List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
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The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest ranking judicial body in the United States. Its membership, as set by the Judiciary Act of 1869, consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight associate justices, any six of whom would constitute a quorum.[1][2]Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of the Constitution grants plenary power to the President of the United States to nominate, and with the advice and consent (confirmation) of the United States Senate, appoint justices to the Supreme Court. Justices have life tenure,[3] and receive a salary which is set at $255,500 per year for the chief justice and at $244,400 per year for each associate justice as of 2014.[4][5][6]
The Supreme Court was created by Article III of the United States Constitution, which stipulates that the "judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in one Supreme Court,"[7] and was organized by the 1st United States Congress. Through the Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress specified the Court's original and appellate jurisdiction, created thirteen judicial districts, and fixed the number of justices at six (one chief justice and five associate justices).[8][9]
Since 1789, Congress has occasionally altered the size of the Supreme Court, historically in response to the country's own expansion in size. An 1801 act would have decreased the Court's size to five members upon its next vacancy. However, an 1802 act negated the effects of the 1801 act upon the Court before any such vacancy occurred, maintaining the Court's size at six members. Later legislation increased its size to seven members in 1807, to nine in 1837, and to ten in 1863. An 1866 act was to have reduced the Court's size from ten members to seven upon its next three vacancies, and two vacancies did occur during this period. However, before a third vacancy occurred, the Judiciary Act of 1869 intervened, restoring the Court's size to nine members, where it has remained since.[10]
While the justices of the Supreme Court are appointed for life, many have retired or resigned. Beginning in the early 20th century, many justices who left the Court voluntarily did so by retiring from the Court without leaving the federal judiciary altogether. A retired justice, according to the United States Code, is no longer a member of the Supreme Court, but remains eligible to serve by designation as a judge of a U.S. Court of Appeals or District Court, and many retired justices have served in these capacities. Historically, the average length of service on the Court has been less than 15 years. However, since 1970 the average length of service has increased to about 26 years.[11]
Contents
1 Current justices of the Supreme Court
2 All justices of the Supreme Court
2.1 Notes
3 Timeline of justices
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Current justices of the Supreme Court
There are currently nine justices serving on the Supreme Court; listed in order of seniority, they are:
John Roberts,
Chief Justice
since September 29, 2005
Age 7004233630000000000♠63[12]
Clarence Thomas,
Associate Justice
since October 23, 1991
Age 7004257720000000000♠70[13]
Ruth Bader Ginsburg,
Associate Justice
since August 10, 1993
Age 7004313510000000000♠85[14]
Stephen Breyer,
Associate Justice
since August 3, 1994
Age 7004293720000000000♠80[15]
Samuel Alito,
Associate Justice
since January 31, 2006
Age 7004251250000000000♠68[16]
Sonia Sotomayor,
Associate Justice
since August 8, 2009
Age 7004235790000000000♠64[17]
Elena Kagan,
Associate Justice
since August 7, 2010
Age 7004214450000000000♠58[18]
Neil Gorsuch,
Associate Justice
since April 10, 2017
Age 7004187660000000000♠51[19]
Brett Kavanaugh,
Associate Justice
since October 6, 2018
Age 7004196940000000000♠53[20]
All justices of the Supreme Court
Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789, 114 persons have served on the Court. The length of service on the Court for the 105 non-incumbent justices ranges from William O. Douglas's 36 years, 211 days to the 163-day tenure of Thomas Johnson. As of January 14, 2019, the length of service for the nine incumbent justices ranges from Clarence Thomas' 7003994500000000000♠27 years, 83 days to Brett Kavanaugh's 7002100000000000000♠100 days. Five individuals were confirmed for associate justice, and later appointed chief justice separately: John Rutledge,[a]Edward Douglass White,[b]Charles Evans Hughes,[a]Harlan F. Stone,[b] and William Rehnquist.[b] While listed twice, each of them has been assigned only one index number. The justices of the Supreme Court are:[21][22]
| Justice | State[c] | Position | Replacing | Date confirmed (Vote) | Tenure | Tenure length[d] | Nominated by | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  | John Jay (1745–1829) | NY | Chief Justice | New seat | September 26, 1789 (Acclamation) | October 19, 1789 – June 29, 1795 (Resigned) | 7003207900000000000♠5 years, 253 days | George Washington |
| 2 |  | John Rutledge (1739–1800) | SC | Associate Justice | New seat | September 26, 1789 (Acclamation) | February 15, 1790 – March 4, 1791 (Resigned) | 7002382000000000000♠1 year, 17 days | |
| 3 |  | William Cushing (1732–1810) | MA | Associate Justice | New seat | September 26, 1789 (Acclamation) | February 2, 1790 – September 13, 1810 (Died) | 7003752700000000000♠20 years, 223 days | |
| 4 |  | James Wilson (1742–1798) | PA | Associate Justice | New seat | September 26, 1789 (Acclamation) | October 5, 1789 – August 21, 1798 (Died) | 7003324200000000000♠8 years, 320 days | |
| 5 |  | John Blair (1732–1800) | VA | Associate Justice | New seat | September 26, 1789 (Acclamation) | February 2, 1790 – October 25, 1795 (Resigned) | 7003209100000000000♠5 years, 265 days | |
| 6 |  | James Iredell (1751–1799) | NC | Associate Justice | New seat | February 10, 1790 (Acclamation) | May 12, 1790 – October 20, 1799 (Died) | 7003344800000000000♠9 years, 161 days | |
| 7 |  | Thomas Johnson (1732–1819) | MD | Associate Justice | J. Rutledge | November 7, 1791 (Acclamation) | August 6, 1792[e] – January 16, 1793 (Resigned) | 7002163000000000000♠163 days | |
| 8 |  | William Paterson (1745–1806) | NJ | Associate Justice | T. Johnson | March 4, 1793 (Acclamation) | March 11, 1793 – September 8, 1806 (Died) | 7003492800000000000♠13 years, 181 days | |
| 2 | | John Rutledge (1739–1800) | SC | Chief Justice | Jay | December 15, 1795 (10–14)[f] | August 12, 1795[e] – December 28, 1795 (Resigned, nomination having been rejected) | 7002138000000000000♠138 days | |
| 9 |  | Samuel Chase[g] (1741–1811) | MD | Associate Justice | Blair | January 27, 1796 (Acclamation) | February 4, 1796 – June 19, 1811 (Died) | 7003561300000000000♠15 years, 135 days | |
| 10 |  | Oliver Ellsworth (1745–1807) | CT | Chief Justice | J. Rutledge | March 4, 1796 (21–1) | March 8, 1796 – December 15, 1800 (Resigned) | 7003174200000000000♠4 years, 282 days | |
| 11 |  | Bushrod Washington (1762–1829) | VA | Associate Justice | Wilson | December 20, 1798 (Acclamation) | November 9, 1798[e] – November 26, 1829 (Died) | 7004113390000000000♠31 years, 17 days | John Adams |
| 12 |  | Alfred Moore (1755–1810) | NC | Associate Justice | Iredell | December 9, 1799 (Acclamation) | April 21, 1800 – January 26, 1804 (Resigned) | 7003137500000000000♠3 years, 280 days | |
| 13 |  | John Marshall (1755–1835) | VA | Chief Justice | Ellsworth | January 27, 1801 (Acclamation) | February 4, 1801 – July 6, 1835 (Died) | 7004125700000000000♠34 years, 152 days | |
| 14 |  | William Johnson (1771–1834) | SC | Associate Justice | Moore | March 24, 1804 (Acclamation) | May 7, 1804 – August 4, 1834 (Died) | 7004110460000000000♠30 years, 89 days | Thomas Jefferson |
| 15 |  | Henry Brockholst Livingston (1757–1823) | NY | Associate Justice | Paterson | December 17, 1806 (Acclamation) | January 20, 1807 – March 18, 1823 (Died) | 7003590100000000000♠16 years, 57 days | |
| 16 |  | Thomas Todd (1765–1826) | KY | Associate Justice | New seat | March 2, 1807 (Acclamation) | March 3, 1807 – February 7, 1826 (Died) | 7003691600000000000♠18 years, 341 days | |
