Hockey World Cup
Most recent season or competition: 2018 Men's Hockey World Cup | |
| Sport | Field hockey |
|---|---|
| Founded | 1971 |
| No. of teams | 16 |
| Continent | International (FIH) |
| Most recent champion(s) |  Belgium (1st title) |
| Most titles |  Pakistan (4 titles) |
| Qualification | Hockey Series |
| Official website | www.fih.ch |
The Men's Hockey World Cup is an international field hockey competition organised by the International Hockey Federation (FIH). The tournament was started in 1971. It is held every four years, bridging the four years between the Summer Olympics.
There is also a Women's Hockey World Cup, which has been held since 1974 and was organised by the International Federation of Women's Hockey Associations (IFWHA) until 1981, when the governing bodies merged into the current International Hockey Federation in 1982.
Pakistan is the most successful team, having won the tournament four times. The Netherlands and Australia have each won three titles, and Germany has won two titles. Belgium and India have both won the tournament once.
The 2018 tournament was held in Bhubaneswar, India from 28 November to 16 December.[1][2]Belgium defeated Netherlands in a penalty shoot-out 3–2 after the match ended in a 0–0 tie to win their first World Cup title. The World Cup expanded to 16 teams in 2018, and FIH will evaluate the possibility of increasing it to 24 in 2022.[3]
Contents
1 History
2 Trophy
3 Format
3.1 Qualification
3.2 Final tournament
4 Results
4.1 Summaries
4.2 Successful national teams
4.3 Performance by host nations
4.4 Performance by continental zones
5 Team appearances
6 Debut of teams
7 References
History
The Hockey World Cup was first conceived by Pakistan's Air Marshal Nur Khan. He proposed his idea to the FIH through Patrick Rowley, the first editor of World Hockey magazine. Their idea was approved on 26 October 1969, and adopted by the FIH Council at a meeting in Brussels on 12 April 1970. The FIH decided that the inaugural World Cup would be held in October 1971, in Pakistan.
However, political issues would prevent that first competition from being played in Pakistan. The FIH had inadvertently scheduled the first World Cup to be played in Pakistan during the Bangladesh Liberation War. Furthermore, Pakistan and India had been at war with each other only six years earlier. When Pakistan invited India to compete in the tournament, a crisis arose. Pakistanis, led by cricketer Abdul Hafeez Kardar, protested against India's participation in the Hockey World Cup.
Given the intense political climate between Pakistan and India, the FIH decided to move the tournament elsewhere. In March 1971, coincidentally in the same month Bangladesh declared independence from Pakistan, the FIH decided to move the first Hockey World Cup to the Real Club de Polo grounds in Barcelona, Spain, which was considered a neutral and peaceful European site.[4]
The FIH has set no requirements or limitations on the size of the competition. The 1971 Cup included only ten nations, the smallest World Cup to date. The 1978 Cup featured fourteen nations. The 2002 Cup featured sixteen nations, the largest World Cup to date. The remaining 9 World Cups have featured 12 nations.
The first three tournaments were held every two years. The 1978 cup was the only tournament held three years from the previous one. It was halfway between the Summer Olympics hockey competition and has continued that way. In other words, the tournament has been held every four years ever since.
Trophy
The Hockey World Cup trophy was designed by the Bashir Moojid and created by the Pakistani Army. On 27 March 1971, in Brussels, the trophy was formally handed to FIH President Rene Frank by Mr H.E Masood, the Pakistani Ambassador to Belgium. The trophy consists of a silver cup with an intricate floral design, surmounted by a globe of the world in silver and gold, placed on a high blade base inlaid with ivory. At its peak is a model hockey stick and ball. Without its base, the trophy stands 120.85 mm (4.758 in) high. Including the base, the trophy stands 650 mm (26 in). It weighs 11,560 g (408 oz), including 895 g (31.6 oz) of gold, 6,815 g (240.4 oz) of silver, 350 g (12 oz) of ivory and 3,500 g (120 oz) of teak.[5]
Format
The Hockey World Cup consists of a qualification stage and a final tournament stage. The format for each stage is the same.
Qualification
The qualification stage has been a part of the Hockey World Cup since 1977. All participating teams play in the qualification round. The teams divide into two or more pools and compete for a berth in the final tournament. The top two teams are automatically qualified and the rest of the berths are decided in playoffs.
Final tournament
The final tournament features the continental champions and other qualified teams. Sometimes it also features the winners of the Summer Olympics' hockey competition or the continental runners-up. The teams divide into pools once more and play a round robin tournament. The composition of the pools is determined using the current world rankings. The top two teams in each pool play in the semifinals for a place in the final. The bottom two teams in the semifinals have a third place playoff. The rest of the teams have playoffs to determine their final positions. If they are third or fourth in their pool, they play for fifth place; if they are fifth or sixth in their pool, they play for ninth place.
