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Trans World Airlines, Inc.

Final TWA logo until 2001
IATA ICAO Callsign TW TWA TWA
Founded	1930 (as Transcontinental & Western Air)
Commenced operations	1930
Ceased operations	December 1, 2001 (acquired by American Airlines)[1]
Hubs	List of hubs Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport[2][3] John F. Kennedy International Airport (New York City) Lambert-St. Louis International Airport Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport (San Juan) Stapleton International Airport (Denver)
Secondary hubs	Pittsburgh International Airport
Focus cities	List of focus cities Charles de Gaulle Airport (Paris) Kansas City International Airport Logan International Airport (Boston) Los Angeles International Airport
Frequent-flyer program	Aviators
Fleet size	190
Destinations	132
Company slogan	List of slogans Nationwide, Worldwide. Depend on TWA. (1960s) Up, up and away with TWA (late 1960s) You're going to like us (1970s) Leading the way, TWA (late 1970s) Today's TWA, find out how good we really are. (1980s) The most comfortable way to fly (late 1980s) We're Up To Something Good (mid-1990s) We want to be your airline (1990s) One Mission: Yours! (late 1990s) Two Great Airlines, One Great Future! (2001)
Parent company	Trans World Corporation (1961–1992), AMR Corporation (2001)
Headquarters	List of headquarters New York City (1930–1931) Kansas City, Missouri (1931–1964) New York City (1964–1987) Mount Kisco, New York (1987–1992) St. Louis, Missouri (1992–2001) Fort Worth, Texas (April–December 2001)
Key people	List of key people Dick Robbins (1930–1934) Jack Frye & Paul Richter (1931–1947) Howard Hughes (1939–1965) Ralph Damon (1949–1956) Carter Burgess (1956–1957) Charles Thomas (1958–1960) Charles Tillinghast (1961–1976) L.E. Smart (since 1976) C.E. Meyer Jr. (1976–1985) Carl Icahn (1985–1993) William R. Howard (1993–1994) Jeffrey H. Erickson (1994–1997) Gerald L. Gitner (1997–1999) William Compton (1999–2001) Donald J. Carty (2001) Robert W. Baker (2001)
Website	twa.com

Trans World Airlines (TWA) was a major American airline that existed from 1930 until 2001. It was formed as Transcontinental & Western Air to operate a route from New York City to Los Angeles via St. Louis, Kansas City, and other stops, with Ford Trimotors. With American, United, and Eastern, it was one of the "Big Four" domestic airlines in the United States formed by the Spoils Conference of 1930.^[4]

Howard Hughes acquired control of TWA in 1939, and after World War II led the expansion of the airline to serve Europe, the Middle East, and Asia, making TWA a second unofficial flag carrier of the United States after Pan Am.^[5][6] Hughes gave up control in the 1960s, and the new management of TWA acquired Hilton International and Century 21 in an attempt to diversify the company's business.

As the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 led to a wave of airline failures, start-ups, and takeovers in the United States, TWA was spun off from its holding company in 1984. Carl Icahn acquired control of TWA and took the company private in a leveraged buyout in 1988. TWA became saddled with debt, sold its London routes, underwent Chapter 11 restructuring in 1992 and 1995, and was further stressed by the explosion of TWA Flight 800 in 1996.

In 2001, TWA filed for a third and final bankruptcy and was acquired by American Airlines. American laid off many former TWA employees in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks and closed its St. Louis hub in 2003.^[7]

TWA was headquartered at one time in Kansas City, Missouri, and planned to make Kansas City International Airport its main domestic and international hub, but abandoned this plan in the 1970s.^[8] The airline later developed its largest hub at Lambert-St. Louis International Airport. Its main transatlantic hub was the TWA Flight Center at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City, an architectural icon designed by Eero Saarinen, and completed in 1962.^[9]

History

1930s

Founding: TWA

Lindbergh Line DC-2

TWA's corporate history dates from the July 16, 1930, forced merger of Transcontinental Air Transport (T-A-T), Western Air Express, and the small Pittsburgh Aviation Industries Corporation (PAIC) to form Transcontinental & Western Air (T&WA).^[10][11] The companies merged at the urging of Postmaster General Walter Folger Brown, who was looking for bigger airlines to give airmail contracts to.

Both large airlines brought high-profile aviation pioneers who would give the airline the panache of being called "The Airline Run by Flyers". The airlines were known for several years as being on the cutting edge of aviation. Transcontinental, the bigger of the two, had the marquee expertise of Charles Lindbergh and was already offering a 48-hour combination of plane and train trip across the United States. Western, which was slightly older, having been founded in 1925, had the expertise of Jack Frye. PAIC contributed mail contracts and experience in crossing the Alleghany mountains.

On October 25, 1930, the airline offered one of the first all-plane scheduled service from coast to coast: the Lindbergh Line. The route took 36 hours and initially called for overnights in Kansas City. In summer 1931, TWA moved its headquarters from New York to Kansas City, Missouri.

