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Not to be confused with Umrah. Ummah (Arabic: أمة ‎ [ˈʊm.mæ] ) is an Arabic word meaning "community". It is distinguished from Shaʻb ( شعب [ʃæʕb] ) which means a nation with common ancestry or geography. Thus, it can be said to be a supra-national community with a common history. It is a synonym for ummat al-Islām ( أمة الإسلام , 'the Islamic community'), and it is commonly used to mean the collective community of Islamic peoples. In the Quran the ummah typically refers to a single group that shares common religious beliefs, specifically those that are the objects of a divine plan of salvation. [1] [2] In the context of pan-Islamism and politics, the word ummah can be used to mean the concept of a Commonwealth of the Believers ( أمة المؤمنين ummat al-muʼminīn ). Contents 1 General usage 2 Islamic usage and origin 3 Emergence of the Ummah 4 Usage of Ummah in the Qur'an 5 Mecca 6 Medina 6.1 Constitution of Medina ...

Not to be confused with personal identity. For other uses, see identity (disambiguation). In psychology, identity is the qualities, beliefs, personality, looks and/or expressions that make a person (self-identity) or group (particular social category or social group). [ citation needed ] Categorizing identity can be positive or destructive. [1] A psychological identity relates to self-image (one's mental model of oneself), self-esteem, and individuality. Consequently, Weinreich gives the definition: "A person's identity is defined as the totality of one's self-construal, in which how one construes oneself in the present expresses the continuity between how one construes oneself as one was in the past and how one construes oneself as one aspires to be in the future"; this allows for definitions of aspects of identity, such as: "One's ethnic identity is defined as that part of the totality of one's self-construal made up of those dimensions ...