| 17 |  | Gabriel Duvall (1752–1844) | MD | Associate Justice | S. Chase | November 18, 1811 (Acclamation) | November 23, 1811 – January 12, 1835 (Resigned) | 7003845100000000000♠23 years, 50 days | James Madison |
| 18 |  | Joseph Story (1779–1845) | MA | Associate Justice | Cushing | November 18, 1811 (Acclamation) | February 3, 1812 – September 10, 1845 (Died) | 7004122730000000000♠33 years, 219 days | |
| 19 |  | Smith Thompson (1768–1843) | NY | Associate Justice | Livingston | December 9, 1823 (Acclamation) | September 1, 1823[e] – December 18, 1843 (Died) | 7003741300000000000♠20 years, 108 days | James Monroe |
| 20 |  | Robert Trimble (1776–1828) | KY | Associate Justice | Todd | May 9, 1826 (25–5) | June 16, 1826 – August 25, 1828 (Died) | 7002801000000000000♠2 years, 70 days | John Quincy Adams |
| 21 |  | John McLean (1785–1861) | OH | Associate Justice | Trimble | March 7, 1829 (Acclamation) | January 11, 1830 – April 4, 1861 (Died) | 7004114060000000000♠31 years, 83 days | Andrew Jackson |
| 22 |  | Henry Baldwin (1780–1844) | PA | Associate Justice | Washington | January 6, 1830 (41–2) | January 18, 1830 – April 21, 1844 (Died) | 7003520700000000000♠14 years, 94 days | |
| 23 |  | James Moore Wayne (1790–1867) | GA | Associate Justice | W. Johnson | January 9, 1835 (Acclamation) | January 14, 1835 – July 5, 1867 (Died) | 7004118600000000000♠32 years, 172 days | |
| 24 |  | Roger B. Taney (1777–1864) | MD | Chief Justice | J. Marshall | March 15, 1836 (29–15) | March 28, 1836 – October 12, 1864 (Died) | 7004104250000000000♠28 years, 198 days | |
| 25 |  | Philip Pendleton Barbour (1783–1841) | VA | Associate Justice | Duvall | March 15, 1836 (30–11) | May 12, 1836 – February 25, 1841 (Died) | 7003175000000000000♠4 years, 289 days | |
| 26 |  | John Catron (1786–1865) | TN | Associate Justice | New seat | March 8, 1837 (28–15) | May 1, 1837 – May 30, 1865 (Died) | 7004102560000000000♠28 years, 29 days | |
| 27 |  | John McKinley (1780–1852) | AL | Associate Justice | New seat | September 25, 1837 (Acclamation) | January 9, 1838 – July 19, 1852 (Died) | 7003530500000000000♠14 years, 192 days | Martin Van Buren |
| 28 |  | Peter Vivian Daniel (1784–1860) | VA | Associate Justice | Barbour | March 2, 1841 (25–5) | January 10, 1842 – May 31, 1860 (Died) | 7003671600000000000♠18 years, 142 days | |
| 29 |  | Samuel Nelson (1792–1873) | NY | Associate Justice | Thompson | February 14, 1845 (Acclamation) | February 27, 1845 – November 28, 1872 (Retired) | 7004101360000000000♠27 years, 275 days | John Tyler |
| 30 |  | Levi Woodbury (1789–1851) | NH | Associate Justice | Story | January 31, 1846 (Acclamation) | September 23, 1845[e] – September 4, 1851 (Died) | 7003217200000000000♠5 years, 346 days | James K. Polk |
| 31 |  | Robert Cooper Grier (1794–1870) | PA | Associate Justice | Baldwin | August 4, 1846 (Acclamation) | August 10, 1846 – January 31, 1870 (Retired) | 7003857500000000000♠23 years, 174 days | |
| 32 |  | Benjamin Robbins Curtis (1809–1874) | MA | Associate Justice | Woodbury | December 20, 1851 (Acclamation) | October 10, 1851[e] – September 30, 1857 (Resigned) | 7003218200000000000♠5 years, 355 days | Millard Fillmore |
| 33 |  | John Archibald Campbell (1811–1889) | AL | Associate Justice | McKinley | March 22, 1853 (Acclamation) | April 11, 1853 – April 30, 1861 (Resigned) | 7003294100000000000♠8 years, 19 days | Franklin Pierce |
| 34 |  | Nathan Clifford (1803–1881) | ME | Associate Justice | Curtis | January 12, 1858 (26–23) | January 21, 1858 – July 25, 1881 (Died) | 7003858600000000000♠23 years, 185 days | James Buchanan |
| 35 |  | Noah Haynes Swayne (1804–1884) | OH | Associate Justice | McLean | January 24, 1862 (38–1) | January 27, 1862 – January 24, 1881 (Retired) | 7003693700000000000♠18 years, 363 days | Abraham Lincoln |
| 36 |  | Samuel Freeman Miller (1816–1890) | IA | Associate Justice | Daniel | July 16, 1862 (Acclamation) | July 21, 1862 – October 13, 1890 (Died) | 7004103110000000000♠28 years, 84 days | |