DC-2 and DC-3

In 1931, the airline nearly went out of business after one of its Fokker F.10s shed a wing and crashed on March 31 near Bazaar, Kansas, killing all eight on board, including University of Notre Dame football coach Knute Rockne. Investigation revealed that the wing's wooden structure had deteriorated. In the wake of the crash, the Fokker F.10 was temporarily grounded, and a more frequent and rigorous inspection and maintenance regimen was put in place, making it more expensive to operate. The F.10's public image, and that of all wooden-structured aircraft, suffered badly from the crash. TWA needed a replacement.

Experimental TWA test aircraft

The dominant manufacturer of the day was Bill Boeing, but his contract with United Air Lines did not allow him to sell his 247 to competing lines. Frye and other members of TWA approached several other manufacturers, including Donald Douglas, with specifications for a larger plane. On September 20, 1932, the contract was signed with Douglas and the DC-1 was delivered to TWA in December 1933, the sole example of its type. This was followed by the delivery of 32 Douglas DC-2s that started operations in May 1934. Most were phased out by 1937 as the DC-3 started service, but several DC-2s would be operational through the early years of World War II.^[12] Throughout 1934, Tomlinson and Richter tested the DC-1, and Tomlinson's extensive testing in 1934 and 1935 led to higher-altitude "over-weather flying" and cabin pressurization.

On February 18, 1934 the top-scoring American World War I ace Eddie Rickenbacker and a TWA team including Frye, "Tommy" Tomlinson, Larry Fritz, Paul E. Richter, Si Morehouse, Harlan Hull, John Collings, and Andy Andrews flew the DC-1 from Burbank, California, to Newark, New Jersey, in a record-breaking 13 hours and 4 minutes.

Lehman Brothers/Hertz ownership: T&WA, Inc.

In 1934, following charges of favoritism in the contracts, the Air Mail scandal erupted, leading to the Air Mail Act of 1934, which dissolved the forced Transcontinental/Western merger and ordered the United States Army Air Service to deliver the mail. However, Transcontinental opted to retain the T&WA name. With the company facing financial hardship, Lehman Brothers and John D. Hertz took over ownership of the company.^[13]

The Army fliers had a series of crashes, and it was decided to privatize the delivery with the provision that no former companies could bid on the contracts. T&WA added the suffix "Inc." to its name, thus qualifying it as a different company. It was awarded 60% of its old contracts back in May 1934, and won back the rest within a few years.^[13]

A TWA Douglas DC-3 is prepared for takeoff from Columbus, Ohio, in 1940.

On May 18, 1934, the DC-2 production version of the DC-1 and forerunner of the DC-3 entered commercial service on TWA's Columbus–Pittsburgh–Newark route. On August 1, TWA started a three-stop transcontinental flight: leave Newark at 1600, arrive Glendale at 0700, fare $160 one way (about $2,227 today). All transcontinental airline flights made at least three stops en route until 1946.

On December 27, 1934 Jack Frye became President, Paul E. Richter, Vice President (VP), and Walt Hamilton, VP Maintenance, with managers Lawrence G. "Larry" Fritz, and Tommy Tomlinson, the leader in "High Altitude Research" for over-weather flying. The new owners installed directional "homing" and runway lights at its facilities.

In 1935, Tomlinson and Northrop Gamma (turbo-supercharged) began high altitude research, and the last of 14 TWA Northrop Alphas were phased out. On November 16, 1936, Richter headed the airline's Boeing 307 talks; on January 29, 1937, TWA contracted with Boeing for five Boeing 307 "Stratoliners", the first commercial plane with a pressurized cabin. The first TWA Stratoliner was delivered on May 6, 1940.

In 1938, Richter was elected Executive VP, Lawrence G. "Larry" Fritz became VP of Operations, and Tomlinson VP of Engineering. TWA subsequently received the San Francisco to Chicago route (via Los Angeles).

Howard Hughes

In 1938 Lehman and Hertz began selling their interest and General Motors began buying stock.

Frye approached another flying enthusiast, Howard Hughes, to buy stock in 1937. Hughes Tool Company purchased 99,293 shares at $8.25 a share, giving Hughes control. Howard Dietrich was also placed on the board. Later, Hughes bought another $1,500,000 worth of stock.^[14]

On June 22, 1939, Hughes Tool Co. ordered 40 Lockheed Constellations. On July 8, 1940, TWA inaugurated Boeing 307 Stratoliner service; in summer 1941, a Stratoliner was scheduled to leave La Guardia at 2030 EST and arrive Burbank at 0838 PST after three stops.

1940s

World War II

Hughes gained a controlling interest in 1941 and eventually controlled 78% of TWA. The airline prospered during World War II, racking up 40 million miles in flights for the Army, as well as supplying the North Atlantic route to Prestwick, Scotland, and the South Atlantic route from Brazil to Liberia and points east.

Hughes pushed for the construction of the Lockheed Constellation commercial airliner, which would become synonymous with the TWA style of elegance and cutting-edge technology. On April 17, 1944, Hughes and Frye flew the Constellation (C-69 USAAF #43-10310) from Burbank, California, to Washington, D.C., in an unofficial record of 6 hours 58 minutes.

