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Hiligaynon
Ilonggo
Hiniligaynon, Binisayâ nga Hiligaynon, Bisaya nga Ilonggo
Pronunciation	/hɪlɪˈɡaɪnən/
Native to	Philippines
Region	Western Visayas, SOCCSKSARGEN, western Negros Oriental, southwestern portion of Masbate, coastal Palawan, some parts of Romblon and a few parts of Northern Mindanao
Ethnicity	Hiligaynon people
Native speakers	9.3 million (2010)[1] 4th most spoken native language in the Philippines.[2]
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Philippine Central Philippine Visayan Hiligaynon
Dialects	Standard/Urban Hiligaynon (Iloilo province/Iloilo City dialect); Guimaras Hiligaynon; Bacolodnon Hiligaynon (Metro Bacolod dialect); Negrense Hiligaynon (Negros Occidental dialect); Mindanao Hiligaynon
Writing system	Latin (Hiligaynon alphabet) Hiligaynon Braille Historically Baybayin (c. 13th–19th centuries)
Official status
Official language in	Philippines
Regulated by	Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino
Language codes
ISO 639-2	hil
ISO 639-3	hil
Glottolog	hili1240[3]
Areas where Hiligaynon is spoken in the Philippines
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

The Hiligaynon language, also often referred to by most of its speakers simply as Ilonggo, is an Austronesian regional language spoken in the Philippines by about 9.1 million people, mainly in Western Visayas and SOCCSKSARGEN, most of whom belong to the Visayan ethnic group, mainly the Hiligaynons.^[4] It is the second-most widely spoken language and a member of the so-named Visayan language family and is more distantly related to other Philippine languages.

Hiligaynon is mainly concentrated in the regions of Western Visayas (Iloilo, Capiz, Guimaras, and Negros Occidental), as well as in South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, and North Cotabato in SOCCSKSARGEN. It is also spoken in other neighboring provinces, such as Antique and Aklan (also in Western Visayas), Negros Oriental in Central Visayas, Masbate in Bicol Region, Romblon and Palawan in MIMAROPA. It is also spoken as a second language by Kinaray-a speakers in Antique, Aklanon/Malaynon speakers in Aklan, Capiznon speakers in Capiz and Cebuano speakers in Negros Oriental.^[5] There are approximately 9,300,000 people in and out of the Philippines who are native speakers of Hiligaynon and an additional 5,000,000 capable of speaking it with a substantial degree of proficiency.^[2]

The language is also often referred to as Ilonggo (Spanish: Ilongo) in Iloilo and Negros Occidental. Many speakers outside Iloilo argue, however, that this is an incorrect usage of the word "Ilonggo". In precise usage, "Ilonggo" should be used only in relation to the ethnolinguistic group of native inhabitants of Iloilo and the culture associated with native Hiligaynon speakers in the place including their dialect. The disagreement over the usage of "Ilonggo" to refer to the language extends to Philippine language specialists and native laypeople.^[6] It also has the one of the largest native language-speaking population of the Philippines despite not being taught and studied formally in schools and universities until 2012.^[7] Hiligaynon is given the ISO 639-2 three-letter code hil, but has no ISO 639-1 two-letter code.

History

Historical evidence from observations of early Spanish explorers in the Archipelago shows that the nomenclature used to refer to this language had its origin among the people of the coasts or people of the Ilawod ("los [naturales] de la playa"), whom Loarca called Yligueynes ^[8] (or the more popular term Hiligaynon, also referred to by the Karay-a people as "Siná"). In contrast, the "Kinaray-a" has been used by what the Spanish colonizers called Arayas, which may be a Spanish misconception of the Hiligaynon words Iraya or taga-Iraya, or the current and more popular version Karay-a (highlanders - people of Iraya/highlands).^[9]

Classification

The Water cycle diagram in Hiligaynon.