| 37 |  | David Davis (1815–1886) | IL | Associate Justice | Campbell | December 8, 1862 (Acclamation) | December 10, 1862[e] – March 4, 1877 (Resigned) | 7003519800000000000♠14 years, 84 days | |
| 38 |  | Stephen Johnson Field (1816–1899) | CA | Associate Justice | New seat | March 10, 1863 (Acclamation) | May 10, 1863 – December 1, 1897 (Retired) | 7004126240000000000♠34 years, 205 days | |
| 39 |  | Salmon P. Chase (1808–1873) | OH | Chief Justice | Taney | December 6, 1864 (Acclamation) | December 15, 1864 – May 7, 1873 (Died) | 7003306500000000000♠8 years, 143 days | |
| 40 |  | William Strong (1808–1895) | PA | Associate Justice | Grier | February 18, 1870 (No vote recorded) | March 14, 1870 – December 14, 1880 (Retired) | 7003392800000000000♠10 years, 275 days | Ulysses S. Grant |
| 41 |  | Joseph Philo Bradley (1813–1892) | NJ | Associate Justice | New seat | March 21, 1870 (46–9) | March 23, 1870 – January 22, 1892 (Died) | 7003797500000000000♠21 years, 305 days | |
| 42 |  | Ward Hunt (1810–1886) | NY | Associate Justice | Nelson | December 11, 1872 (Acclamation) | January 9, 1873 – January 27, 1882 (Retired) | 7003330500000000000♠9 years, 18 days | |
| 43 |  | Morrison Waite (1816–1888) | OH | Chief Justice | S. P. Chase | January 21, 1874 (63–0) | March 4, 1874 – March 23, 1888 (Died) | 7003513300000000000♠14 years, 19 days | |
| 44 |  | John Marshall Harlan (1833–1911) | KY | Associate Justice | Davis | November 29, 1877 (Acclamation) | December 10, 1877 – October 14, 1911 (Died) | 7004123600000000000♠33 years, 308 days | Rutherford B. Hayes |
| 45 |  | William Burnham Woods (1824–1887) | GA | Associate Justice | Strong | December 21, 1880 (39–8) | January 5, 1881 – May 14, 1887 (Died) | 7003232000000000000♠6 years, 129 days | |
| 46 |  | Stanley Matthews (1824–1889) | OH | Associate Justice | Swayne | May 12, 1881 (24–23) | May 17, 1881 – March 22, 1889 (Died) | 7003286600000000000♠7 years, 309 days | James Garfield |
| 47 |  | Horace Gray (1828–1902) | MA | Associate Justice | Clifford | December 20, 1881 (51–5) | January 9, 1882 – September 15, 1902 (Died) | 7003755300000000000♠20 years, 249 days | Chester A. Arthur |
| 48 |  | Samuel Blatchford (1820–1893) | NY | Associate Justice | Hunt | March 22, 1882 (Acclamation) | April 3, 1882 – July 7, 1893 (Died) | 7003411300000000000♠11 years, 95 days | |
| 49 |  | Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II (1825–1893) | MS | Associate Justice | Woods | January 16, 1888 (32–28) | January 18, 1888 – January 23, 1893 (Died) | 7003183200000000000♠5 years, 5 days | Grover Cleveland |
| 50 |  | Melville Fuller (1833–1910) | IL | Chief Justice | Waite | July 20, 1888 (41–20) | October 8, 1888 – July 4, 1910 (Died) | 7003793800000000000♠21 years, 269 days | |
| 51 |  | David Josiah Brewer (1837–1910) | KS | Associate Justice | Matthews | December 18, 1889 (53–11) | January 6, 1890 – March 28, 1910 (Died) | 7003738500000000000♠20 years, 81 days | Benjamin Harrison |
| 52 |  | Henry Billings Brown (1836–1913) | MI | Associate Justice | Miller | December 29, 1890 (Acclamation) | January 5, 1891 – May 28, 1906 (Retired) | 7003598600000000000♠16 years, 143 days | |
| 53 |  | George Shiras, Jr. (1832–1924) | PA | Associate Justice | Bradley | July 26, 1892 (Acclamation) | October 10, 1892 – February 23, 1903 (Retired) | 7003378700000000000♠10 years, 136 days | |
| 54 |  | Howell Edmunds Jackson (1832–1895) | TN | Associate Justice | L. Lamar | February 18, 1893 (Acclamation) | March 4, 1893 – August 8, 1895 (Died) | 7002887000000000000♠2 years, 157 days | |
| 55 |  | Edward Douglass White (1845–1921) | LA | Associate Justice | Blatchford | February 19, 1894 (Acclamation) | March 12, 1894 – December 18, 1910 (Continued as chief justice) | 7003612400000000000♠16 years, 281 days | Grover Cleveland |
| 56 |  | Rufus W. Peckham (1838–1909) | NY | Associate Justice | H. Jackson | December 9, 1895 (Acclamation) | January 6, 1896 – October 24, 1909 (Died) | 7003503900000000000♠13 years, 291 days | |
| 57 |  | Joseph McKenna (1843–1926) | CA | Associate Justice[h] | Field | January 21, 1898 (Acclamation) | January 26, 1898 – January 5, 1925 (Retired) | 7003984000000000000♠26 years, 345 days | William McKinley |