Post-war: The Trans World Airline

C-69-1-LO / L-049 Constellation, c/n 1970, formerly 42-94549, painted as "Star of Switzerland" of TWA, on display at the Pima Air & Space Museum

After breaking Pan American World Airways' legal designation as the United States' sole international carrier, TWA began trans-Atlantic service in 1946 using DC-4s and the elegant new Lockheed Constellation ("Connie"); soon its name was changed to the Trans World Airline. Flights reached Cairo in 1946, Bombay in January 1947, Ceylon in February 1953, and Manila in January 1958; two 1049Gs a week reached Manila 55–56 hours after leaving Idlewild. The route was cut back to Bangkok in a year or two and to Bombay in 1961. In 1966, it re-extended to Hong Kong via Bangkok, then in 1969 TWA opened the transpacific link to complete its round-the-world network that lasted until 1975.

L-749 Constellation Star of Virginia at London Heathrow in 1954 with under-fuselage "Speedpack" freight container

The airline assisted in the setting-up of Saudi Arabian Airlines, Ethiopian Airlines, and the newly established German national airline Lufthansa. Airlines from around the world sent their pilots to TWA for training.

Falling out between Hughes and Frye

Frye and Hughes had a falling out in 1947. Hughes' financial advisor Noah Dietrich wrote that "Frye's inept handling of costs, his inefficient operations, his extravagance with new purchases of equipment-all these factors combined to nosedive the TWA stock from 71 at the war's end to 9 in 1947." The airline was losing $20,000,000 a year, was in danger of not being able to acquire fuel for its planes due to being deeply indebted to oil companies, and the pilot's union went on strike.
Hughes provided $10,000,000 worth of financing, which was later converted to 1,039,000 shares, Frye was removed, and Hughes added 11 members to the board, giving him control. Thus ended the era of "The Airline Run by Flyers".^[14]

LaMotte Cohu took over as president, and after serving a year, was replaced by Ralph Damon in 1948. Over the next 7 years, Damon introduced practices within the industry which became standard, such as multi-class service with first class and economy class. Damon also brought financial stability by eliminating the company deficit, which was reflected in the stock price rising into the 60s. Carter L. Burgess then took over in 1957, but lasted less than a year, unable to work with Hughes' meddling.^[14]:248-252

TWA survived partly due to the airline's legal maneuvering of the 1940s that eliminated a possible competitive threat from American Overseas Airlines, affiliated with American Airlines. C.R. Smith, President of American, unhappy with the AOA's financial results, sold AOA to Pan American in 1950; TWA and Pan Am were the only U.S. airlines scheduling passenger flights to Europe until National started in 1970.

1950s: Trans World Airlines

The TWA Corporate Headquarters' Building in Kansas City, Missouri with TWA Moonliner II atop its southwest corner from 1956–62 replicating the TWA Moonliner Tomorrowland attraction at Disneyland

In 1950, the airline officially changed its name to Trans World Airlines. Between 1954 and 1958, it moved its executive offices from its landmark downtown Kansas City building to New York City. However, the servicing of the fleet continued to be handled in Kansas City, Missouri. Initially, servicing was at a former B-25 Mitchell bomber factory at Fairfax Airport. When the Great Flood of 1951 destroyed the facility, the city of Kansas City, Missouri, built TWA a 5,000-acre (20 km²) airport on farmland 15 miles (24 km) north of downtown at what became Kansas City International Airport. At its peak, the airline was one of Kansas City's biggest employers with more than 20,000 employees. TWA also became well-regarded by Hollywood movie stars and executives and became known as the "Airline To The Stars".

In the 1950s, the TWA Moonliner was the tallest structure at Disneyland and depicted atomic-powered travel to come in 1986.

TWA's maintenance hangar at Philadelphia airport, built in 1956, from an undated photo from Historic American Engineering Record

TWA suffered from its late entry to the jet age, and Hughes placed an order for jet airplanes at a cost of $497 million in 1956. The transaction ultimately resulted in Hughes losing control of the airline.^{[14]:14-16,289,299-300}

In 1958, TWA became the first major airline to hire an African American flight attendant, hiring Margaret Grant after another African American woman, Dorothy Franklin of Astoria, Queens, New York, filed a lawsuit alleging "that she had been discriminated against 'because of poor complexion ... unattractive teeth' and legs that were 'not shapely.'" New York governor W. Averell Harriman praised her hiring, saying the action "would raise American prestige abroad."^[16]

1960s

In July 1940 TWA scheduled flights to 22 airports, in August 1953, to 65, in May 1968, to 63, and in November 1978, to 58.

On July 19, 1961, TWA was the first American airline with movies aboard its aircraft when it showed By Love Possessed, starring Lana Turner and Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. in the first-class section of a Boeing 707 flying New York to Los Angeles.

Charles C. Tillinghast Jr.

TWA added the Convair 880 jet airliner to its US-based fleet beginning in 1960.

In 1960, Hughes relinquished control of the airline, as the major stockholder, through the financial terms associated with the jet purchase. As a consequence of that deal, Charles C. Tillinghast, Jr. took over as president. The battle over Hughes' control continued in court until 1966, when Hughes was forced to sell his stock. That sale brought Hughes $546,549,771.^{[14]:289,299-300}

Hughes used to purchase the regional carrier Air West and rename the airline Hughes Airwest).

