Political status of Transnistria
Transnistria |
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This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Transnistria |
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The political status of Transnistria, a self-proclaimed state on the internationally recognized territory of Moldova, has been disputed since the Transnistrian declaration of independence on September 2, 1990. This declaration sought to establish a Soviet Socialist Republic separate from the Moldavian SSR, while still part of the Soviet Union. Following the breakup of the Soviet Union and Moldova's own declaration of independence in 1991, the PMSSR was transformed into the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR), commonly referred to as Transnistria. No United Nations member country recognizes the PMR's bid to sovereignty.
Moldova lost de facto control of Transnistria in 1992, in the wake of the War of Transnistria. Since that time, the PMR has received diplomatic recognition only from Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Republic of Artsakh, three post-Soviet states with minimal recognition themselves.
The two main political parties in Transnistria, the Republican Party (Respublikanskaya Partiya Pridnestroviya) and Renewal (Obnovleniye) oppose any rapprochement with Chişinău. The only political party in the region to favor conditional reintegration with Moldova (on basis of federalization)—the Social Democratic Party headed by former local MP Alexander Radchenko—after 2009 lost its influence and ceased to function. Negotiations under Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) auspices have been ongoing since 1997 based on the premise that better relations are desirable and that the restrictions on communications, movement of people, and trade flows must be removed.
Contents
1 Recognition of the sovereignty of Transnistria
2 Historical status of Transnistria
3 Position of the PMR government advocates
4 Moldovan position
5 Territorial issues
6 Incidents
7 United Nations Resolution A/72/L.58
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
11.1 Transnistrian side
11.2 Moldovan side
11.3 Others
11.3.1 International organizations
11.3.2 Ukrainian side
11.3.3 Romanian side
Recognition of the sovereignty of Transnistria
Only three polities recognize Transnistria's sovereignty, which are themselves largely unrecognized states:
Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Artsakh. All four states are members of the Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations.
Historical status of Transnistria
Administrative divisions of actual Transnistria.
Although ethnic Moldavians have historically made up a large minority of the population, the area was never considered part of the traditional lands of Moldavian settlement.[1] The territory east of the Dniester river belonged to Kievan Rus' and the kingdom of Halych-Volhynia from the ninth to the fourteenth centuries, passing to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and then into the hands of Russia in the eighteenth century.
By this time, the Principality of Moldavia had been in existence for almost five hundred years with the Dniester marking its eastern boundary for all this time.
Even with the rise of Romanian irredentism in the nineteenth century, the far reaches of Transylvania were considered the western boundary of the Greater Romanian lands[1] while the Dniester formed the eastern.[2]
Ethnic composition of MASSR, 1926
The national poet Mihai Eminescu, in his famous poem Doina, spoke of a Romania stretching "from the Dniester to the Tisza".
The Soviet Union in the 1930s had an autonomous region of Transnistria inside Ukraine, called the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (MASSR), where nearly half of the population were neolatin speaking people.
Indeed, between 1929 and 1940, Tiraspol was the capital of the Moldavian ASSR, an autonomous republic within Ukrainian SSR, which existed from 1924 to 1940.