| 58 |  | Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. (1841–1935) | MA | Associate Justice[i] | Gray | December 4, 1902 (Acclamation) | December 8, 1902 – January 12, 1932 (Retired) | 7004106270000000000♠29 years, 35 days | Theodore Roosevelt |
| 59 |  | William R. Day (1849–1923) | OH | Associate Justice | Shiras | February 23, 1903 (Acclamation) | March 2, 1903 – November 13, 1922 (Retired) | 7003719600000000000♠19 years, 256 days | |
| 60 |  | William Henry Moody (1853–1917) | MA | Associate Justice | Brown | December 12, 1906 (Acclamation) | December 17, 1906 – November 20, 1910 (Retired) | 7003143400000000000♠3 years, 338 days | |
| 61 |  | Horace Harmon Lurton (1844–1914) | TN | Associate Justice | Peckham | December 20, 1909 (Acclamation) | January 3, 1910 – July 12, 1914 (Died) | 7003166500000000000♠4 years, 204 days | William Howard Taft |
| 62 |  | Charles Evans Hughes (1862–1948) | NY | Associate Justice | Brewer | May 2, 1910 (Acclamation) | October 10, 1910 – June 10, 1916 (Resigned) | 7003207000000000000♠5 years, 244 days | |
| 55 | | Edward Douglass White (1845–1921) | LA | Chief Justice | Fuller | December 12, 1910 (Acclamation) | December 19, 1910 – May 19, 1921 (Died) | 7003380400000000000♠10 years, 151 days | |
| 63 |  | Willis Van Devanter (1859–1941) | WY | Associate Justice | E. D. White | December 15, 1910 (Acclamation) | January 3, 1911[j] – June 2, 1937 (Retired) | 7003964700000000000♠26 years, 150 days | |
| 64 |  | Joseph Rucker Lamar (1857–1916) | GA | Associate Justice | Moody | December 15, 1910 (Acclamation) | January 3, 1911[j] – January 2, 1916 (Died) | 7003182500000000000♠4 years, 364 days | |
| 65 |  | Mahlon Pitney (1858–1924) | NJ | Associate Justice | J. Harlan | March 13, 1912 (50–26) | March 18, 1912 – December 31, 1922 (Resigned) | 7003394000000000000♠10 years, 288 days | |
| 66 |  | James Clark McReynolds (1862–1946) | TN | Associate Justice | Lurton | August 29, 1914 (44–6) | October 12, 1914 – January 31, 1941 (Retired) | 7003960800000000000♠26 years, 111 days | Woodrow Wilson |
| 67 |  | Louis Brandeis (1856–1941) | KY | Associate Justice | J. Lamar | June 1, 1916 (47–22) | June 5, 1916 – February 13, 1939 (Retired) | 7003828800000000000♠22 years, 253 days | |
| 68 |  | John Hessin Clarke (1857–1945) | OH | Associate Justice | Hughes | July 24, 1916 (Acclamation) | October 9, 1916 – September 18, 1922 (Retired) | 7003217000000000000♠5 years, 344 days | |
| 69 |  | William Howard Taft (1857–1930) | CT | Chief Justice | E. D. White | June 30, 1921 (Acclamation) | July 11, 1921 – February 3, 1930 (Retired) | 7003312900000000000♠8 years, 207 days | Warren G. Harding |
| 70 |  | George Sutherland (1862–1942) | UT | Associate Justice | Clarke | September 5, 1922 (Acclamation) | October 2, 1922 – January 17, 1938 (Retired) | 7003558600000000000♠15 years, 107 days | |
| 71 |  | Pierce Butler (1866–1939) | MN | Associate Justice | Day | December 21, 1922 (61–8) | January 2, 1923 – November 16, 1939 (Died) | 7003616200000000000♠16 years, 318 days | |
| 72 |  | Edward Terry Sanford (1865–1930) | TN | Associate Justice | Pitney | January 29, 1923 (Acclamation) | February 19, 1923 – March 8, 1930 (Died) | 7003257400000000000♠7 years, 17 days | |
| 73 |  | Harlan F. Stone (1872–1946) | NY | Associate Justice[k] | McKenna | February 5, 1925 (71–6) | March 2, 1925 – July 2, 1941 (Continued as chief justice) | 7003596600000000000♠16 years, 122 days | Calvin Coolidge |
| 62 | | Charles Evans Hughes (1862–1948) | NY | Chief Justice | Taft | February 13, 1930 (52–26) | February 24, 1930 – June 30, 1941 (Retired) | 7003414400000000000♠11 years, 126 days | Herbert Hoover |
| 74 |  | Owen Josephus Roberts (1875–1955) | PA | Associate Justice | Sanford | May 20, 1930 (Acclamation) | June 2, 1930 – July 31, 1945 (Resigned) | 7003553800000000000♠15 years, 59 days | |
| 75 |  | Benjamin N. Cardozo (1870–1938) | NY | Associate Justice | Holmes | February 24, 1932 (Acclamation) | March 14, 1932 – July 9, 1938 (Died) | 7003230800000000000♠6 years, 117 days | |