Dialects

Similar to many languages in the Philippines, very little research on dialectology has been done on Hiligaynon. Some of the widely recognized varieties of the language are Standard or Urban Hiligaynon (Iloilo provincial and Iloilo City variant), simply called "Ilonggo", Bacolodnon Hiligaynon (Metro Bacolod variant), Negrense Hiligaynon (provincial Negros Occidental variant which is composed of 3 sub-variants: Northern, Central and Southern Negrense Hiligaynon), Guimaras Hiligaynon, and Mindanao Hiligaynon. Some native speakers also consider Kinaray-a (also known as Hiniraya or Antiqueño) and Capiznon as dialects of Hiligaynon; however, these have been classified by linguists as separate (Western) Visayan languages.^[10][11]

Related languages

According to H. Otley Beyer and other anthropologists, the term Visayan was first applied only to the people of Panay and to their settlements eastward in the island of Negros (especially its western portion), and northward in the smaller islands, which now compose the province of Romblon. In fact, at the early part of Spanish colonialization of the Philippines, the Spaniards used the term Visayan only for these areas. While the people of Cebu, Bohol and Leyte were for a long time known only as Pintados. The name Visayan was later extended to these other islands because, as several of the early writers state, their languages are closely allied to the Visayan dialect of Panay.^[12]

Writing system

Hiligaynon is written using the Latin script. Until the second half of the 20th century, Hiligaynon was widely written largely following Spanish orthographic conventions. Nowadays there is no officially recognized standard orthography for the language and different writers may follow different conventions. It is common for the newer generation, however, to write the language based on the current orthographic rules of Filipino which is more or less phonemic. A noticeable feature of the Spanish-influenced orthography absent in those writing following Filpino's orthography is the use of "c" and "qu" in representing /k/ (now replaced with "k" in all instances) and the absence of the letter "w" (formerly used "u" in certain instances).

The core alphabet consists of 20 letters used for expressing consonants and vowels in Hiligaynon, each of which comes in an upper case and lower case variety.

Alphabet

Additional symbols

The apostrophe ⟨'⟩ and hyphen ⟨-⟩ also appear in Hiligaynon writing, and might be considered separate letters.

The hyphen, in particular, is used medially in some words to indicate the glottal stop san-o ‘when’ gab-e ‘evening; night’. It is also used to indicate the point in a word where reduplication is present: adlaw-adlaw ‘daily, every day’, from adlaw ‘day, sun’. However, the use of this means of marking reduplication is not always consistent: pispis ‘bird’.

Hyphens are also used in words with successive sounds of /g/ and /ŋ/, to separate the letters with the digraph NG. Like in the word gin-gaan 'was given'; without the hyphen, it would be read as gingaan /gi.ŋaʔan/ as opposed to /gin.gaʔan.

In addition, some English letters may be used in borrowed words.

Grammar

Determiners

Hiligaynon has three types of case markers: absolutive, ergative, and oblique. These types in turn are divided into personal, that have to do with names of people, and impersonal, that deal with everything else, and further into singular and plural types, though the plural impersonal case markers are just the singular impersonal case markers + mga (a contracted spelling for /maŋa/), a particle used to denote plurality in Hiligaynon.^[13]

(*)The articles sing and sing mga means the following noun is indefinite, while sang tells of a definite noun, like the use of a in English as opposed to the, however, it is not as common in modern speech, being replaced by sang. It appears in conservative translations of the Bible into Hiligaynon and in traditional or formal speech

(**)The plural personal case markers are not used very often and not even by all speakers. Again, this is an example of a case marker that has fallen largely into disuse, but is still occasionally used when speaking a more traditional form of Hiligaynon, using less Spanish loan words.^{[clarification needed]}

The case markers do not determine which noun is the subject and which is the object; rather, the affix of the verb determines this, though the ang-marked noun is always the topic.

Personal pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns

In addition to this, there are two verbal deictics, karí, meaning come to speaker, and kadto, meaning to go yonder.

Copula

Hiligaynon lacks the marker of sentence inversion "ay" of Tagalog/Filipino or "hay" of Akeanon. Instead sentences in SV form (Filipino: Di karaniwang anyo) are written without any marker or copula.

Examples:

"Si Maria ay maganda" (Tagalog)

"Si Maria matahum/ Si Maria guapa" (Hiligaynon) = "Maria is beautiful."

"Maria is beautiful" (English)

There is no direct translation for the English copula "to be" in Hiligaynon. However, the prefixes mangin- and nangin- may be used to mean will be and became, respectively.

Example:

Manamì mangín manggaránon.

"It is nice to become rich."

The Spanish copula "estar" (to be) has also become a part of the Hiligaynon lexicon. Its meaning and pronunciation have changed compared to its Spanish meaning, however. In Hiligaynon it is pronounced as "istar" and means "to live (in)/location"(Compare with the Hiligaynon word "puyô").

Example:

Nagaistar ako sa tabuc suba

"I live in tabuc suba"
"tabuc suba" translates to "other side of the river" and is also a barangay in Jaro, Iloilo.