Under new management, the Trans World Corporation (TWA's holding company) expanded to purchase the overseas operations of Hilton Hotels. In 1964, TWA started a program to assist in the United States' export expansion effort that became known as the TWA MarketAir Corporate Logo to promote business passenger air travel and as a marketing tool to be used in air cargo sales. This marketing effort was initiated by the Senior Vice President, Marketing, Thomas B. McFadden, in collaboration with the Bureau of International Commerce, important U.S. financial institutions, and export expansion entities to offer tools that small and medium-sized U.S. companies could use at low or no cost to expand their exports. Staff management of this program was under the direction of Joseph S. Cooper. A key element of this program was the MarketAir Newsletter in a number of languages targeted to American exporters and international travelers.^[17][18]

Revolutionary airport design

TWA was one of the first airlines, after Delta Air Lines, to embrace the spoke-hub distribution paradigm and was one of the first with the Boeing 747. It planned to use the 747 along with the supersonic transport to whisk people between the West/Midwest (via Kansas City) and New York City (via John F. Kennedy International Airport) to Europe and other world destinations. As part of this strategy, TWA's hub airports were to have gates close to the street. The TWA-style airport design proved impractical when hijackings to Cuba in the late 1960s caused a need for central security checkpoints.

John F. Kennedy International Airport

The Trans World Flight Center at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York

In 1962, TWA opened Trans World Flight Center, now Terminal 5 (or simply T5), at New York City's JFK Airport and designed by Eero Saarinen. The terminal was expanded in 1969 to accommodate jumbo jets, went dormant in 2001, and underwent renovation and expansion beginning in 2005. A new terminal with a crescent-shaped entry hall and now serving JetBlue Airways opened in 2008—partially encircling the landmark.

Kansas City International Airport

Kansas City approved a $150 million bond issue for the TWA hub there. TWA vetoed plans for a Dulles International Airport-style hub-and-spoke gate structure. Following union strife, the airport ultimately cost $250 million when it opened in 1972, with Vice President Spiro Agnew officiating. TWA's gates, which were intended to be within 100 feet (30 m) of the street, became obsolete because of security issues. Kansas City refused to rebuild its terminals as Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport rebuilt its similar terminals, forcing TWA to look for a new hub. Missouri politicians moved to keep it in the state and, in 1982, TWA began a decade-long move to Lambert International Airport in St. Louis.

All-jet fleet

TWA operated Boeing 707 single-aisle jets in the 1960s.

TWA operated nearly 100 Boeing 727 trijets on their US domestic routes between 1964 and closure of operations.

On April 7, 1967, TWA became one of the US's first all-jet airlines with the retirement of their last Lockheed L-749A Constellation and L-1649 Starliner cargo aircraft. That morning, throughout the TWA system, aircraft ground-service personnel placed a booklet on every passenger seat titled "Props Are For Boats".

In 1967–72, TWA was the world's third-largest airline by passenger-miles, behind Aeroflot and United. During the mid and late 1960s, the airline extended its reach as far east as Hong Kong from Europe and also introduced service to a number of destinations in Africa.^[19] In 1969, TWA carried the most transatlantic passengers of any airline; until then, Pan American World Airways had always been number one. In the Transpacific Route Case of 1969, TWA was given authority to fly across the Pacific to Hawaii and Taiwan, and for a few years, TWA had a round-the-world network.^[20]

In 1969, TWA opened the Breech Academy on a 25-acre (100,000 m²) campus in the Kansas City suburb of Overland Park, Kansas, to train its flight attendants, ticket agents, and travel agents, as well as to provide flight simulators for its pilots. It became the definitive airline facility, training other airlines staff, as well as its own.

The airline continued to expand European operations in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. In 1987, TWA had a transatlantic system reaching from Los Angeles to Bombay, including virtually every major European population center, with 10 American gateways.

1970s

In 1975, Trans World Airlines was headquartered in Turtle Bay, in Midtown Manhattan.^[21][22]

The uniforms for the flight attendants during this decade went through three different designers. From 1971–1974, the official TWA uniform was designed by Valentino. From 1974–1978, the official TWA uniform was designed by Stan Herman, and from 1978–2001, the official TWA uniform was designed by Ralph Lauren. ^[23]

1980s

TWA Boeing 747SP at Heathrow Airport in 1983

Facing the pressures of deregulation, the airline consolidated its route system around a domestic hub in St. Louis (aided by its purchase of Ozark Air Lines in 1986) and an international gateway in New York. It was able to remain profitable during this time because of its good antederegulation route positioning and the relatively low costs of adapting its operations.

In 1985, Carl Icahn bought the airline operations from the Trans World Corporation and appointed himself as chairman of the newly independent airline.^[24] Also in 1985, TWA closed its hub at Pittsburgh International Airport after nearly 20 years as a hub.

