List of denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement
An 1842 portrait of Joseph Smith (1805-1844), founder of the Latter Day Saint movement
The denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement are sometimes collectively referred to as Mormonism. Although some denominations opposed the use of this term because they consider it to be derogatory, it is especially used when referring to the largest Latter Day Saint group, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), and offshoots of it. Denominations opposed to the use of the term consider it to be connected to the polygamy once practiced by the Utah church.[1]
The Latter Day Saint movement includes:
- The original church within this movement, founded in April 1830 in New York by Joseph Smith, was the Church of Christ, which was later named the Church of the Latter Day Saints. It was renamed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints in 1838 (stylized as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the United Kingdom),[2] which remained its official name until Smith's death in 1844. This organization subsequently splintered into several different denominations, each of which claims to be the legitimate continuation of this original church, and most of which dispute the right of other denominations within the movement to claim this distinction.
- The largest denomination within the contemporary movement is the LDS Church with approximately 16 million members.[3] It is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and uses the term Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints to describe itself and its members (note the hyphenation and variation in capitalization usage).
- The second-largest denomination is the Community of Christ (first named the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS Church) from 1872 to 2001), a Missouri-based, 250,000-member denomination. Though members of this church have traditionally been called Latter Day Saints (without the hyphen), the Community of Christ has more recently stated that it rejects the use of the term Saints as a designation for its members in any official reference or publication.[4]
- Other denominations within the movement either formed around various would-be successors to Smith, or else broke from denominations that did. These, together with the two denominations listed above, are detailed in the table of denominations within the Latter Day Saint movement, below.
A Brighamite-centric timeline of formations and origins for most Mormon denominations.
Though a few small factions broke with Smith's organization during his lifetime, he retained the allegiance of the vast majority of Latter Day Saints until his death in June 1844. Following Smith's death, the movement experienced a leadership crisis which led to a schism within the church. The largest group, which would become the LDS Church, followed Brigham Young, settling in what would become the Utah Territory. The second-largest faction, the RLDS Church, coalesced around Joseph Smith III, eldest son of Joseph Smith. Other would-be leaders included the senior surviving member of the First Presidency, Sidney Rigdon; the newly baptized James Strang from Wisconsin; and Alpheus Cutler, one of the Council of Fifty. Each of these men still retains a following as of 2014—however tiny it may be in some cases—and all of their organizations have experienced further schisms.[5][6][7] Other claimants, such as Granville Hedrick, William Bickerton and Charles B. Thompson, later emerged to start still other factions, some of which have further subdivided. 12 denominations are listed in the following table.
| The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) | 16,118,169 | 97.9873% |
| Community of Christ (RLDS) | 250,301 | 1.5217% |
| The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite) | 23,200 | 0.1410% |
| Church of Jesus Christ with the Elijah Message | 12,500 | 0.0760% |
| Apostolic United Brethren | 10,000 | 0.0608% |
| Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (FLDS) | 10,000 | 0.0608% |
| Restoration Branches | 10,000 | 0.0608% |
| Church of Christ (Hedrickites) | 7,310 | 0.0444% |
| Fellowships of the remnants | 5,000 | 0.0304% |
| Church of Christ (Fettingite) | 2,450 | 0.0149% |
| Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite) | 300 | 0.0018% |
| Church of Jesus Christ (Cutlerite) | 12 | 0.0001% |
Contents
1 Categorizing the churches
2 List of Latter Day Saint movement churches
2.1 Era of Joseph Smith
2.1.1 Original church within movement
2.1.2 Churches that separated from Smith's organization prior to 1844
2.2 Apostolic succession by Brigham Young
2.2.1 LDS Church
2.2.2 LDS-derived churches upholding polygamy after the Manifesto of 1890
2.2.3 Left-of-center LDS-derived churches
2.2.4 Additional churches claiming lineage through Brigham Young or founded in the U.S. Intermountain West
2.3 Other lineages of succession
2.3.1 Reorganized Church and other followers of Joseph Smith III ("Josephites")
2.3.2 Followers of Granville Hedrick ("Hedrickites")
2.3.3 Followers of Sidney Rigdon or William Bickerton ("Bickertonites")
2.3.4 Followers of Alpheus Cutler ("Cutlerites")
2.3.5 Followers of James J. Strang ("Strangites")
2.3.6 Additional Latter Day Saint churches (usually headquartered in U.S. east of the Rocky Mountains)
2.4 Spontaneous or unknown lineage
3 Table of provenances
4 Gallery
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Categorizing the churches
An 1851 tinted lithograph depicting the death of Joseph Smith in 1844
Given the large number of Latter Day Saint churches and their differing backgrounds, categorizing them can be difficult. A common approach in some histories and studies[citation needed] is to use Rocky Mountain Saints for those denominations headquartered in the American West and Prairie Saints for those denominations that formed in and around Nauvoo, Illinois; Voree, Wisconsin; Independence, Missouri; and other locations in the Midwest and East. These terms do not necessarily relate the current geographical locations of all denominations within those two groupings, but rather the original location of their respective parent organizations, which may be seen in the table below.
