. The real cause was new wooden piling along the canal. This new piling was water tight and therefore the peat soil dried out. Around 1,500 residents had to be evacuated.
Big Bay Dam	2004-03-12	Mississippi, United States	0	A small hole in the dam grew and eventually led to failure. 104 buildings damaged or destroyed.
Camará Dam	2004-06-17	Paraiba, Brazil	3	Poor maintenance. 3000 people homeless. A second failure happened 11 days after.
Shakidor Dam	2005-02-10	Pasni, Pakistan	70	Sudden and extreme flooding caused by abnormally severe rain.
Taum Sauk reservoir	2005-12-14	Lesterville, United States	0	Computer/operator error; gauges intended to mark dam full were not respected; dam continued to fill. Minor leakages had also weakened the wall through piping. The dam of the lower reservoir withstood the onslaught of the flood.
Ka Loko Dam	2006-03-14	Kauai, United States	7	Heavy rain and flooding. Several possible specific factors to include poor maintenance, lack of inspection and illegal modifications.^[13]
Campos Novos Dam	2006-06-20	Campos Novos, Brazil	0	Tunnel collapse.
Gusau Dam	2006-09-30	Gusau, Nigeria	40	Heavy flooding. Approximately 500 homes were destroyed, displacing 1,000 people.
Lake Delton	2008-06-09	Lake Delton, United States	0	Failure due to June 2008 Midwest floods.
Koshi Barrage	2008-08-18	Koshi Zone, Nepal	250	Neglection of barrage and the building of barrage itself. The region however saw weak monsoon and multi-year drought preeceding the barrage failuire. The flood affected over 2.3 million people in the northern part of Bihar.
Kingston Fossil Plant coal fly ash slurry spill	2008-12-22	Roane County, United States	0	Failure of a fly ash slurry pond.
Algodões Dam	2009-05-27	Piaui, Brazil	7	Heavy rain.^[14] 80 people injured, 2000 homeless.
Situ Gintung Dam	2009-03-27	Tangerang, Indonesia	98	Poor maintenance and heavy monsoon rain.
Sayano–Shushenskaya Dam	2009-08-17	Sayanogorsk, Russia	75	Not a dam failure, but rather the power station accident where the turbine 2 broke apart violently due to the metal fatigue caused by overlooked vibrations, flooding the turbine hall and causing the ceiling to collapse. The dam itself was unaffected, and the power station rebuilt within 5 years.
Kyzyl-Agash Dam	2010-03-11	Qyzylaghash, Kazakhstan	43	Heavy rain and snowmelt. 300 people were injured and over 1000 evacuated from the village.
Hope Mills Dam	2010-06-16	North Carolina, United States	0	Sinkhole caused dam failure. Second failure of the dam, will be replaced.
Testalinda Dam	2010-06-13	Oliver, Canada	0	Heavy Rain, low maintenance. Destroyed at least 5 homes. Buried Highway 97.
Delhi Dam	2010-07-24	Iowa, United States	0	Heavy rain, flooding. Around 8,000 people had to be evacuated.
Niedow Dam	2010-08-07	Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland	1	Heavy rain, over-topped from flooding.^[15]
Ajka alumina plant accident	2010-10-04	Ajka, Hungary	10	Failure of concrete impound wall on alumina plant tailings dam. One million cubic meters of red mud contaminated a large area, within days the mud had reached the Danube.
Kenmare Resources tailings dam	2010-10-04	Topuito, Mozambique	1	Failure of tailings dam at titanium mine. 300 homes had been rebuilt.
Fujinuma Dam	2011-03-11	Sukagawa, Japan	8	Failed after 2011 Tōhoku earthquake. 7 dead and 1 unknown. Japanese authorities state that the dam failure was caused by the earthquake, whose death toll is not reported worldwide since 1930.^[16]
Campos dos Goytacazes dam	2012-01-04	Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil	0	Failed after a period of flooding.^[17] 4000 people displaced.
Ivanovo Dam	2012-02-06	Biser, Bulgaria	8	Failed after a period of heavy snowmelt. A crack in the dam went un-repaired for years. Eight people killed and several communities flooded.^[18]
Köprü Dam	2012-02-24	Adana Province, Turkey	10	A gate in the diversion tunnel broke after a period of heavy rain during the reservoir's first filing. The accident killed ten workers.^[19]^[20]
Dakrong 3 Dam	2012-10-07	Quảng Trị Province, Vietnam	0	Poor design, Typhoon Gaemi flood surge.
Tokwe Mukorsi Dam	2014-02-04	Masvingo Province, Zimbabwe	0	Downstream slope failure on a 90.3 m (296 ft) tall embankment dam, possibly as the reservoir was being filled. Residents evacuated upstream.
Mount Polley tailings dam failure	2014-08-04	British Columbia, Canada	0	Tailings dam collapse due to negligent operation; reservoir was overfilled beyond design parameters despite repeated warnings of the danger ^[21]^[22]^[23] combined with a minor dam breach a few months before^[24] and fundamental design flaws^[25]. Failure of due-diligence and the honourable discharge of duty-of-care obligations by the regulator has resulted in complete exoneration of Imperial Metals, the dam operator.
Germano mine tailings dams	2015-11-05	Mariana, Minas Gerais, Brazil	24	One tailings dam collapse. One village destroyed, 600 people evacuated, 19 missing. Sixty-million cubic meters of iron waste sludge polluted Doce River, and the sea near the river's mouth.
Maple Lake	2017-10-05	Paw Paw, Michigan	0	A heavy rainstorm caused a section of a dam to crumble because of the weight of a pond above, which happened around 5 a.m.^[26]
Patel Dam	2018-05-10	Solai, Kenya	47	Failed after several days of heavy rain.
Panjshir Valley dam	2018-07-11	Panjshir Valley, Afghanistan	10	Dilapidated dam crumbled under heavy summer rains, 13 missing, 300 houses destroyed.
Xe-Pian Xe-Namnoy Dam	2018-07-23	Attapeu Province, Laos	36	Saddle dam under construction collapsed during rainstorms. 6600 people homeless, 98 missing.
Swar Chaung Dam	2018-08-19	Yedashe, Myanmar	4	Breach in the dam's spillway. 63,000 evacuated, 3 missing. 85 villages affected.
Brumadinho dam disaster	2019-01-25	Brumadinho, Minas Gerais, Brazil	11	Tailings dam suffered a catastrophic failure