Existential

To indicate the existence of an object, the word may is used.

Example:

May idô (a)ko

"I have a dog"

Hiligaynon linkers

When an adjective modifies a noun, the linker nga links the two.

Example:

Itom nga ido

Black dog

Sometimes, if the linker is preceded by a word that ends in a vowel, glottal stop or the letter N, it becomes acceptable to contract it into -ng, as in Filipino. This is often used to make the words sound more poetic or to reduce the number of syllables. Sometimes the meaning may change as in maayo nga aga and maayong aga. The first meaning: (the) good morning; while the other is the greeting for 'good morning'.

The linker ka is used if a number modifies a noun.

Example:

Anum ka ido

six dogs

Interrogative words

The interrogative words of Hiligaynon are as follows: diin, san-o, sin-o, nga-a, kamusta, ano, and pila

Diin means where.

Example:

Diin ka na subong?

"Where are you now?"

A derivation of diin, tagadiin, is used to inquire the birthplace or hometown of the listener.

Example:

Tagadiin ka?

"Where are you from?"

San-o means when

Example:

San-o inâ?

"When is that?"

Sin-o means who

Example:

Sin-o imo abyan?

"Who is your friend?"

Nga-a means why

Example:

Nga-a indi ka magkadto?

"Why won't you go?"

Kamusta means how, as in "How are you?"

Example:

Kamusta ang tindahan?

"How is the store?"

Ano means what

Example:

Ano ang imo ginabasa?

"What are you reading?"

A derivative of ano, paano, means how, as in "How do I do that?"

Example:

Paano ko makapulî?

"How can I get home?"

A derivative of paano is paanoano an archaic phrase which can be compared with kamusta

Example:

Paanoano ikaw?

"How art thou?"

Pila means how much/how many

Example:

Pila ang maupod sa imo?

"How many are with you?"

A derivative of pila, ikapila, asks the numerical order of the person, as in, "What place were you born in your family?"(first-born, second-born, etc.) This word is notoriously difficult to translate into English, as English has no equivalent.

Example:

Ikapila ka sa inyo pamilya?

"What place were you born into your family?"

A derivative of pila, tagpila, asks the monetary value of something, as in, "How much is this beef?"

Example:

Tagpila ini nga karne sang baka?

"How much is this beef?"

Verbs

Focus^[14]

As it is essential for sentence structure and meaning, focus is a key concept in Hiligaynon and other Philippine languages. In English, in order to emphasize a part of a sentence, variation in intonation is usually employed – the voice is stronger or louder on the part emphasized. For example:

1. 
   The man is stealing rice from the market for his sister.


2. The man is stealing rice from the market for his sister.


3. The man is stealing rice from the market for his sister.


4. The man is stealing rice from the market for his sister.

Furthermore, active and passive grammatical constructions can be used in English to place focus on the actor or object as the subject:

The man stole the rice. vs. The rice was stolen by the man.

In contrast, sentence focus in Philippine languages is built into the construction by grammatical elements. Focus is marked by verbal affixes and a special particle prior to the noun in focus. Consider the following Hiligaynon translations of the above sentences:

1. 
   Nagakawat ang lalaki sang bugas sa tinda para sa iya utod.


2. 
   Ginakawat sang lalaki ang bugas sa tinda para sa iya utod.


3. 
   Ginakawatan sang lalaki sang bugas ang tinda para sa iya utod.


4. 
   Ginakawatan sang lalaki sang bugas sa tinda para sa iya utod.

(lalaki = man; kawat = to steal; bugas = rice; tinda = market; sibling = utod; kamot = hand)

Aspect

Mode

Summary

Reduplication

Hiligaynon, like other Philippine languages, employs reduplication, the repetition of a root or stem of a word or part of a word for grammatical or semantic purposes. Reduplication in Hiligaynon tends to be limited to roots instead of affixes, as the only inflectional or derivational morpheme that seems to reduplicate is -pa-. Root reduplication suggests 'non-perfectiveness' or 'non-telicity'. Used with nouns, reduplication of roots indicate particulars which are not fully actualized members of their class.^[16] Note the following examples.

(1)	balay-bálay
	house-house
	toy-house, playhouse

(2)	maestra-maestra
	teacher-teacher
	make-believe teacher

Reduplication of verbal roots suggests a process lacking a focus or decisive goal. The following examples describe events which have no apparent end, in the sense of lacking purpose or completion. A lack of seriousness may also be implied. Similarly, reduplication can suggest a background process in the midst of a foreground activity, as shown in (5).^[17]

(3)	Nag-a-	hìbî-híbî	ang	bátâ.
	NAG-IMP-	cry-cry	FOC	child
	The child has been crying and crying.