The following year, TWA acquired Ozark Air Lines, a regional carrier based at Lambert-St. Louis International Airport, for $250 million.^[25] This transaction increased TWA's share of enplanements in St. Louis from 56.6% to 82%.^[26]

TWA had pilot bases in many European cities such as Berlin, Frankfurt, Zurich, Rome, and Athens. These bases were used to provide crews for the Boeing 727s which TWA operated in its European route network. Its Boeing 727 aircraft served Cairo, Athens, Rome, London, Paris, Geneva, Berlin, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Stuttgart, Zurich, Amsterdam, Oslo, Vienna, and Istanbul.

In 1987, Icahn moved the company's main offices from Manhattan,^[27] to office buildings he owned in Mount Kisco.^[28]

TWA operated the L-1011 TriStar wide-body jetliner

TWA's zenith occurred in the summer of 1988, when, for the only time, the airline carried more than 50 percent of all transatlantic passengers.^[29] Every day, Boeing 747, Lockheed L-1011, and Boeing 767 aircraft departed to more than 30 cities in Europe, fed by a small but effective domestic operation focused on moving U.S. passengers to New York or other gateway cities for wide-body service across the Atlantic, while a similar inter-European operation shuttled non-U.S. passengers to TWA's European gateways—London, Paris (which was even considered a European hub by TWA), and Frankfurt — for travel to the United States.

In 1989, TWA decided to replace its fleet of Boeing 727 Series 100 aircraft with the former Ozark Airlines DC-9s. This decision was based on the economics of operating three-crew airplanes (727s) with three engines, versus operating two-crew airplanes (DC-9s) with two engines. Both airplanes had about the same passenger and cargo capacity, so it was decided to replace the Boeing fleet. To prepare for this transition, TWA positioned several million dollars worth of spare parts for the DC-9s in Germany. This was a requirement dictated by the German government. If TWA wanted to use DC-9s in the service of the German population, then TWA had to provide readily available spare parts for its fleet. The airline also sent its senior DC-9 pilots (known as Check Airmen) to Europe to observe the operations in preparation for the changeover of the crews that was to follow. Shortly before the DC-9 airplanes began arriving in Germany, however, the entire plan was cancelled because the leasing contracts that Carl Icahn had created for the former Ozark DC-9s specifically forbade any operations outside the continental limits of the United States.^{[citation needed]}

1990s

In 1990, Icahn's pressing needs for additional capital forced him to sell the airline's Heathrow operations to American Airlines about the same time that Pan American World Airways sold its Heathrow operation to United.^[30]

1992 bankruptcy

Tillinghast ignored the transpacific market and the dedicated air cargo market. He was reported to have said, "There's no money in the Pacific and there's no money in cargo. We're gonna' shrink this airline 'til it's profitable."^{[citation needed]} These two oversights are said to have been the undoing of TWA, in addition to Sandro Andretta's resignation in December 1991.

Airline deregulation hit TWA hard in the 1980s. TWA had badly neglected domestic U.S. expansion at a time when the newly deregulated domestic market was growing quickly. TWA's holding company, Trans World Corporation, spun off the airline, which then became starved for capital. The airline briefly considered selling itself to renowned corporate raider Frank Lorenzo in the 1980s, but ended up selling to yet another corporate raider, Carl Icahn, in 1985. Under Icahn's direction, many of its most profitable assets were sold to competitors, much to the detriment of TWA.^[31] Icahn was eventually ousted in 1993, though not before the airline was forced to file for bankruptcy on January 31, 1992.^[32] Icahn emerged unscathed. TWA moved its headquarters from Mt. Kisco to the former headquarters building of McDonnell Douglas in St. Louis soon after Icahn left.

1995 bankruptcy

When Carl Icahn left in 1993, he arranged to have TWA give Karabu Corp., an entity he controlled, the rights to buy TWA tickets at 45% off published fares through September 2003. This was named "the Karabu deal".^[33] The ticket program agreement, which began on June 14, 1995, excluded tickets for travel which originated or terminated in St. Louis, Missouri. Tickets were subject to TWA's normal seat assignment and boarding pass rules and regulations, were not assignable to any other carrier, and were not endorsable. No commissions were paid to Karabu by TWA for tickets sold under the ticket program agreement.

At its heyday, TWA operated a fleet of 747-100 aircraft. This particular aircraft later exploded in midair as TWA Flight 800.

By agreement dated August 14, 1995, Lowestfare.com LLC, a wholly owned operating subsidiary of Karabu, was joined as a party to the ticket program agreement. Pursuant to the ticket program agreement, Lowestfare.com could purchase an unlimited number of system tickets. System tickets are tickets for all applicable classes of service which were purchased by Karabu from TWA at a 45% discount from TWA's published fare. In addition to system tickets, Lowestfare.com could also purchase domestic consolidator tickets, which are tickets issued at bulk fare rates and were limited to specified origin/destination city markets and did not permit the holder to modify or refund a purchased ticket. Karabu's purchase of domestic consolidator tickets was subject to a cap of $70 million per year based on the full retail price of the tickets.