References

^ Osnos, Evan. "Faust, China, and Nuclear Power," The New Yorker, Wednesday October 12, 2011. Retrieved at http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/evanosnos/2011/10/faust-china-and-nuclear-power.html on October 12, 2011. Archived March 13, 2016, at the Wayback Machine

^ "La rotura del pantano de Puentes - Región de Murcia Digital". www.regmurcia.com. Retrieved 16 April 2018..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}

^ "Arizona's 1890 dam disaster killed more than 100 people" The Daily Courier. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-11-18. Retrieved 2015-01-30.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link) Retrieved 30 January 2015.

^ 40 años de la tragedia de Ribadelago, en la que murieron 144 personas (in Spanish)

^ "July 12, 1961 – Lest We Forget". sakaaltimes.com. Retrieved 16 April 2018.

^ "История на село Згориград – Згориград". Згориград. Retrieved 16 April 2018.

^ "Трагедиата". archive.org. 28 July 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2018.

^ Wohl, Ellen (2013). Mountain Rivers Revisited. John Wiley & Sons. p. 338. ISBN 1118671562.

^ "Certej 1971, tragedia uitată a 89 de vieţi îngropate sub 300 de mii de metri cubi de nămol". Adevărul. 31 August 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2013.

^ "No One Had a Tongue to Speak". 12 May 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.

^ "Syria – Collapse of Dam/floods OCHA Situation Report No. 4" (PDF). ReliefWeb. Retrieved 26 February 2012.

^ Chanson, Hubert Chanson Hubert (2009). "Embankment Overflow Protection Systems and Earth Dam Spillways" (PDF). Dams: Impacts, Stability and Design. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-02.