(4)	Nag-a-	tinlò-tinlò	akó	sang	lamésa
	NAG-IMP-	clean-clean	1SG.FOC	UNFOC	table
	I'm just cleaning off the table (casually).

(5)	Nag-a-	kàon-káon	gid	silá	sang	nag-abót	ang	íla	bisíta.
	NAG-IMP-	eat-eat	just	3PL.FOC	UNFOC	MAG-arrive	FOC	3PL.UNFOC	visitor
	They were just eating when their visitor arrived.

When used with adjectival roots, non-telicity may suggest a gradualness of the quality, such as the comparison in (6). In comparative constructions the final syllables of each occurrence of the reduplicated root are accented. If the stress of the second occurrence is shifted to the first syllable, then the reduplicated root suggests a superlative degree, as in (7). Note that superlatives can also be created through prefixation of pinaka- to the root, as in pinaka-dakô. While non-telicity can suggest augmentation, as shown in (7), it can also indicate diminishment as in shown in (9), in contrast with (8) (note the stress contrast). In (8b), maàyoáyo, accented in the superlative pattern, suggests a trajectory of improvement that has not been fully achieved. In (9b), maàyoayó suggests a trajectory of decline when accented in the comparative pattern. The reduplicated áyo implies sub-optimal situations in both cases; full goodness/wellness is not achieved.^[18]

(6)	Iní	nga	kwárto	ma-dulùm-dulúm	sang	sa	sinâ
	this.FOC	LINK	room	MA-dark-dark	UNFOC	OBL	that.UNFOC
	This room is darker than that one.

(7)	(a)	dakô-dakô
		big-big
		bigger
	(b)	dakô-dákô (gid)
		big-big (really)
		biggest

(8)	(a)	Ma-áyo	ang	reló.
		MA-good	FOC	watch
		The watch is good/functional.
	(b)	Ma-àyo-áyo	na	ang	reló.
		MA-good-good	now	FOC	watch
		The watch is semi-fixed.

(9)	(a)	Ma-áyo	akó.
		MA-good	1SG.FOC
		I'm well.
	(b)	Ma-àyo-ayó	na	akó.
		MA-good-good	now	1SG.FOC
		I'm so so.

Phonology

Consonants

Consonants [d] and [ɾ] were once allophones but cannot interchange as in other Philippine languages: patawaron (to forgive) [from patawad, forgiveness] but not patawadon, and tagadiín (from where) [from diín, where] but not tagariín.

Vowels

There are three main vowels: /a/, /ɛ ~ i/, and /o ~ ʊ/. [i] and [ɛ] (both spelled i) are allophones, with [i] in the beginning and middle and sometimes final syllables and [ɛ] in final syllables. The vowels [ʊ] and [o] are also allophones, with [ʊ] always being used when it is the beginning of a syllable, and [o] always used when it ends a syllable.

Loanwords

Hiligaynon has a large number of words that derive from Spanish words including nouns (e.g., santo from santo, saint), adjectives (e.g., berde from verde, green), prepositions (e.g., antes from antes, before), and conjunctions (e.g., pero from pero, but). Moreover, Spanish provides the Hiligaynon base for items introduced by Spain, e.g., barko (barco, ship), sapatos (zapatos, shoes), kutsilyo (cuchillo, knife), kutsara (cuchara, spoon), tenedor (fork), plato (plate), kamiseta (camiseta, shirt), and kambiyo (cambio, change, as in money).

Spanish verbs used in Hiligaynon often remain unconjugated (have the verb endings -ar, -er or -ir) which in Filipino would almost always be conjugated in the 'vos' form,^{[citation needed]} e.g., komparar, mandar, pasar, tener, disponer, mantener, and asistir.

Examples

Numbers

Days of the week

The names of the days of the week are derived from their Spanish equivalents.

Months of the year

The first set of Hiligaynon names of the months are derived from Spanish.