On most TWA flights, Karabu could buy at a heavy discount and then sell a certain portion of all TWA's available seats. As a result, TWA was hamstrung by the high proportion of heavily discounted seats that had been sold and was essentially left with no control over its own pricing. It could not afford to discount any of its own seats, and if TWA wanted to increase revenue on busy routes by putting a larger plane into service, Karabu would only claim more seats. TWA was losing an estimated $150 million a year in revenue due to this deal.

To ameliorate the Karabu deal, TWA went in and out of bankruptcy in 1995.^[34]

Short turn-around

One City Centre in downtown St. Louis, which at one time served as the headquarters of TWA

By 1998, TWA had reorganized as a primarily domestic carrier, with routes centered on hubs at St. Louis and New York. Partly in response to TWA Flight 800 and the age of its fleet, TWA announced a major fleet renewal, ordering 125 new aircraft. TWA paid for naming rights for the new Trans World Dome, home of the then St. Louis Rams, in its corporate hometown.^{[citation needed]} In June 1994, its headquarters moved to One City Centre in downtown St. Louis.^[35][36]

TWA's fleet-renewal program included adding newer and smaller, more fuel-efficient, longer-range aircraft such as the Boeing 757 and 767 and short-range aircraft such as the McDonnell Douglas MD-80 and Boeing 717. Aircraft such as the Boeing 727 and 747, along with the Lockheed L-1011 and older DC-9s, some from Ozark and the 1960s, were retired. TWA also became one of the early customers for the Airbus A318 through International Lease Finance Corporation. TWA, had it continued operating through 2003, would have been the first U.S. carrier to fly the type.^{[citation needed]}

TWA had international code-share agreements with Royal Jordanian Airlines, Kuwait Airways, Royal Air Maroc, Air Europa, and Air Malta. In 1997, a code-share agreement was signed with Air Ukraine with plans to begin service between Paris and Kiev by 1999. Domestic code-share with America West Airlines was started, with long-term plans for a merger considered.

The airlines' routes were also changed; several international destinations were dropped or changed. The focus of the airline became domestic with a few international routes through its St. Louis hub and smaller New York (JFK) and San Juan, Puerto Rico hubs. Domestically, the carrier improved services with redesigned aircraft and new services, including "Pay in Coach, Fly in First", whereby coach passengers could be upgraded to first class when flying through St. Louis. Internationally, services were cut. European destinations eventually were limited to London and Paris; and in the Middle East, to Cairo, Riyadh and Tel Aviv.^{[citation needed]}

2000s

A TWA 757-231 in an AA/TWA Hybrid livery to promote their merger

TWA stated that it planned to make Los Angeles a focus city around October 2000, with a partnership with American Eagle Airlines as part of Trans World Connection.^[37]

Acquisition by American Airlines

Financial problems soon resurfaced and Trans World Airlines Inc. assets were acquired in April 2001 by AMR Corp., the parent company of American Airlines, which quickly formed a new company called TWA Airlines LLC. As part of the deal, TWA declared Chapter 11 bankruptcy (for the third time) the day after it agreed to the purchase. The terms of the deal included a $745 million payment. The bankruptcy court approved the purchase over a rival bid by Jet Acquisition Group, an investment group fronted by Ralph Atkin, founder of SkyWest Airlines.^[38] The total value of TWA's assets and assumed liabilities was estimated to be $2 billion.^[39]
American did not claim the naming rights for the Rams' home, which eventually became the Edward Jones Dome and now The Dome at America's Center.

TWA booking ended on November 30, 2001.^[40]

TWA Airlines LLC flew its last flight on December 1, 2001, with an MD-80 aircraft (N948TW). The ceremonial last flight was Flight 220 from Kansas City to St. Louis, with CEO Captain William Compton at the controls. The final flight before TWA was 'officially' absorbed by American Airlines was completed between St. Louis and Las Vegas, Nevada, also on December 1, 2001. At 10:00 pm CST on that date, employees began removing all TWA signs and placards from airports around the country, replacing them with American Airlines signs. At midnight, all TWA flights officially became listed as American Airlines flights. Some aircraft carried hybrid American/TWA livery during the transition, with American's tricolor stripe on the fuselage and TWA titles on the tail and forward fuselage. Signage still bears the TWA logo in portions of Concourse D at Lambert St. Louis International Airport.

American Airlines acquired some Ambassadors Clubs; other Ambassadors Clubs closed on December 2, 2001.^[41]

TWA's St. Louis hub shrank after the acquisition, due to its proximity to American's larger hub at Chicago's O'Hare International Airport. As a result, American initially replaced TWA's St. Louis mainline hub with regional jet service (going from over 800 operations a day to just over 200) and downsized TWA's maintenance base in Kansas City. In September 2009, American Airlines announced its intent to shut down the St. Louis hub it inherited from TWA and, in October 2009, American Airlines announced its intent to close the Kansas City maintenance base by September 2010.

Ongoing heritage

The American Airlines Boeing 737-800 in TWA heritage livery (registered N915NN) is shown here taxiing to the American Airlines terminal at JFK Airport in January 2016, more than 14 years after TWA proper ceased to exist.