Another method uses provenance: for instance, all denominations that ultimately trace their history back to the LDS Church in Utah are organized as one factional group. Divergent Paths of the Restoration—a reference work on this subject—follows this approach.[5]
In such studies, and in general Latter Day Saint parlance, the -ite-suffixed terms Josephite and Brighamite have been used for the Missouri-based Community of Christ and the Utah-based LDS Church respectively; these terms have sometimes been used to distinguish groups of denominations. Those denominations within each group share a common ancestry and basic beliefs that are different from groups sharing other provenances. The present article, in a similar fashion, distinguishes among groups of denominations by use of commonly understood names such as Mormon fundamentalist or else by short descriptions that often reference a founder of the first church within a factional group–for example, Joseph Smith III in reference to Community of Christ and various churches and factions that trace their origin to it.
Main branches of the Latter Day Saint movement
William Bickerton: The Church of Jesus Christ
Sidney Rigdon: "Rigdonites"
Granville Hedrick: Church of Christ (Temple Lot)
Joseph Smith III: Community of Christ
James Strang:
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Brigham Young
Fundamentalist Church of
Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
Joseph Smith
List of Latter Day Saint movement churches
Era of Joseph Smith
Joseph Smith's original church,[5] and those bodies which broke with him during his lifetime.
Original church within movement
The original organization, founded by Joseph Smith in 1830, later called the Church of the Latter-Day Saints and then The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints.[8][9]
Name | Organized by | Date | Current status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints[5] | Joseph Smith | April 6, 1830 | Smith's original organization; multiple denominations currently claim to be its true successor | In 1834, official name changed to "Church of the Latter Day Saints". In 1838, official name changed again to "Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints".[8][9] Unofficial names included Church of God and Church of Jesus Christ.[10] |
Churches that separated from Smith's organization prior to 1844
Other small churches formed on the basis of disagreements with Smith prior to his murder in 1844 (including church established by William Law within 1844), all of which are now defunct.
Church name | Organized by | Date | Split from | Current status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pure Church of Christ[11] | Wycam Clark | 1831 | Church of Christ | Defunct | First schismatic denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement. |
Independent Church[12] | – Hoton[13] | 1832 | Church of Christ | Defunct | Little is known about this second schismatic denomination apart from the date of establishment, the surname of its founder, and that Hoton denounced Joseph Smith and the Book of Mormon.[13] |
Church of Christ[5] | Ezra Booth | 1836 | Church of the Latter Day Saints | Defunct | Taught that Joseph Smith was not a prophet, and the Book of Mormon was not scripture. |
Church of Christ[14] | Warren Parrish | 1837 | Church of the Latter Day Saints | Defunct | Also referred to as the Church of Christ (Parrishite). Believed that Smith was a "fallen prophet". Rejected the Book of Mormon and parts of the Bible. |
Alston Church[11] | Isaac Russell | 1839 | Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints | Defunct | Taught that the Latter Day Saints should remain in Missouri, and not emigrate to Illinois. |
Church of Christ[5] | William Chubby | Late 1830s | Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints | Defunct | Established with the special mission of ministering to African Americans. |
Church of Jesus Christ, the Bride, the Lamb's Wife[11] | George M. Hinkle | 1840 | Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints | Defunct | Taught that Smith was not a prophet, and the Book of Mormon was not scripture. |
Church of Christ[5] | Hiram Page | 1842 | Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints | Defunct | Little is known concerning this denomination, except that its founder was one of the Eight Witnesses to the Book of Mormon's golden plates |
True Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints[11] | William Law | 1844 | Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints | Defunct | Opposed plural marriage; published the Nauvoo Expositor. Charges levied against Smith over the destruction of this periodical led to his assassination. |
Apostolic succession by Brigham Young
Sometimes called "Rocky Mountain Saints," "Brighamites," or "Mormons", tracing their leadership or influence through Brigham Young's apostolic succession.