Quick phrases

Greetings

This/that/what

Space and Time

Ancient Times of the Day

When buying

The Lord's Prayer

Amay namon, nga yara ka sa mga langit

Pagdayawon ang imo ngalan

Umabot sa amon ang imo ginharian

Matuman ang imo buot

Diri sa duta siling sang sa langit

Hatagan mo kami nian sing kan-on namon

Sa matag-adlaw

Kag patawaron mo kami sa mga sala namon

Siling nga ginapatawad namon ang nakasala sa amon

Kag dili mo kami ipagpadaug sa mga panulay

Hinunuo luwason mo kami sa kalaut

Amen.

The Ten Commandments

The Catholic version of the Ten Commandments in Hiligaynon at Molo Church, Molo, Iloilo City.

Literal translation as per photo:

1. Believe in God and worship only him


2. Do not use the name of God without purpose


3. Honor the day of the Lord


4. Honor your father and mother


5. Do not kill


6. Do not pretend to be married against virginity (don't commit adultery)


7. Do not steal


8. Do not lie


9. Do not have desire for the wife of your fellow man


10. Do not covet the riches of your fellow man

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Ang Kalibutánon nga Pahayag sang mga Kinamaatárung sang Katáwhan)

See also

• Hiligaynon people


• Languages of the Philippines


• Kinaray-a language


• Capiznon language

Notable Hiligaynon writers

• 
  Peter Solis Nery (born 1969) Prolific writer, poet, playwright, novelist, editor, "Hari sang Binalaybay", and champion of the Hiligaynon language. Born in Dumangas, Iloilo. [1]
  


• 
  Antonio Ledesma Jayme (1854–1937) Lawyer, revolutionary, provincial governor and assemblyman. Born in Jaro, lived in Bacolod City.


• 
  Graciano López Jaena (1856–1896) Journalist, orator, and revolutionary from Iloilo, well known for his written works, La Solidaridad and Fray Botod. Born in Jaro.


• 
  Flavio Zaragoza y Cano (1892–1994) Lawyer, journalist and the "Prince of Visayan poets". Born in Janipaan.[2].


• 
  Conrado Saquian Norada (1921– ) Lawyer, intelligence officer and governor of Iloilo from 1969 to 1986. Co-founder and editor of Yuhum magazine. Born in Iloilo City. [3]
  


• 
  Ramon Muzones (?-?) Born in Molo. [4]
  


• 
  Magdalena Jalandoni (1891–1978) Prolific writer, novelist and feminist. Born in Jaro.[5]
  


• 
  Angel Magahum Sr. (1876–1931) Writer, editor and composer. Composed the classic Iloilo ang Banwa Ko, the unofficial song of Iloilo. Born in Molo.[6]
  


• 
  Valente Cristobal (1875–1945) Noted Hiligaynon playwright. Born in Polo (now Valenzuela City), Bulacan. [7]
  


• 
  Elizabeth Batiduan Navarro Hiligaynon drama writer for radio programs of Bombo Radyo Philippines.

References

• English-Tagalog Ilongo Dictionary (2007) by Tomas Alvarez Abuyen, National Book Store.
  ISBN 971-08-6865-9.

External links

Hiligaynon language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Hiligaynon phrasebook.

• Omniglot on Hiligaynon Writing


• Ilonggo Community & Discussion Board

Dictionaries

• Hiligaynon Dictionary


• Hiligaynon to English Dictionary


• English to Hiligaynon Dictionary


• Bansa.org Hiligaynon Dictionary


• Kaufmann's 1934 Hiligaynon dictionary on-line


• 
  Diccionario de la lengua Bisaya Hiligueina y Haraya de la Isla de Panay (by Alonso de Méntrida, published in 1841)

Learning Resources

• Some information about learning Ilonggo


• 
  Hiligaynon Lessons (by Cecile L. Motus. 1971)


• 
  Hiligaynon Reference Grammar (by Elmer Wolfenden 1971)

Writing System (Baybayin)

• Baybayin – The Ancient Script of the Philippines


• The evolution of the native Hiligaynon alphabet


• The evolution of the native Hiligaynon alphabet: Genocide


• The importance of the Hiligaynon 32-letter alphabet

Primary Texts

• 
  Online E-book of Ang panilit sa pagcasal ñga si D.ª Angela Dionicia: sa mercader ñga contragusto in Hiligaynon, published in Mandurriao, Iloilo (perhaps, in the early 20th century)

Secondary Literature

• 
  Language and Desire in Hiligaynon (by Corazón D. Villareal. 2006)


• 
  Missionary Linguistics: selected papers from the First International Conference on Missionary Linguistics, Oslo, March 13–16th, 2003 (ed. by Otto Zwartjes and Even Hovdhaugen)