| 76 |  | Hugo Black (1886–1971) | AL | Associate Justice[l] | Van Devanter | August 17, 1937 (63–16) | August 19, 1937 – September 17, 1971 (Retired) | 7004124470000000000♠34 years, 29 days | Franklin D. Roosevelt |
| 77 |  | Stanley Forman Reed (1884–1980) | KY | Associate Justice | Sutherland | January 25, 1938 (Acclamation) | January 31, 1938 – February 25, 1957 (Retired) | 7003696500000000000♠19 years, 25 days | |
| 78 |  | Felix Frankfurter (1882–1965) | MA | Associate Justice | Cardozo | January 17, 1939 (Acclamation) | January 30, 1939 – August 28, 1962 (Retired) | 7003861100000000000♠23 years, 210 days | |
| 79 |  | William O. Douglas (1898–1980) | CT | Associate Justice | Brandeis | April 4, 1939 (62–4) | April 17, 1939 – November 12, 1975 (Retired) | 7004133600000000000♠36 years, 211 days | |
| 80 |  | Frank Murphy (1890–1949) | MI | Associate Justice | Butler | January 16, 1940 (Acclamation) | February 5, 1940 – July 19, 1949 (Died) | 7003345200000000000♠9 years, 164 days | |
| 73 | | Harlan F. Stone (1872–1946) | NY | Chief Justice | Hughes | June 27, 1941 (Acclamation) | July 3, 1941 – April 22, 1946 (Died) | 7003175400000000000♠4 years, 293 days | |
| 81 |  | James F. Byrnes (1882–1972) | SC | Associate Justice | McReynolds | June 12, 1941 (Acclamation) | July 8, 1941 – October 3, 1942 (Resigned) | 7002452000000000000♠1 year, 87 days | |
| 82 |  | Robert H. Jackson (1892–1954) | NY | Associate Justice | Stone | July 7, 1941 (Acclamation) | July 11, 1941 – October 9, 1954 (Died) | 7003483800000000000♠13 years, 90 days | |
| 83 |  | Wiley Blount Rutledge (1894–1949) | IA | Associate Justice | Byrnes | February 8, 1943 (Acclamation) | February 15, 1943 – September 10, 1949 (Died) | 7003239900000000000♠6 years, 207 days | |
| 84 |  | Harold Hitz Burton (1888–1964) | OH | Associate Justice | O. Roberts | September 19, 1945 (Acclamation) | October 1, 1945 – October 13, 1958 (Retired) | 7003476000000000000♠13 years, 12 days | Harry S. Truman |
| 85 |  | Fred M. Vinson (1890–1953) | KY | Chief Justice | Stone | June 20, 1946 (Acclamation) | June 24, 1946 – September 8, 1953 (Died) | 7003263300000000000♠7 years, 76 days | |
| 86 |  | Tom C. Clark (1899–1977) | TX | Associate Justice | Murphy | August 18, 1949 (73–8) | August 24, 1949 – June 12, 1967 (Retired) | 7003650100000000000♠17 years, 292 days | |
| 87 |  | Sherman Minton (1890–1965) | IN | Associate Justice | W. Rutledge | October 4, 1949 (48–16) | October 12, 1949 – October 15, 1956 (Retired) | 7003256000000000000♠7 years, 3 days | |
| 88 |  | Earl Warren (1891–1974) | CA | Chief Justice | Vinson | March 1, 1954 (Acclamation) | October 5, 1953[e] – June 23, 1969 (Retired) | 7003574000000000000♠15 years, 261 days | Dwight D. Eisenhower |
| 89 |  | John Marshall Harlan II (1899–1971) | NY | Associate Justice | R. Jackson | March 16, 1955 (71–11) | March 28, 1955 – September 23, 1971 (Retired) | 7003602300000000000♠16 years, 179 days | |
| 90 |  | William J. Brennan (1906–1997) | NJ | Associate Justice | Minton | March 19, 1957 (Acclamation) | October 16, 1956[e] – July 20, 1990 (Retired) | 7004123300000000000♠33 years, 277 days | |
| 91 |  | Charles Evans Whittaker (1901–1973) | MO | Associate Justice | Reed | March 19, 1957 (Acclamation) | March 25, 1957 – March 31, 1962 (Resigned) | 7003183200000000000♠5 years, 6 days | |
| 92 |  | Potter Stewart (1915–1985) | OH | Associate Justice | Burton | May 5, 1959 (70–17) | October 14, 1958[e] – July 3, 1981 (Retired) | 7003829800000000000♠22 years, 262 days | |
| 93 |  | Byron White (1917–2002) | CO | Associate Justice | Whittaker | April 11, 1962 (Acclamation) | April 16, 1962 – June 28, 1993 (Retired) | 7004113960000000000♠31 years, 73 days | John F. Kennedy |
| 94 |  | Arthur Goldberg (1908–1990) | IL | Associate Justice | Frankfurter | September 25, 1962 (Acclamation) | October 1, 1962 – July 25, 1965 (Resigned) | 7003103100000000000♠2 years, 300 days | |
| 95 |  | Abe Fortas (1910–1982) | TN | Associate Justice | Goldberg | August 11, 1965 (Acclamation) | October 4, 1965 – May 14, 1969 (Resigned) | 7003131800000000000♠3 years, 222 days | Lyndon B. Johnson |