During World War II, when Romania, aided by Nazi Germany, for the first time in history took control of Transnistria, it made no attempts to annex the occupied territory and considered it a temporary buffer zone between Greater Romania and the Soviet front line.[3][4]
Position of the PMR government advocates
According to PMR advocates, the territory to the East of the Dniester River never belonged either to Romania, nor to its predecessors, such as the Principality of Moldavia. This territory was split off from the Ukrainian SSR in a political maneuver of the USSR to become a seed of the Moldavian SSR (in a manner similar to the creation of the Karelo-Finnish SSR). In 1990, the Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR was proclaimed in the region by a number of conservative local Soviet officials opposed to perestroika. This action was immediately declared void by the then president of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev.[5]
At the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Moldova became independent. The Moldovan Declaration of Independence denounced the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and declared the 2 August 1940 "Law of the USSR on the establishment of the Moldavian SSR" null and void. The PMR side argues that, since this law was the only legislative document binding Transnistria to Moldova, there is neither historical nor legal basis for Moldova's claims over the territories on the left bank of the Dniester.[6] The Transnistrian side also claims that the rights of Moldova's Russian-speaking population are being infringed as Moldovan authorities abolished Russian as a second official language and declared Romanian (Moldovan) to be the country's only official language shortly before the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
A 2010 study conducted by the University of Colorado Boulder showed that the majority of Transnistria's population supports the country's separation from Moldova. According to the study, more than 80% of ethnic Russians and Ukrainians, and 60% of ethnic Moldovans, in Transnistria preferred independence or annexation by Russia rather than reunification with Moldova.[7]
Moldovan position
The Republic of Moldova considers itself the rightful successor state to the Moldavian SSR (which was guaranteed the right to secession from the Soviet Union under the last version of the Soviet Constitution). By the principle of territorial integrity, Moldova claims that any form of secession from the state without the consent of the central Moldovan government is illegal.
It considers the current Transnistria-based PMR government to be illegitimate and not the rightful representative of the region's population, which has a Moldovan plurality (39.9% as of 1989). The Moldovan side insists that Transnistria cannot exist as an independent political entity and must be reintegrated into Moldova.
According to Moldovan sources, the political climate in Transnistria does not allow the free expression of the will of the people of the region and supporters of reintegration of Transnistria in Moldova are subjected to harassment, arbitrary arrests and other types of intimidation from separatist authorities.
Despite the self-proclaimed independence of the region, the majority of the population (400,000 out of 542,000) took Moldovan citizenship,[8] which Moldova considers to be a sign that the majority of the population opposes separatism. However, it should be noted that, due to Transnistria's limited recognition as a state, Transnistrians cannot travel internationally with a Transnistrian passport. Therefore, it is possible that many Transnistrians possess a Moldovan passport for practical reasons, rather than as an expression of wishing to reunify with Moldova.[citation needed]
Territorial issues
During the 1992 War of Transnistria some villages in the central part of Transnistria which geographically are situated on the eastern bank of Dniester, rebelled against the new separatist Transnistria (PMR) authorities and since then have been under effective Moldovan control. These localities are: commune Cocieri (including village Vasilievca), commune Molovata Nouă (including village Roghi), commune Corjova (including village Mahala), commune Coşniţa (including village Pohrebea), commune Pîrîta, and commune Doroţcaia. The village of Corjova is in fact divided between PMR and Moldovan central government areas of control. Roghi is also controlled by the PMR authorities.
At the same time, some areas which are situated on the right bank of the Dniester are under PMR control. These areas consist of the city of Bender with its suburb Proteagailovca, the communes Gîsca, Chiţcani (including villages Mereneşti and Zahorna), and the commune of Cremenciug, formally[clarification needed] in the Căuşeni District, situated south of the city of Bender.
The breakaway PMR authorities also claim the communes of Varniţa, in the Anenii Noi District, a northern suburb of Bender, and Copanca, in the Căuşeni District, south of Chiţcani, but these villages remain under Moldovan control.
Incidents
These territorial disputes led to tense situations several times. In 2005 PMR Militia entered Vasilievca, which is located over the strategic road linking Tiraspol and Rîbniţa, but withdrew after a few days.[9][10] In 2006 there were tensions around Varniţa. In 2007 there was a confrontation between Moldovan and PMR forces in the Dubăsari-Cocieri area; however, there were no casualties.
The mayor of the village of Corjova, which is under Moldovan control, was arrested by the PMR militsia (police) together with a councillor of Moldovan-controlled part of the Dubăsari district on 13 May 2007.[11]
United Nations Resolution A/72/L.58
Results of the United Nations General Assembly vote about the withdrawal of foreign soldiers in Transnistria.