Results
Summaries
| Year | Host | Final | Third place match | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Winner | Score | Runner-up | Third place | Score | Fourth place | ||||
| 1971 Details | Barcelona, Spain |  Pakistan | 1–0 |  Spain |  India | 2–1 after extra time |  Kenya | ||
| 1973 Details | Amstelveen, Netherlands |  Netherlands | 2–2 (4–2) penalty strokes | India |  West Germany | 1–0 | Pakistan | ||
| 1975 Details | Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia | India | 2–1 | Pakistan | West Germany | 4–0 |  Malaysia | ||
| 1978 Details | Buenos Aires, Argentina | Pakistan | 3–2 | Netherlands |  Australia | 4–3 | West Germany | ||
| 1982 Details | Bombay, India | Pakistan | 3–1 | West Germany | Australia | 4–2 | Netherlands | ||
| 1986 Details | London, England | Australia | 2–1 |  England | West Germany | 3–2 after extra time |  Soviet Union | ||
| 1990 Details | Lahore, Pakistan | Netherlands | 3–1 | Pakistan | Australia | 2–1 after extra time | West Germany | ||
| 1994 Details | Sydney, Australia | Pakistan | 1–1 (4–3) penalty strokes | Netherlands | Australia | 5–2 | Germany | ||
| 1998 Details | Utrecht, Netherlands | Netherlands | 3–2 after extra time |  Spain | Germany | 1–0 | Australia | ||
| 2002 Details | Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia | Germany | 2–1 | Australia | Netherlands | 2–1 after extra time |  South Korea | ||
| 2006 Details | Mönchengladbach, Germany | Germany | 4–3 | Australia | Spain | 3–2 after extra time | South Korea | ||
| 2010 Details | New Delhi, India | Australia | 2–1 | Germany | Netherlands | 4–3 | England | ||
| 2014 Details | The Hague, Netherlands | Australia | 6–1 | Netherlands |  Argentina | 2–0 | England | ||
| 2018 Details | Bhubaneswar, India |  Belgium | 0–0 (3–2) penalty shootout | Netherlands | Australia | 8–1 | England | ||
Successful national teams
Field Hockey Titles
Twenty four teams have qualified for a Hockey World Cup. Of these, eleven teams have made it to the semifinals. Seven teams have made it through to the finals.
To date the most successful teams are Pakistan, with four titles from six final appearances, the Netherlands, with three titles from seven final appearances, and Australia with three titles from five final appearances. Germany won in 2002 and 2006, while India and Belgium won their lone titles in 1975 and 2018, respectively.
Below is a list of teams that have finished in the top four positions in the tournament:
| Team | Champions | Runners-up | Third place | Fourth place | Top 4 Finishes | Top 3 Finishes | Top 2 Finishes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pakistan | 4 (1971, 1978, 1982, 1994) | 2 (1975, 1990*) | 1 (1973) | 7 | 6 | 6 | |
 Netherlands | 3 (1973*, 1990, 1998*) | 4 (1978, 1994, 2014*, 2018) | 2 (2002, 2010) | 1 (1982) | 10 | 9 | 7 |
 Australia | 3 (1986, 2010, 2014) | 2 (2002, 2006) | 5 (1978, 1982, 1990, 1994*, 2018) | 1 (1998) | 11 | 10 | 5 |
 Germany^ | 2 (2002, 2006*) | 2 (1982, 2010) | 4 (1973, 1975, 1986, 1998) | 3 (1978, 1990, 1994) | 11 | 8 | 4 |
 India | 1 (1975) | 1 (1973) | 1 (1971) | 3 | 3 | 2 | |
| Belgium | 1 (2018) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
 Spain | 2 (1971*, 1998) | 1 (2006) | 3 | 3 | 2 | ||
 England | 1 (1986*) | 3 (2010, 2014, 2018) | 4 | 1 | 1 | ||
 Argentina | 1 (2014) | 1 | 1 | 0 | |||
 South Korea | 2 (2002, 2006) | 2 | 0 | 0 | |||
 Kenya | 1 (1971) | 1 | 0 | 0 | |||
 Malaysia | 1 (1975*) | 1 | 0 | 0 | |||
 Soviet Union# | 1 (1986) | 1 | 0 | 0 |
- * = host nation
- ^ = includes results representing West Germany between 1971 and 1990
- # = states that have since split into two or more independent nations
Performance by host nations
Nine nations have hosted the Hockey World Cup. Only the Netherlands (1973 and 1998) and Germany (2006) have won the tournament as hosts. Spain, England, and Pakistan emerged as host runners-up in the 1971, 1986 and 1990 tournaments. Australia placed third when it hosted the 1994 tournament in Sydney.