| 96 |  | Thurgood Marshall (1908–1993) | NY | Associate Justice | Clark | August 30, 1967 (69–11) | October 2, 1967 – October 1, 1991 (Retired) | 7003876500000000000♠23 years, 364 days | |
| 97 |  | Warren E. Burger (1907–1995) | VA | Chief Justice | Warren | June 9, 1969 (74–3) | June 23, 1969 – September 26, 1986 (Retired) | 7003630400000000000♠17 years, 95 days | Richard Nixon |
| 98 |  | Harry Blackmun (1908–1999) | MN | Associate Justice | Fortas | May 12, 1970 (94–0) | June 9, 1970 – August 3, 1994 (Retired) | 7003882100000000000♠24 years, 55 days | |
| 99 |  | Lewis F. Powell Jr. (1907–1998) | VA | Associate Justice | Black | December 6, 1971 (89–1) | January 7, 1972[m] – June 26, 1987 (Retired) | 7003564900000000000♠15 years, 170 days | |
| 100 |  | William Rehnquist (1924–2005) | AZ | Associate Justice | J. Harlan II | December 10, 1971 (68–26) | January 7, 1972[m] – September 26, 1986 (Continued as chief justice) | 7003537600000000000♠14 years, 262 days | |
| 101 |  | John Paul Stevens (born 1920) | IL | Associate Justice[n] | Douglas | December 17, 1975 (98–0) | December 19, 1975 – June 29, 2010 (Retired) | 7004126110000000000♠34 years, 192 days | Gerald Ford |
| 102 |  | Sandra Day O'Connor (born 1930) | AZ | Associate Justice | Stewart | September 21, 1981 (99–0) | September 25, 1981 – January 31, 2006 (Retired) | 7003889400000000000♠24 years, 128 days | Ronald Reagan |
| 100 | | William Rehnquist (1924–2005) | VA | Chief Justice | Burger | September 17, 1986 (65–33) | September 26, 1986 – September 3, 2005 (Died) | 7003691700000000000♠18 years, 342 days | |
| 103 |  | Antonin Scalia (1936–2016) | VA | Associate Justice | Rehnquist | September 17, 1986 (98–0) | September 26, 1986 – February 13, 2016 (Died) | 7004107320000000000♠29 years, 140 days | |
| 104 |  | Anthony Kennedy (born 1936) | CA | Associate Justice | Powell | February 3, 1988 (97–0) | February 18, 1988 – July 31, 2018 (Retired) | 7004111210000000000♠30 years, 163 days | |
| 105 |  | David Souter (born 1939) | NH | Associate Justice | Brennan | October 2, 1990 (90–9) | October 9, 1990 – June 29, 2009 (Retired) | 7003683800000000000♠18 years, 263 days | George H. W. Bush |
106 |  | Clarence Thomas (born 1948) | GA | Associate Justice | T. Marshall | October 15, 1991 (52–48) | October 23, 1991 – Incumbent | 7003994500000000000♠27 years, 83 days[o] | |
107 |  | Ruth Bader Ginsburg (born 1933) | NY | Associate Justice | B. White | August 3, 1993 (96–3) | August 10, 1993 – Incumbent | 7003928800000000000♠25 years, 157 days[o] | Bill Clinton |
108 |  | Stephen Breyer (born 1938) | MA | Associate Justice | Blackmun | July 29, 1994 (87–9) | August 3, 1994 – Incumbent | 7003893000000000000♠24 years, 164 days[o] | |
109 |  | John Roberts (born 1955) | MD | Chief Justice | Rehnquist | September 29, 2005 (78–22) | September 29, 2005 – Incumbent | 7003485500000000000♠13 years, 107 days[o] | George W. Bush |
110 |  | Samuel Alito (born 1950) | NJ | Associate Justice | O'Connor | January 31, 2006 (58–42) | January 31, 2006 – Incumbent | 7003473100000000000♠12 years, 348 days[o] | |
111 |  | Sonia Sotomayor (born 1954) | NY | Associate Justice | Souter | August 6, 2009 (68–31) | August 8, 2009 – Incumbent | 7003344600000000000♠9 years, 159 days[o] | Barack Obama |
112 |  | Elena Kagan (born 1960) | MA | Associate Justice | Stevens | August 5, 2010 (63–37) | August 7, 2010 – Incumbent | 7003308200000000000♠8 years, 160 days[o] | |
113 |  | Neil Gorsuch (born 1967) | CO | Associate Justice | Scalia | April 7, 2017 (54–45) | April 10, 2017 – Incumbent | 7002644000000000000♠1 year, 279 days[o] | Donald Trump |
114 |  | Brett Kavanaugh (born 1965) | MD | Associate Justice | Kennedy | October 6, 2018 (50–48) | October 6, 2018 – Incumbent | 7002100000000000000♠100 days[o] | |
| Justice | State[c] | Position | Replacing | Date confirmed (Vote) | Tenure | Tenure length | Nominated by | ||
Notes
^ ab Served on the Supreme Court twice, first as associate justice, and then, after a period of years off the Court, as chief justice.
