Rod (unit)




























rod
Unit system
imperial/US units
Unit of length
Conversions
1 rod in ... ... is equal to ...


   imperial/US units

   5 12 yd

   metric (SI) units

   5.0292 m

The rod or perch or pole is a surveyor’s tool[1] and unit of length exactly equal to ​5 12 yards, 16​12 feet, ​1320 of a statute mile or one-fourth of a surveyor's chain (approximately 5.0292 meters). The rod is useful as a unit of length because whole number multiples of it can form one acre of square measure. The 'perfect acre'[2] is a rectangular area of 43,560 square feet, bounded by sides of length 660 feet and 66 feet (220 yards and 22 yards) or, equivalently, 40 rods and 4 rods. An acre is therefore 160 square rods.


A rod is the same length as a perch, also sometimes called a pole which measure using cordage[3] or wood, slightly antedated the use of both rods and surveyors chains, made of more dimensionally regular materials. Its name derives from the Ancient Roman unit, the pertica.
The measure also has a relationship to the military pike of about the same size and both measures[1] date from the sixteenth century,[3] when that weapon was still utilized in national armies. The tool, normally configured as a metal rod with eye-ends (loops that could be hooked together), was used commonly until quite recently, when it was supplanted by electronic tools such as surveyor lasers (Lidar) and optical target devices for surveying lands. Surveyors rods and chains are still utilized in rough terrains with heavy overgrowth where laser or other optical measurements are difficult or impossible. In dialectal English the term lug has also been used.[4][5]




Contents






  • 1 History


    • 1.1 In ancient cultures


    • 1.2 In continental Europe


    • 1.3 In Britain




  • 2 Modern use


  • 3 Area and volume


    • 3.1 Volume




  • 4 See also


  • 5 References





History




The sign included in Pieter Aertsen's painting A Meat Stall with the Holy Family Giving Alms reads in Flemish: "behind here are 154 rods of land for sale immediately, either by the rod according to your convenience or all at once".


In England, the perch was officially discouraged in favour of the rod as early as the 15th century;[6] however, local customs maintained its use. In the 13th century perches were variously recorded in lengths of 18 feet (5.49 m), 20 feet (6.1 m), 22 feet (6.71 m) and 24 feet (7.32 m); and even as late as 1820, a House of Commons report notes lengths of 16 12 feet (5.03 m), 18 feet (5.49 m), 21 feet (6.4 m), 24 feet (7.32 m), and even 25 feet (7.62 m).[7] In Ireland, a perch was standardized at 21 feet (6.4 m), making an Irish chain, furlong and mile proportionately longer by 27.27% than the "standard" English measure.[8]


Until English King Henry VIII seized the lands of the Roman Catholic Church in 1536,[1] land measures as we now know them were essentially unknown.[1] Instead a narrative system of landmarks and lists was used. Henry wanted to raise even more funds for his wars than he'd seized directly from church property (he'd also assumed the debts of Monasteries[1]), and as James Burke writes and quotes in the book Connections: the English monk Richard Benese "produced a book on how to survey land using the simple tools of the time, a rod with cord carrying knots at certain intervals, waxed and resined against wet weather." Benese poetically described the measure of an acre in terms of a perch:[3]







The practice of using surveyor's chains, and perch-length rods made into a detachable stiff chain, came about a century later when iron was a more plentiful and common material. A chain is a larger unit of length measuring 66 feet (20.1168 m), or 22 yards, or 100 links,[9] or 4 rods (20.1168 meters). There are 10 chains or 40 rods in a furlong (eighth-mile), and so 80 chains or 320 rods in one statute mile (1760 yards, 1609.344 m, 1.609344 km); the definition of which was set by Royal surveyor (called the 'sworn viewer'[10]) John Ogilby only after the Great Fire of London (1666).


