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9M14 Malyutka AT-3 Sagger
Improved Serbian-produced 9M142T missile
Type	Anti-tank missile
Place of origin	Soviet Union
Service history
In service	1963–present
Used by	Soviet Union and others
Wars	Vietnam War Yom Kippur War Western Sahara War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War[1] Iran–Iraq War Gulf War Croatian War of Independence 2006 Lebanon War First Chechen War Second Chechen War (by Chechen militants) Libyan Civil War Syrian Civil War Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017)[2] Yemeni Civil War (2015–present) Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen Saudi–Yemeni border conflict (2015–present)
Production history
Designer	Design Bureau of Machine-Building (KBM, Kolomna)
Designed	1961–1962
Manufacturer	Soviet Union, Russia as successor state and other countries under license and domestic versions
Produced	1963
Variants	9M14M, 9M14P1, Malyutka-2, Malyutka-2F
Specifications
Mass	10.9 kg (9M14M) 11.4 kg (9M14P1) 12.5 kg (Malyutka-2) ~12 kg (Malyutka-2F) 30.5 kg (Launcher and guidance)[3][4]
Length	860 mm 1,005 mm combat ready (Malyutka-2)
Width	393 mm (wingspan)
Diameter	125 mm
Effective firing range	500–3,000 m
Warhead weight	2.6 kg (9M14M, 9M14P1) 3.5 kg (Malyutka-2, Malyutka-2F)
Speed	115 m/s (410 km/h) (9M14M, 9M14P1) 130 m/s (470 km/h) (Malyutka-2, Malyutka-2F)[5]
Guidance system	MCLOS, SACLOS (Later variants)

A 9S415 control box for the Malyutka missile.

The 9M14 Malyutka (Russian: Малютка; "Little one", NATO reporting name: AT-3 Sagger) is a manual command to line of sight (MCLOS) wire-guided anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) system developed in the Soviet Union. It was the first man-portable anti-tank guided missile of the Soviet Union and is probably the most widely produced ATGM of all time—with Soviet production peaking at 25,000 missiles a year during the 1960s and 1970s. In addition, copies of the missile have been manufactured under various names by at least five countries.

Since supplemented by more advanced anti-tank guided missiles, the Sagger and its variants have seen widespread use in nearly every regional conflict since the 1960s.

Development

Development began in July 1961 with the government assigning the project to two design teams: Tula and Kolomna. The requirements were:

• Vehicle mountable and/or man portable


• Range of 3,000 meters


• Armor penetration of 200 millimetres at 60°


• Maximum weight of 10 kilograms

The designs were based on the Western ATGMs of the 1950s, such as the French ENTAC and the Swiss Cobra. In the end, the prototype developed by the Kolomna Machine Design Bureau, who were also responsible for the AT-1 Snapper, was chosen. Initial tests were completed by 20 December 1962, and the missile was accepted for service on 16 September 1963.

Description

The missile can be fired from a portable suitcase launcher (9P111), ground vehicles (BMP-1, BRDM-2) and helicopters (Mi-2, Mi-8, Mi-24, Soko Gazelle). The missile takes about five minutes to deploy from its 9P111 fibreglass suitcase, which also serves as the launching platform.

The missile is guided to the target by means of a small joystick (9S415), which requires intensive training of the operator. The operator's adjustments are transmitted to the missile via a thin three-strand wire that trails behind the missile. The missile climbs into the air immediately after launch, which prevents it from hitting obstacles or the ground. In flight, the missile spins at 8.5 revolutions per second—it is initially spun by its booster, and the spin is maintained by the slight angle of the wings. The missile uses a small gyroscope to orient itself relative to the ground; as a result, the missile can take some time to bring back in line with the target, which gives it a minimum range of between 500 and 800 m. For targets under 1,000 m, the operator can guide the missile by eye; for targets beyond this range the operator uses the 8x power, 22.5 degree field of view 9Sh16 periscope sight.

The engagement envelope is a 3 km, 45 degree arc centered on the missile's launch axis. At ranges under 1.5 km, this arc reduces until, at the 500 m range, the missile can only hit targets 50 m either side of the center line. Accuracy falls off away from the launch axis—falling to approximately half its optimal accuracy at the extremes.