Performance by continental zones
To date, the finals of the Hockey World Cup have been contested by Asian, European and Oceania continental teams. European teams have won the most with six titles, followed by Asian teams with five titles. Australia is the only team from Oceania to win the tournament. Neither the Americas nor Africa have ever won the title.
| Continent | Best performance |
|---|---|
Europe | 6 titles, won by the Netherlands (3), Germany (2) and Belgium (1) |
Asia | 5 titles, won by Pakistan (4) and India (1) |
Oceania | 3 titles, won by Australia |
Americas | Third place (Argentina, 2014) |
Africa | Fourth place (Kenya, 1971) |
Team appearances
| Team |  1971 | 1973 | 1975 | 1978 | 1982 | 1986 | 1990 | 1994 | 1998 | 2002 | 2006 | 2010 | 2014 | 2018 | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Argentina | 10th | 9th | 11th | 8th | 12th | 6th | 9th | 7th | – | 6th | 10th | 7th | 3rd | 7th | 13 |
| Australia | 8th | – | 5th | 3rd | 3rd | 1st | 3rd | 3rd | 4th | 2nd | 2nd | 1st | 1st | 3rd | 13 |
 Belarus | Part of the Soviet Union | 12th | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | ||||||
| Belgium | – | 8th | – | 14th | – | – | – | 11th | – | 14th | – | – | 5th | 1st | 6 |
 Canada | – | – | – | 11th | – | 10th | 11th | – | 8th | – | – | 11th | – | 11th | 6 |
 China | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 10th | 1 |
 Cuba | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 16th | – | – | – | – | 1 |
| England | – | 6th | 6th | 7th | 8th | 2nd | 5th | 6th | 6th | 7th | 5th | 4th | 4th | 4th | 13 |
 France | 7th | – | – | – | – | – | 7th | – | – | – | – | – | – | 8th | 3 |
| Germany^ | 5th | 3rd | 3rd | 4th | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 4th | 3rd | 1st | 1st | 2nd | 6th | 5th | 14 |
 Ghana | – | – | 12th | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
| India | 3rd | 2nd | 1st | 6th | 5th | 12th | 10th | 5th | 9th | 10th | 11th | 8th | 9th | 6th | 14 |
 Ireland | – | – | – | 12th | – | – | 12th | – | – | – | – | – | – | 14th | 3 |
 Italy | – | – | – | 13th | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
 Japan | 9th | 10th | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 12th | 9th | – | – | – | 4 |
| Kenya | 4th | 12th | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 |
| Malaysia | – | 11th | 4th | 10th | 10th | – | – | – | 11th | 8th | – | – | 12th | 15th | 8 |
| Netherlands | 6th | 1st | 9th | 2nd | 4th | 7th | 1st | 2nd | 1st | 3rd | 7th | 3rd | 2nd | 2nd | 14 |
 New Zealand | – | 7th | 7th | – | 7th | 9th | – | – | 10th | 9th | 8th | 9th | 7th | 9th | 10 |
| Pakistan | 1st | 4th | 2nd | 1st | 1st | 11th | 2nd | 1st | 5th | 5th | 6th | 12th | – | 12th | 13 |
 Poland | – | – | 10th | 9th | 8th | 8th | – | – | 12th | 15th | – | – | – | – | 6 |
 South Africa | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 10th | – | 13th | 12th | 10th | 11th | 16th | 6 |
| South Korea | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 8th | 7th | 4th | 4th | 6th | 10th | – | 6 |
| Soviet Union# | – | – | – | – | 6th | 4th | 6th | Defunct | 3 | ||||||
| Spain | 2nd | 5th | 8th | 5th | 11th | 5th | 8th | 9th | 2nd | 11th | 3rd | 5th | 8th | 13th | 14 |
| Total | 10 | 12 | 12 | 14 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 16 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 16 | 176 |
- ^ = includes results representing West Germany between 1971 and 1990
- # = states that have since split into two or more independent nations
Germany, India, the Netherlands and Spain are the only teams to have competed at each World Cup; 24 teams have competed in at least one World Cup.
Debut of teams
| Year | Debutants | Total |
|---|---|---|
1971 | Argentina, Australia, France, India,  Japan, Kenya, Netherlands, Pakistan, Spain, West Germany^ | 10 |
1973 | Belgium, England, New Zealand, Malaysia | 4 |
1975 | Ghana,  Poland | 2 |
1978 | Canada, Ireland, Italy | 3 |
1982 | Soviet Union# | 1 |
1986 | 0 | |
1990 | 0 | |
1994 | Belarus#, Germany^, South Africa,  South Korea | 3 (+1^) |
1998 | 0 | |
2002 | Cuba | 1 |
2006 | 0 | |
2010 | 0 | |
2014 | 0 | |
2018 | China | 1 |
| Total | 25 (+1^) |
- ^ = Germany is a successor of West Germany and not a separate team.
- # = Belarus was a part of Soviet Union but not successor, hence Belarus is a new separate entity.
Total number of teams which have participated in the World Cups through 2018 is 25, using FIH's view on successor teams
References
^ "Hockey turf job on fast track". Calcutta: The Telegraph. 2014-06-09. Retrieved 2014-06-14..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ "England & India to host Hockey World Cups 2018". FIH. 2013-11-07. Retrieved 2013-11-08.
^ "World Cup field to expand to 16 teams in 2018". FIH. 2012-11-01. Retrieved 2012-11-03.
^ "World Cup Hockey". Retrieved 2006-08-02.
^ "The World Cup — A Masterpiece". Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2006-08-15.
Hockey World Cup winners | |
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International field hockey | ||
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| Africa |
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| Americas |
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| Asia |
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| Europe |
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| Oceania |
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| Games |
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| Others |
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| Defunct |
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