An acre is defined as the area of 10 square chains (that is, an area of one chain by one furlong), and derives from the shapes of new-tech plows[2] and the desire to quickly survey seized church lands into a quantity of squares for quick sales[3] by Henry VIII's agents; buyers simply wanted to know what they were buying whereas Henry was raising cash for wars against Scotland and France.[3] Consequently, the surveyor's chain and surveyor rods or poles (the perch) have been used for several centuries in Britain and in many other countries influenced by British practices such as North America and Australia. By the time of the industrial revolution and the quickening of land sales, canal and railway surveys, et al. Surveyor rods such as used by George Washington were generally made of dimensionally stable metal—semi-flexible drawn wrought iron linkable bar stock (not steel), such that the four folded elements of a chain were easily transportable through brush and branches when carried by a single man of a surveyor's crew. With a direct ratio to the length of a surveyor's chain and the sides of both an acre and a square (mile), they were common tools used by surveyors, if only to lay out a known plottable baseline in rough terrain thereafter serving as the reference line for instrumental (theodolite) triangulations.


The rod as a survey measure was standardized by Edmund Gunter in England in 1607 as one-fourth of a chain (of 66 feet (20.12 m)), or 16 12 feet (5.03 m) long.



In ancient cultures


The perch as a lineal measure in Rome (also decempeda) was 10 feet (3.05 m), and in France varied from 10 feet (perche romanie) to 22 feet (perche d'arpent—apparently ​110 of "the range of an arrow"—about 220 feet). To confuse matters further, by ancient Roman definition, an arpent equalled 120 Roman feet. The related unit of square measure was the scrupulum or decempeda quadrata, equivalent to about 8.76 m2 (94.3 sq ft).[11]



In continental Europe




A standard at the City Hall in Münster, Germany from 1816; the bar shown is one "Prussian Half Rod" (1.883 m) long.


Units comparable to the perch, pole or rod were used in many European countries, with names that include French: perche and canne, German: Ruthe, Italian: canna and pertica, Polish: pręt and Spanish: canna. They were subdivided in many different ways, and were of many different lengths.






















































































































































































































































































































































Rods and similar units in continental Europe[dubious ]
Place
Local name
Local equivalent
Metric equivalent (meters)

Aachen
Feldmeßruthe
16 Fuß
4.512N

Amsterdam
Roede
13 Voet
3.681[12]

Aubenas, Ardèche
canne
8 pans
1.985N

Baden, Grand Duchy of
Ruthe
10 Fuß
3.0N

Basel, Canton of
Ruthe
16 Fuß
4.864N

Bern, Canton of
Ruthe
10 Fuß
2.932N

Barcelona
canna
8 palmos
1.581N

Braunschweig
Ruthe
16 Fuß
4.565N

Bremen
Ruthe
8 Ellen or 16 Fuß
4.626N

Brussels
Ruthe
20 Fuß
4.654N

Cagliari, Sardinia
canna
10 palmi
2.322N

Calenberg Land
Ruthe
16 Fuß
4.677N

Cassel, Hessen
Ruthe
14 Fuß
4.026N

Denmark
Ruthe
10 Fuß
3.138N

Geneva, Canton of
Ruthe
8 Fuß
2.598N

Hamburg
Geestruthe
16 Fuß
4.583N
Hamburg
Marschruthe
14 Fuß
4.010N

Hannover
Ruthe
16 Fuß
4.671N

France
Perche
3 toises
5.847N
France
Perche (for woodland)
3 23 toises
7.145N

Genoa
canna
10 palmi
2.5N

Jever, Oldenburg
Ruthe
20 Fuß
4.377N

Mallorca
canna
8 palmos
1.714N

Malta
canna
8 palmi
2.08N

Mecklenburg
Ruthe
16 Fuß
4.655N

Menorca, but not Mahón
canna

1.599N
Menorca, city of Mahon
canna
8 palmos
1.714N

Messina, Sicily
canna
8 palmi
2.113N

Montauban, Tarn-et-Garonne
canne
8 pans
1.783N

Morocco
canna
8 palmos
1.714N

Naples
canna (for cloth)
8 palmi


Naples, Kingdom of: Apulia, Calabria, Eboli, Foggia, Lucera
percha
7 palmi
1.838N
Naples, Kingdom of: Capua
percha
7 15 palmi
1.892N
Naples, Kingdom of: Fiano, Naples
percha
7 12 palmi
2.014N
Naples, Kingdom of: Caggiano, Cava, Nocera, Rocce, Salerno
percha
7 23 palmi
1.971N