On December 16, 2013, Doug Parker, CEO of American Airlines Group, announced that TWA heritage aircraft would be added in the future, "We will continue that tradition at American, including introducing a TWA aircraft in the future and keeping a US Airways livery aircraft. That also means we will keep a heritage American livery in the fleet". On November 16, 2015, American made good on that promise, painting a 737-800 in the TWA livery (with American titles, as shown to the right).^[42] The remaining TWA MD-83s will stay in service until around 2018, when the last former TWA, Inc. aircraft will be retired. TWA, Inc. retirees have had their flying privileges restored and are no longer segregated from the American Airlines retirees with the TWR classification.

One lighted TWA sign still exists (as of 2013) on the east side of Saarinen's TWA Flight Center terminal facing JetBlue's Terminal 5. JetBlue will keep the lit TWA sign on the TWA Flight Center.^{[citation needed]}

Destinations

See List of TWA destinations for mainline destinations. For commuter destinations, see Trans World Express and Trans World Connection.

TWA had codeshare agreements with the following airlines:

• 
  Air Europa ^[43]
  


• Air Malta


• 
  America West Airlines ^[44]
  


• American Airlines


• 
  Kuwait Airways ^[45]
  


• 
  Royal Air Maroc ^[46]
  


• 
  Royal Jordanian ^[47]
  

Accidents and incidents

Since 1942, TWA was involved in 84 incidents.

One of the first to gain wide press coverage was the crash of NC1946 (a DC-3), operating as Flight 3, which killed Hollywood film star Carole Lombard, her mother, and 20 others.

On July 11, 1946, a TWA Lockheed Constellation, NC86513, operating as TWA flight 513, a training flight, crashed in Reading, Pennsylvania. Of six crew members, only one survived. The crash was caused by a fire in the cargo hold, and grounded all Constellations from July 12 until August 23, 1946.

Another disaster that gained widespread coverage was the collision of a TWA Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation with a United Airlines' Douglas DC-7 over the Grand Canyon in 1956, which killed all 128 people on board both airliners. This accident led to groundbreaking changes in the regulation of flight operations in the United States.

A similar event occurred in 1960, this time in New York City, when another TWA L-1049 collided with a United Douglas DC-8. The disaster killed 134 people: 84 on board the UAL DC-8, 44 on board the TWA L-1049, and six people on ground. No one survived from either airliner.

Terrorist target

From 1969 to 1986, six TWA airliners were terrorist targets for Palestinian fedayeen, four of which were hijackings and two, bombings, mainly because the airline had a strong European presence, was a flag carrier for the United States of America, and flew to Israel.

• In 1969, TWA Flight 840 from Rome to Athens was hijacked and forcibly diverted to Damascus. Nobody was injured, but the aircraft's nose was blown up (although replaced and the plane returned to service).


• In 1970, TWA Flight 741 was hijacked after taking off from Frankfurt am Main en route to New York City. It was taken to Dawson's Field in Jordan, along with two other hijacked aircraft. All three aircraft were empty of passengers and crew when they were destroyed. A fourth aircraft landed in Cairo, and suffered a similar fate.


• In 1971, three members of the group "Republic of New Afrika" who had murdered a New Mexico State Police officer on November 8 hijacked TWA Flight 106, a Boeing 727, from Albuquerque to Havana. Passengers were released in Tampa, Florida.


• In 1974, TWA Flight 841 from Tel Aviv to New York City crashed into the Ionian Sea shortly after takeoff from Athens en route to Rome after a bomb believed to have been in the cargo hold exploded, killing all 88 on board.


• In 1976, TWA Flight 355 was hijacked by five Croatian separatists as it flew from New York–LaGuardia to O'Hare International. They ordered the pilot to fly to Montreal, where the plane was refueled, and then made additional refueling stops in Gander and Keflavik; at some of these stops, the hijackers unloaded propaganda pamphlets that they demanded to be dropped over Montreal, Chicago, New York, London, and Paris. At the plane's final stop, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, the hijackers surrendered after direct talks with U.S. Ambassador Kenneth Rush, and their explosives were revealed to be fakes.^[48][49]
  


• In 1985, TWA Flight 847 from Athens to Rome was hijacked first to Beirut, then to Algiers, back to Beirut, back to Algiers, and finally back to Beirut—with some of its fuel being paid for by the Shell credit card of flight attendant Uli Derickson. United States Navy Petty Officer 2nd Class Robert Stethem was singled out by Hezbollah as a member of the American military. The hijackers beat and tortured Stethem; Mohammed Ali Hammadi murdered the dying sailor and dumped his body on the tarmac. Robert Stethem was awarded the Purple Heart and Bronze Star with burial in Arlington National Cemetery. The memory of Robert Dean Stethem is honored by his nation with a namesake U.S. Navy destroyer, the USS Stethem.


• In 1986, TWA Flight 840, on approach to Athens, Greece, was attacked with an on-board bomb, causing four Americans (including a nine-month-old infant) to be ejected from the aircraft to their deaths. Five others on the aircraft were injured as the cabin experienced a rapid decompression. The remaining 110 passengers survived the incident, and pilot Richard "Pete" Petersen made an emergency landing in Athens.