^ abc Elevated from associate justice to chief justice while serving on the Supreme Court. Such appointments are subject to a separate confirmation process.
^ ab State of residence at the time of appointment. For example, in 1971, Rehnquist was appointed from Arizona, but in 1986, when elevated to chief justice, he was appointed from Virginia.[23]
^ The start date given for each justice is the day he or she took the prescribed judicial oath of office, with the end date being the date of the justice's death, resignation, or retirement.[22]
^ abcdefghij Recess appointment
^ This was the first Supreme Court nomination to be rejected by the Senate. Rutledge remains the only "recess appointed" justice not to be subsequently confirmed by the Senate.
^ Was impeached, but not convicted, and remained in office.
^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152, May 19 – July 11, 1921.
^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152, February 3–24, 1930.
^ ab While Willis Van Devanter and Joseph Rucker Lamar were sworn in as associate justice on the same date, their seniority (precedence) on the Supreme Court was determined by the seniority of their commissions—Van Devanter received and accepted his first—in accordance with XIII Rev. Stat. 9 § 674.
^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152, June 30 – July 3, 1941.
^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152, April 22 – June 24, 1946, and again, under 62 Stat. 869, September 8 – October 5, 1953.
^ ab While Lewis Powell and William Rehnqust were sworn in as associate justice on the same date, their seniority (precedence) on the Supreme Court was determined by the seniority of their commissions—Powell received and accepted his first—in accordance with 62 Stat. 869.
^ Acted as chief justice under 62 Stat. 869, September 3–29, 2005.
^ abcdefghi As of January 14, 2019.
Timeline of justices
This graphical timeline depicts the progression of the justices on the Supreme Court. Information regarding each justice's predecessors, successors and fellow justices, as well as their tenure on the court can be gleaned (and comparisons between justices drawn) from it. Additionally, The progression of presidents, along with the number of justices each nominated, is shown at the top of the timeline to give a more detailed historical context. There are no formal names or numbers for the individual seats of the associate justices, which are listed in the table below simply by number. Note that, due to the several changes in the size of the Court since 1789, two of the seats chronicled—"5" and "7"—have been abolished, both as a result of the Judicial Circuits Act of 1866.
See also
- Law of the United States
- List of courts of the United States
- List of national supreme courts
References
^ Stathis, Stephen W. (2014). Landmark Legislation 1774–2012: Major U.S. Acts and Treaties. CQ Press. p. 122..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ Hall, Kermit L. (2005). "Judiciary Act of 1869". In Hall, Kermit L.; Ely, James W.; Grossman, Joel B. The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. Oxford University Press. p. 548.
^ McMillion, Barry J.; Rutkus, Denis Steven (July 6, 2018). "Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2017: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved October 4, 2018.
^ Mears, Bill (January 1, 2010). "Chief Justice Roberts has little to say at year's end". CNN. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
^ Barnes, Robert (January 1, 2010). "Supreme Court Chief Justice Roberts opts not to ask Congress to raise judicial salaries". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
^ Rowley, James (January 13, 2014). "Federal Judges in U.S. See $25,000 More as Salary Freeze Falls". Bloomberg. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
^ "Article III". Ithaca, New York: Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School. Retrieved October 4, 2018.
^ "About The Supreme Court". Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts. Archived from the original on April 12, 2010. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
^ "Supreme Court Research Guide". Georgetown Law Library. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
^ Smith, Jean Edward (July 26, 2007). "Stacking the Court". The New York Times. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
^ Rosen, Jeffrey (February 26, 2008). "Dems' Choices For Bench Surprisingly Slim". CBS News. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
^ "Chief Justice John G. Roberts, Jr". Washington, D.C.: The Supreme Court Historical Society. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
^ "Justice Clarence Thomas". Washington, D.C.: The Supreme Court Historical Society. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
^ "Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg". Washington, D.C.: The Supreme Court Historical Society. Retrieved October 6, 2018.
^ "Justice Stephen G. Breyer". Washington, D.C.: The Supreme Court Historical Society. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
^ "Justice Samuel Anthony Alito, Jr". Washington, D.C.: The Supreme Court Historical Society. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
^ "Justice Sonia Sotomayor". Washington, D.C.: The Supreme Court Historical Society. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
^ "Justice Elena Kagan". Washington, D.C.: The Supreme Court Historical Society. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
^ "Justice Neil M. Gorsuch". Washington, D.C.: The Supreme Court Historical Society. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
^ Fram, Alan; Mascaro, Lisa; Daly, Matthew. "Kavanaugh sworn to high court after rancorous confirmation". AP.
^ "U.S. Senate: Supreme Court Nominations: 1789–Present". www.senate.gov. United States Senate. Retrieved November 11, 2016.
^ ab "Justices 1789 to Present". www.supremecourt.gov. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
^ "Members of the Supreme Court of the United States". www.supremecourt.gov. United States Supreme Court. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
External links
- Biographies of Justices
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