In favour
Against
Abstained
Absent when the vote took place
Non-UN member
On June 22, 2018, the Republic of Moldova submitted a UN resolution that calls for "Complete and unconditional withdrawal of foreign military forces from the territory of the Republic of Moldova, including Transnistria."[12]
| In favour (64) | Abstaining (83) | Against (15) | Absent (31) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|  Algeria Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Bhutan Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Brunei Burkina Faso Cabo Verde Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Fiji Ghana Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau India Indonesia Iraq Israel Ivory Coast Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Liberia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Mali Mexico Mongolia Morocco Namibia Nauru Nepal Nigeria Oman Pakistan Paraguay Peru Philippines Qatar Rwanda Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore South Africa South Korea Sri Lanka Suriname Thailand Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Tuvalu United Arab Emirates Uruguay Vietnam |  Armenia Belarus Bolivia Burundi Cuba Iran Myanmar Nicaragua North Korea Russia South Sudan Sudan Syria Venezuela Zimbabwe |  Afghanistan Cambodia Democratic Republic of the Congo Dominica Gabon Gambia Grenada Haiti Lesotho Libya Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Niger Palau Panama Republic of the Congo Saint Kitts and Nevis Serbia Solomon Islands Somalia Swaziland Tajikistan Tanzania Timor-Leste Tonga Turkmenistan Uganda Uzbekistan Yemen Zambia | |
Observer States:  Holy See and  State of Palestine | ||||
See also
- Four Pillars of Transnistria
- War of Transnistria
- Transnistrian border customs issues
- International recognition of Transnistria
- Foreign relations of Transnistria
Notes
^ ab Charles King: The Moldovans, Hoover Institution Press, Stanford, California, 1999, page 180
^ Nicolas Dima's history of Moldova, published in 1991 as part of a series of East European Monographs, Boulder, Distributed by Columbia University Press, New York.
^ Charles King: "The Moldovans", Hoover Institution Press, Stanford, California, 1999, page 93
^ Memoirs of Gherman Pântea, mayor of Odessa 1941–1944, in ANR-DAIC, d.6
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2010-09-18.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link).mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-06-17. Retrieved 2010-09-18.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
^ "How people in South Ossetia, Abkhazia and Transnistria feel about annexation by Russia". Washington Post. Retrieved 2016-12-17.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-10-08. Retrieved 2007-07-16.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2006-05-14. Retrieved 2006-12-23.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2005-03-18. Retrieved 2007-01-20.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2016-02-08.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
^ http://www.un.org/en/ga/72/resolutions.shtml
References
Oleksandr Pavliuk, Ivanna Klympush-Tsintsadze. The Black Sea Region: Cooperation and Security Building. EastWest Institute. ISBN 0-7656-1225-9.
Janusz Bugajski. Toward an Understanding of Russia: New European Perspectives. p. 102. ISBN 0-87609-310-1.
"Transnistria: alegeri nerecunoscute". Ziua. December 13, 2005. Archived from the original on June 30, 2006.
James Hughes, Gwendolyn Sasse (editors) (ed.). Ethnicity and Territory in the Former Soviet Union: Regions in conflict. Routledge Ed. ISBN 0-7146-5226-1.CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list (link)
External links
Transnistrian side
- History of creation and development of the Parliament of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR)
Moldovan side
- EuroJournal.org's Transnistria category
Trilateral Plan for Solving the Transnistrian Issue (developed by Moldova-Ukraine-Romania expert group)
Others
International organizations
- OSCE Mission to Moldova: Conflict resolution and negotiation category
Marius Vahl and Michael Emerson, "Moldova and the Transnistrian Conflict" (pdf) in "Europeanization and Conflict Resolution: Case Studies from the European Periphery", JEMIE - Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe, 1/2004, Ghent, Belgium- Research on the European Union and the conflict in Transnistria
- New York City Bar: Russia’s Activities in Moldova Violate International Law
Ukrainian side
- The Plan for the Transnistrian Conflict Settlement Proposed by Ukraine
Romanian side
Viroel Dolha. "All About Transnistria (I)". Newsgroup: Soc.culture.romanian. Usenet: 1141583344.188412.245710@t39g2000cwt.googlegroups.com.