^ "Kauai Dam Breach Killed 7 People Five Years Ago, But Criminal Charges Against Dam Owner Still Pending." Hawaii Reporter. http://www.hawaiireporter.com/kauai-dam-breach-killed-7-five-years-ago-but-criminal-charges-still-pending/123 Retrieved 24 July 2013.

^ "Breaching of the Algodões dam and the threat of mega-projects". Movement of Dam Affected People. 29 May 2009. Retrieved 6 January 2012.

^ Öffentlichkeitsarbei, Referat Kommunikation und. "Ereignisanalyse Hochwasser im August und September 2010 und im Januar 2011 in Sachsen". publikationen.sachsen.de. Retrieved 16 April 2018.

^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-05-11. Retrieved 2011-05-18.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link) (JPN)

^ "Brazil dam burst forces thousands from homes". BBC. 5 January 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2012.

^ "Bulgarian Dam Collapsed over Unrepaired Crack since 2003". NoVinite. 6 February 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2012.

^ "Cover Kozan Dam Explosion" (in Turkish). Haberler. 8 March 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2012.

^ "Holding Ozaltin conscience" (in Turkish). Emlak Kulisi. 10 March 2012. Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2012.

^ "Former tailings pond engineers for Mount Polley say they made warnings". CBC News. Retrieved 2017-12-28.

^ "Mount Polley mine tailings breach followed years of government warnings". CBC News. Retrieved 2017-12-28.

^ "First Nations chief: Warning about B.C. tailings pond 'ignored' - Macleans.ca". Macleans.ca. 2014-08-05. Retrieved 2017-12-28.

^ "Red flags raised years before B.C. mine-tailings spill, consultant says". Retrieved 2017-12-28.

^ "Design failure caused Mount Polley tailings breach, expert panel concludes". Retrieved 2017-12-28.

^ "Dam breach sends contaminated sediment downstream in Paw Paw". Retrieved 15 August 2018.

External links

A list of dam failures and incidents in the United States Dam Safety.org

Chronology of major tailings dam failures from 1960 WISE Uranium Project

Chanson, H. (2009) Application of the Method of Characteristics to the Dam Break Wave Problem Journal of Hydraulic Research, IAHR, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 41–49 doi:10.3826/jhr.2009.2865 (ISSN 0022-1686). Available as a pdf at [1]

Dam Failure and Flood Event Case History Compilation Bureau of Reclamation

Mount Polley mine: Ex-engineers warned tailings pond 'getting large'

[1] Osnos, Evan. "Faust, China, and Nuclear Power," The New Yorker, Wednesday October 12, 2011. Retrieved at http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/evanosnos/2011/10/faust-china-and-nuclear-power.html on October 12, 2011. Archived March 13, 2016, at the Wayback Machine

[2] "La rotura del pantano de Puentes - Región de Murcia Digital". www.regmurcia.com. Retrieved 16 April 2018..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}

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[4] 40 años de la tragedia de Ribadelago, en la que murieron 144 personas (in Spanish)

[5] "July 12, 1961 – Lest We Forget". sakaaltimes.com. Retrieved 16 April 2018.

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[10] "No One Had a Tongue to Speak". 12 May 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.

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[13] "Kauai Dam Breach Killed 7 People Five Years Ago, But Criminal Charges Against Dam Owner Still Pending." Hawaii Reporter. http://www.hawaiireporter.com/kauai-dam-breach-killed-7-five-years-ago-but-criminal-charges-still-pending/123 Retrieved 24 July 2013.

[14] "Breaching of the Algodões dam and the threat of mega-projects". Movement of Dam Affected People. 29 May 2009. Retrieved 6 January 2012.

[15] Öffentlichkeitsarbei, Referat Kommunikation und. "Ereignisanalyse Hochwasser im August und September 2010 und im Januar 2011 in Sachsen". publikationen.sachsen.de. Retrieved 16 April 2018.

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[21] "Former tailings pond engineers for Mount Polley say they made warnings". CBC News. Retrieved 2017-12-28.

[22] "Mount Polley mine tailings breach followed years of government warnings". CBC News. Retrieved 2017-12-28.

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Dam failure

Contents

Main causes of dam failure

Deliberate dam failure

List of major dam failures

See also

References

External links

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