While early estimates of the missile hitting the target ranged from 60 to 90%, experience has shown that it can drop to an efficiency between 2 and 25% in case of less than optimal conditions and lack of skill from the operator. In fact, MCLOS requires considerable skill on the part of the operator: according to some sources, it takes 2,300 simulated firings to become proficient with the missile as well as 50 to 60 simulated firings a week to maintain the skill level.^{[citation needed]}
Nevertheless, the weapon has always been quite popular with its operators and has enjoyed a constant updating effort both in the Soviet Union/Russia and in other countries.

The two most serious defects of the original weapon system are its minimum range of between 500 and 800 m (targets that are closer cannot be effectively engaged) and the amount of time it takes the slow moving missile to reach maximum range—around 30 seconds—giving the intended target time to take appropriate action, either by retreating behind an obstacle, laying down a smoke-screen, or by returning fire on the operator.

Later versions of the missile addressed these problems by implementing the much easier to use SACLOS guidance system (though only available for ground vehicle and helicopter mounts), as well as upgrading the propulsion system to increase the average flight speed. The latest updates sport tandem warheads or probes in order to counteract explosive reactive armor, as well as thermal imaging systems. Even in these latest version, the Malyutka is probably the most inexpensive ATGM in service, with unitary price caps in the order of hundreds of dollars instead of the tens of thousands of the latest third generation models.

The turret of a BMP-1 with a 9M14M missile

History

In Soviet service, the man-portable version was deployed as part of the anti-tank platoon of motor rifle battalions. Each platoon had two Malyutka sections, each with two teams. Each team had two launcher stations. One assistant gunner in each team served as an RPG-7 gunner. The RPG-7 was needed to cover the 500 meter deadzone created by the minimum range of the missile.

It is also an integrated part of the BMP-1, BMD-1, and BRDM-2 vehicles.

Yugoslav People's Army Malyutkas overlooking Dubrovnik during its siege on 9 December 1991

Vietnam War

On 23 April 1972, the recently organized Army of the Republic of Vietnam 20th Tank Regiment was attacked by the NVA (North Vietnamese Army) employing the 9M14M Malyutka anti-tank guided missile for the first time.^[6] The 20th was the only South Vietnamese armor unit equipped with the M48 Patton tank. This first employment of the Malyutka destroyed one M48A3 and one M113 armored cavalry assault vehicle (ACAV), and a second ACAV was damaged.^[7]

During this engagement with the weapon, the ARVN tankers appeared fascinated by the missile's slow and erratic flight,^[8] but through experience, they soon deployed counter measures against the weapon system. Upon launching by the enemy, ARVN crewmen would fire all their weapons towards the Sagger's firing position, which would make the gunner flinch and lose control of his missile. Although the gunner could take cover away from the launch site, the joystick control wire only allowed 15 meters of clearance. During the engagement, the ARVN eventually lost eight tanks to the 9M14M missile, but had developed tactics to defend themselves against it.^[6]

During the Battle of Cửa Việt, the PAVN put up fierce resistance to the attack, destroying 26 M-48s and M-113s with AT-3 missiles.^[9]

Yom Kippur War

The missile was employed by Arab armies during the initial phases of the Yom Kippur War.^[10] Later in the war, the Israelis adopted new tactics and learned to neutralize the Sagger threat by employing large concentrations of artillery fire to either distract or kill the Sagger operators.^[10] Other improvised methods used by the Israelis to defeat the Saggers involved firing in front of the tank to create dust, moving back and forth and firing at the source of Sagger fire.^[11] These Israeli tactics were later adopted by NATO forces to counter the threat posed by Warsaw Pact ATGMs.^[11] In total, Saggers knocked out more than 800 Israeli tanks and other combat vehicles during the war.^[12]

Libyan Civil War

Rebels of the Free Libyan Army have been filmed using Saggers during the Libyan Civil War.^[13][14]

Syrian Civil War

Syrian rebels have also uploaded videos of their Sagger firings against government forces since late 2012.^[15]

Models

Serbian Malyutka 2T5

• 
  AT-3 Sagger
  
  
  
  • 
    AT-3A Sagger A 9M14 Malyutka wire-guided MCLOS Entered service in 1963.
  
  
  • 
    AT-3B Sagger B 9M14M Malyutka-M wire-guided MCLOS Entered service in 1973 improved motor, reducing flight time to maximum range. Mass 11 kg. Range 3 km.
  