Nuremberg, Bavaria
Ruthe
16 Fuß
4.861N

Oldenburg
Ruthe
20 Fuß
5.927N

Palermo, Sicily
canna
8 palmi
1.942N

Parma
Pertica
6 bracci
3.25N

Poland
Pręt
7 12 łokci or 10 pręcików
4.320N

Prussia, Rheinland
Ruthe
12 Fuß
3.766N

Rijnland
Roede
12 Voet
3.767[12]

Rome
canna (for cloth)

2N
Rome
canna (for building)

2.234N

Saragoza
canna

2.043N

Saxony
Ruthe
16 Leipziger Fuß
4.512N

Sweden
Ruthe
16 Fuß
4.748N

Tortosa
canna

1.7N

Tuscany, Grand-Duchy of (Florence, Pisa)
canna
5 bracci
2.918N

Uzès, Gard
canne
8 pans
1.98N

Waadt, Canton of
Ruthe or toise courante
10 Fuß
3N

Württemberg
Reichsruthe
10 Fuß
2.865N
Württemberg
old Ruthe
16 Fuß
4.583N

Venice, Republic of
Pertica
6 piedi
2.084N

Zürich, Canton of
Ruthe
10 Fuß
3.009N

Based on data from the following:



  • N - Niemann (Quedlinburg and Leipzig - 1830).[13]


In Britain


In England, the rod is first defined in law by the Composition of Yards and Perches, one of the statutes of uncertain date from the late 13th to early 14th centuries.


The length of the chain was standardized in 1620 by Edmund Gunter at exactly four rods.[14][15] Fields were measured in acres, which were one chain (four rods) by one furlong (in the United Kingdom, ten chains).[16]


Bars of metal one rod long were used as standards of length when surveying land. The rod was still in use as a common unit of measurement in the mid-19th century, when Henry David Thoreau used it frequently when describing distances in his work, Walden.[17]




Holyrood, Edinburgh


A Scottish rood (ruid in Lowland Scots, ròd in Scottish Gaelic) was a land measurement of Anglo-Saxon origin. It was in greatest use in the South East of Scotland, and along the border, whereas in the north various other systems were used, based on the land's productivity, rather than actual area. Four Scottish roods made up a Scottish acre.


As in England, "rood" was also used to mean a cross or crucifix, whence "Holyrood" (the name of the new Scottish parliament), an Anglicisation of the Lowland Scots haly ruid (holy cross), and also "The Dream of the Rood".


Equivalent to -




  • Scottish units:
    • 14 acre, 40 square falls



  • Metric system
    • 12.7 ares, 1270 square metres



  • Imperial system
    • 1.3 roods (English)




Modern use


The rod was phased out as a legal unit of measurement in the United Kingdom as part of a ten-year metrication process that began on 24 May 1965.[18]


In the US, the rod, along with the chain, furlong, and statute mile (as well as the survey inch and survey foot) are based on the pre-1959 values for United States customary units of linear measurement. The Mendenhall Order of 1893 defined the yard as exactly ​36003937 meters, with all other units of linear measurement, including the rod, based on the yard.