TWA Flight 800

TWA's worst accident occurred on July 17, 1996, when Flight 800, a Boeing 747 en route to Paris, exploded over the Atlantic Ocean near Long Island, killing all 230 people on board. The National Transportation Safety Board concluded that the most likely cause of the disaster was a center-fuel-tank explosion sparked by exposed wiring. In their subsequent coverage, the media focused heavily on the fact that TWA's airline fleet was among the oldest in service (the 747 used for Flight 800 was manufactured in 1971, making it 25 years old at the time of the incident). The flight was under the command of Captain Steven Snyder, a veteran TWA pilot.

Fleet

Fleet in 2001

When Trans World Airlines was acquired by American Airlines in 2001, their fleet contained these aircraft:

Retired fleet

TWA, at one time, also held orders for the BAC-Aérospatiale Concorde, Sud Aviation Caravelle, Boeing 2707, and the Airbus A330 (which were taken by Cathay Pacific). The remaining A330 orders were eventually converted to A318 orders.

Fleet in 1970

Crew bases

TWA had crew bases in Boston, New York, Washington, D.C., St. Louis, Kansas City, Chicago, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Frankfurt. International flight attendants' crew bases were located in Paris, Rome, Hong Kong, and, at one time, Cairo. Starting in 1996, TWA had a "West Coast Regional Domicile", in which pilots and flight attendants covered originating flights out of major West Coast U.S. airports from San Diego, California, north to San Francisco.^[51]

Ambassadors Club

TWA operated Ambassadors Club locations in various airports. American Airlines acquired some clubs, and other clubs closed on December 2, 2001.^[41] Before the closure of the clubs, TWA maintained clubs at:

Clubs in North America open on December 1, 2001

^[41][52]

• 
   United States
  
  
  
  • 
    California
    
    
    
    • Los Angeles (Los Angeles International Airport) (Converted into Alaska Airlines Board Room)^[53]
      
    
    
    • San Francisco (San Francisco International Airport) (Converted into Alaska Airlines Board Room)^[53]
      
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 
    Massachusetts
    
    • 
      Boston (Logan International Airport)
    
    
  
  
  • 
    Missouri
    
    
    
    • 
      Kansas City (Kansas City International Airport) (Converted into Admirals Club^[41])
    
    
    • 
      St. Louis (Lambert-St. Louis International Airport) (Converted into Admirals Club^[41])
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 
    New York
    
    • New York City (LaGuardia Airport)
    
    
  
  
  • 
    Virginia
    
    • Washington, D.C., area (Washington Dulles International Airport)
    
    
  
  
  
  

Clubs in North America and the Caribbean closed prior to dissolution

^[54]

• 
   United States
  
  
  
  • 
    Arizona
    
    • 
      Phoenix (Sky Harbor International Airport)
    
    
  
  
  • 
    California
    
    • 
      San Diego International Airport)
    
    
  
  
  • 
    New Mexico
    
    • 
      Albuquerque (Albuquerque International Sunport)
    
    
  
  
  • 
    New Jersey
    
    • 
      Newark (Newark Liberty International Airport)
    
    
  
  
  • 
    New York
    
    • New York City (John F. Kennedy International Airport)
    
    
  
  
  • 
    Ohio
    
    
    
    • 
      Columbus (Port Columbus International Airport)
    
    
    • 
      Dayton (Dayton International Airport)
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 
    Texas
    
    • 
      Dallas/Fort Worth (Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport)
    
    
  
  
  • 
    Virginia
    
    • Washington, D.C., area (Washington Reagan National Airport)
    
    
  
  
  • 
    Washington
    
    • 
      Seattle-Tacoma International Airport)
    
    
  
  
  
  


• 
   Puerto Rico
  
  • 
    San Juan (Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport)
  
  

Clubs in Europe closed prior to dissolution

^[55]

• 
   United Kingdom
  
  • London (London Gatwick Airport)
  
  


• 
   France
  
  • Paris (Charles de Gaulle Airport)
  
  


• 
   Italy
  
  
  
  • 
    Milan (Malpensa Airport)
  
  
  • Rome (Leonardo Da Vinci Airport)
  
  
  
  


• 
   Germany
  
  • Frankfurt (Frankfurt Airport) (became an American Airlines Admirals Club in 1997)
  
  

See also

• 
  Ransome Airlines the Trans World Express
  


• 
  TWE – TW Express
  


• Trans World Connection

References

External links

Media related to Trans World Airlines at Wikimedia Commons

• TWA Museum at Charles B. Wheeler Downtown Airport in Kansas City


• Video Presentation: TWA Museum at Charles B. Wheeler Downtown Airport in Kansas City


• US Airways and American Airlines merger site


• American Airlines site


• 
  TWA official website at the Wayback Machine (archive index)


• 
  [7] has many TWA timetables from 1931 until 1968, showing where they flew, how long it took and how much it cost.


• 
  [8] has three TWA timetables including the final TWA timetable.


• TWAlive


• TWA History - TWA Official Website


• The karabu deal contract


• Historical aircraft images, market survey, & overview


• 
  Trans World Airlines records at the University of Wyoming – American Heritage Center