  
  • 
    AT-3C Sagger C 9M14P Malyutka-P wire-guided SACLOS
    
    
    
    • 
      9M14P Improved warhead 460 mm versus RHA, Entered service in 1969
    
    
    • 
      9M14P1 Improved warhead 520 mm versus RHA with a stand off probe for improved capability against ERA.
    
    
    • 9M14MP1
    
    
    • 9M14MP2
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 
    AT-3D Sagger D wire-guided SACLOS entered service in the 1990s. Mass 13 kg. Range 3 km. Speed improved to 130 m/s.
    
    
    
    • 
      9M14-2 Malyutka-2 3.5 kg HEAT warhead 800 mm penetration versus RHA. Entered service in 1992. Weight 12.5 kg.
    
    
    • 
      9M14-2M Malyutka-2M 4.2 kg tandem HEAT warhead for improved capability against ERA. Weight 13.5 kg. Speed 120 m/s.
    
    
    • 
      9M14-2P Malyutka-2P
    
    
    • 
      9M14-2F Malyutka-2F 3.0 kg thermobaric warhead. Intended for use against troops and soft vehicles.
    
    
    • 9M14P-2F
    
    
    • 
      9M14-2T^[16] Serbian VTI Malyutka-2T SACLOS 4.4 kg tandem HEAT warhead 1,000 mm penetration versus RHA, improved capability against ERA. Weight 13.7 kg. Speed 120 m/s.^[17]
      
    
    
    • 
      2T5 Serbian VTI Malyutka-2T5 range 5 kilometers, guided missile via radio control.
    
    
    
    
  
  
  
  


• 
  HJ-73 Hongjian Red Arrow-73 China
  
  
  
  • 
    HJ-73 MCLOS entered service in 1979
  
  
  • 
    HJ-73B SACLOS
    
  
  
  • 
    HJ-73C SACLOS stand off probe for improved capability against ERA
    
  
  
  • 
    HJ-73D SACLOS tandem HEAT warhead to penetrate vehicles protected by ERA^[18]
    
  
  
  
  


• 
  RAAD Iran
  
  
  
  • 
    RAAD AT-3B clone
  
  
  • 
    RAAD-T tandem HEAT warhead
  
  
  • 
    I-RAAD SACLOS
    
  
  
  • 
    I-RAAD-T SACLOS tandem HEAT warhead
  
  
  
  


• 
  Susong-Po North Korean
  


• 
  Maliutka M2T Romania, joint ELMEC and Euromissile project, uses MILAN 2T tandem warhead capable of defeating ~900mm of RHA.^[19]
  


• 
  Kun Wu 1 Taiwan
  

Production

Map with 9M14 operators in blue and former operators in red

The Malyutka and modern derivatives are still produced in several versions in following countries:

• 
  North Korea – domestic version Susong-Po


• 
  Iran – domestic version RAAD


• 
  Serbia – few domestic modernised versions with different types of warheads, range and guidance


• 
  Vietnam – under license from Serbia version with improved SACLOS guidance


• 
  China – HJ-73 variants


• 
  Romania – Malyutka M2T


• 
  Egypt – under licence

Operators

Current operators

Non-state operators

Former operators

See also

• List of Russian weaponry


• List of NATO reporting names for anti-tank missiles

Notes

References

• Hull, A.W., Markov, D.R., Zaloga, S.J. (1999). Soviet/Russian Armor and Artillery Design Practices 1945 to Present. Darlington Productions.
  ISBN 1-892848-01-5.


• 
  Противотанковый ракетный комплекс "Малютка" (9К14/9К11) (in Russian)
  


• 
  ПТУР первого поколения в АОИ, by Oleg Granovsky (in Russian)
  


• 
  ПТРК 9К11/9К14 «Малютка» (in Russian)
  


• 
  Starry, Donn A., General. Mounted Combat In Vietnam. Vietnam Studies; Department of the Army. First printed 1978-CMH Pub 90-17.


• Dunstan, Simon. Vietnam Tracks-Armor In Battle. 1982 edition, Osrey Publishing;
  ISBN 0-89141-171-2.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 9K11 Malyutka.

• short YouTube video showing Sagger being unpacked and prepared to fire


• FAS report on AT-3 SAGGER Anti-Tank Guided Missile


• Russian webpage on AT-3 MALYUTKA


• THE GREAT SAGGER PANIC - 1974 article