In 1959, an international agreement (the International yard and pound agreement), defined the yard as the fundamental unit of length in the Imperial/USCU system, defined as exactly 0.9144 metres. However, the above-noted units, when used in surveying, may retain their pre-1959 values, depending on the legislation in each state.[19]


Despite no longer being in widespread use, the rod is still employed in certain specialized fields. In recreational canoeing, maps measure portages (overland paths where canoes must be carried) in rods; typical canoes are approximately one rod long.[20] The term is also in widespread use in the acquisition of pipeline easements, as the offers for an easement are often expressed on a "price per rod".[21]


In the United Kingdom, the sizes of allotment gardens continue to be measured in square poles in some areas, sometimes being referred to simply as poles rather than square poles.[22]



In Vermont, the default right-of-way width of state and town highways and trails is three rods (49.5 feet or 15.0876 m).[23] Rods can also be found on the older legal descriptions of tracts of land in the United States, following the "metes and bounds" method of land survey;[24] as shown in this actual legal description of rural real estate:


.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}

LEGAL DESCRIPTION: Commencing 45 rods East and 44 rods North of Southwest corner of Southwest 1/4 of Southwest 1/4; thence North 36 rods; thence East 35 rods; thence South 36 rods; thence West 35 rods to the place of beginning, Manistique Township, Schoolcraft County, Michigan.[25]



Area and volume


The terms pole, perch, rod and rood have been used as units of area, and perch is also used as a unit of volume. As a unit of area, a square perch (the perch being standardized to equal ​16 12 feet, or ​5 12 yards) is equal to a square rod, 30 14 square yards (25.29 square metres) or ​1160 acre. There are 40 square perches to a rood (e.g., a rectangular area one furlong (10 chains i.e. 40 rods) in length by one rod in width), and 160 square perches to an acre (an area one furlong by one chain (i.e. 4 rods)). This unit is usually referred to as a perch or pole even though square perch and square pole were the more precise terms. Confusingly, rod was also sometimes used as a unit of area to refer to a rood.


However, in the traditional French-based system in some countries, 1 square perche is 42.21 square metres.


As of August 2013 perches and roods are used as government survey units in Jamaica. They appear on most property title documents. The perch is also in extensive use in Sri Lanka, being favored even over the rood and acre in real estate listings there.[26]


Perches were informally used as a measure in Queensland real estate until the early 21st century, mostly for historical gazetted properties in older suburbs.[27]



Volume


A traditional unit of volume for stone and other masonry. A perch of masonry is the volume of a stone wall one perch (16 12 feet or 5.03 metres) long, 18 inches (45.7 cm) high, and 12 inches (30.5 cm) thick. This is equivalent to exactly 24 34 cubic feet (0.92 cubic yards; 0.70 cubic metres; 700 litres).


There are two different measurements for a perch depending on the type of masonry that is being built:



  1. A dressed stone work is measured by the ​24 34-cubic foot perch (16 12 feet or 5.03 metres) long, 18 inches (45.7 cm) high, and 12 inches (30.5 cm) thick. This is equivalent to exactly 24 34 cubic feet (0.916667 cubic yards; 0.700842 cubic metres).

  2. a brick work or rubble wall made of broken stone of irregular size, shape and texture, made of undressed stone, is measured by the (16 12 feet or 5.03 metres) long, 12 inches (30.5 cm) high, and 12 inches (30.5 cm) thick. This is equivalent to exactly 16 12 cubic feet (0.611111 cubic yards; 0.467228 cubic metres).[28]



See also



  • Chain (unit)

  • Furlong

  • Imperial units

  • English units

  • United States customary units

  • Anthropic units



References





  1. ^ abcde Burke, James (1978). "9". Connections: Alternative History of Technology. Macmillan. p. 304. ISBN 978-0-333-29066-8..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ ab Connections, pbk. pp63


  3. ^ abcde Connections, pbk. p.263


  4. ^ Bonten, JHM (2007-01-19). "Anglo-Saxon and Biblical to Metrics Conversions". Surveyor + Chain + British-Nautical. Retrieved 2010-11-01.


  5. ^ Rowlett, Russ (2008-12-15). "lug [1]". How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 2010-11-01.


  6. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, English measure[better source needed]


  7. ^ United Kingdom. House of Commons Report (Second) of Commissioners to Consider the Subject of Weights and Measures, 13 July 1820. Parliamentary Papers 1820. (HC314) Pages 473–512.


  8. ^ "Units: P". www.unc.edu.


  9. ^ The Cassell English Dictionary, London 1990, p. 214,
    ISBN 0-304-34003-0



  10. ^ "Connections", pbk. pp265


  11. ^ Smith, Sir William; Charles Anthon (1851) A new classical dictionary of Greek and Roman biography, mythology, and geography partly based upon the Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology New York: Harper & Bros. Tables, pp. 1024–30.


  12. ^ ab Jacob de Gelder (1824). Allereerste Gronden der Cijferkunst [Introduction to arithmetic] (in Dutch). ’s-Gravenhage (The Hague) and Amsterdam: de Gebroeders van Cleef. pp. 163–176. Retrieved 2017-06-13.


  13. ^ Niemann, Friedrich (1830) Vollständiges Handbuch der Münzen, Masse, und Gewichte aller Länder der Erde fur Kaufleute, Banquiers ... : in alphabetischer Ordnung. Quedlinburg und Leipzig, G. Basse. p. 33, pp.231–2, p. 286


  14. ^ Thomas Ulvan Taylor (1908). "1". Surveyor's hand book. McGraw-Hill. p. 1. Retrieved 28 November 2011.


  15. ^ Russell, Jeffrey S.; American Society of Civil Engineers (1 August 2003). Perspectives in civil engineering: commemorating the 150th anniversary of the American Society of Civil Engineers. ASCE Publications. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-7844-0686-1. Retrieved 28 November 2011.


  16. ^ Rowlett, Russ (2008-12-03). "acre (ac or A)". How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 2010-11-01.


  17. ^ Thoreau, Henry David (1899). Walden: or, Life in the woods. H. Altemus. pp. 67, 113, 203, 204, 208, 290, 300, 309, 319, 339, 341, 356. Retrieved 27 November 2011.


  18. ^ Consumer and Competition Policy Directorate (1968). Report (1968) by the Standing Joint Committee on Metrication (PDF) (PDF). Department of Trade and Industry. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-06-25. Retrieved 2010-11-01.


  19. ^ Michael L. Dennis, The State Plane Coordinate System: History, Policy, and Future Directions (n.p.: National Geodetic Survey, March 6, 2018), Appendix C.


  20. ^ "Canoe Glossary and Clickable Canoe". OutdoorPlaces.com. Michael Thiessen. Retrieved 2010-11-01.


  21. ^ Attorney Discussion on Price per Rod. Retrieved 24 Oct 2012.


  22. ^ "Allotments". Watford Borough Council. Archived from the original on 2009-08-14. Retrieved 2009-10-05.


  23. ^ Width of highways and trails. 19 V.S.A. § 702 (Vermont Statutes Online) (Added 1985, No. 269 [Adj. Sess.], § 1.).


  24. ^ Shelton, Neil. "How to Read Land Descriptions". homestead.org. p. 5. Retrieved 2008-05-07.


  25. ^ "Lake View Parcel $198 Down $198 Month Incredible 8 Acre Parcel!". EagleStar. American Eagle Star. Retrieved 2010-11-01.


  26. ^ "srilankapropertymarket.com - srilankapropertymarket Resources and Information". www.srilankapropertymarket.com.


  27. ^ "Dutton Park real estate agent Archives - Bees Nees". Bees Nees.


  28. ^ see McClurg/Shoemaker.The Building Estimator's Reference Handbook. 17th Ed. Chicago: Frank R. Walker Company, 1970, p. 1644.









Popular posts from this blog

Italian cuisine

Bulgarian cuisine

Carrot