LDS Church
By far the largest and best known Latter Day Saint church, which is colloquially, but imprecisely, referred to as the "Mormon Church".
Name | Organized by | Date | Continuation ofsplit from | Current status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints[5][15] | Brigham Young and Quorum of the Twelve | 1844 (trust reorganized); 1851[16] (incorporated) | Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints | 15 million members as of 2013[17] | The largest Latter Day Saint denomination. Headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. Often colloquially referred to as the Mormon Church. Adherents are popularly called Mormons or Latter-day Saints. Resulted from Latter Day Saints that followed Joseph Smith. Practiced plural marriage until it was discontinued in 1890. Disincorporated in 1877 by the Edmunds–Tucker Act, reorganized in 1923 as the Corporation of the President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints |
LDS-derived churches upholding polygamy after the Manifesto of 1890
Churches that believe they are strictly following the revelations and teachings of Joseph Smith and Brigham Young, including the practice of plural marriage, which was discontinued by the LDS Church in the late-19th century after the Manifesto.
Name | Organized by | Date | Split from | Current status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Council of Friends[18] | Lorin C. Woolley | 1920s | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | Multiple denominations claim to be true successor | Also known as the Priesthood Council, this group was originally headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and the Short Creek Community. One of the earliest Mormon fundamentalist groups, originating at end of plural marriage in LDS Church. Later splintered into several groups, particularly upon death of Joseph W. Musser in 1954. Most modern Mormon fundamentalist groups may be traced back to this organization. |
Latter Day Church of Christ[19] | Elden Kingston | 1935[19] | Council of Friends[18] | Roughly 2,000 members | Headquartered in Davis County, Utah. Commonly known as the "Kingston clan" and the "Davis County Cooperative Society". |
Apostolic United Brethren[19] | Rulon C. Allred | 1954 | Council of Friends | Approximately 10,000 members (1998)[20] | Headquarters in Bluffdale, Utah. Organized during schism between two groups over issue of presiding authority between Rulon C. Allred and Leroy S. Johnson, upon death of Joseph W. Musser.[19] |
Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints[19] | Leroy S. Johnson | 1954 | Council of Friends | 8,000–10,000 members[21] | Traditionally headquartered in Colorado City, Arizona, with a community of roughly 700 members near Eldorado, Texas. Also called "FLDS Church" and is the largest group of Latter Day Saints who practice plural marriage and Mormon fundamentalism. |
Church of the Firstborn of the Fulness of Times[19] | Joel F. LeBaron | 1955 | Apostolic United Brethren[22] | Precise continuity unknown, several hundred or a thousand believers' following one or another putative successors to denomination leadership | Headquartered in Colonia Lebaron, Mexico[23] Established in northern Mexico and elsewhere, this group claims an especial priesthood keys owing to a line of authority through Benjamin F. Johnson, a member of the Council of Fifty. |
Church of the Firstborn[24] | Ross Wesley LeBaron | 1955 | Church of the Firstborn of the Fulness of Times | A hundred or more | Originally headquartered in Salt lake City, Utah. (Within months of the organization of the Church of the Firstborn of the Fulness of Times, Ross Wesley LeBaron broke with his brothers and formed his own denomination calling it simply, ""The Church of the Firstborn." Wesley believed he was sent to prepare the way for the One Mighty and Strong, who would be "an Indian prophet"[25][26] Three notable early followers were Fred Collier (whose 100-plus membership clan live in Hanna, Utah and elsewhere[27]), Tom Green, and Robert Black.[24] |
Church of Jesus Christ in Solemn Assembly[28][29] | Alex Joseph | 1974[29] | Apostolic United Brethren | Approximately 400 headquartered in Big Water, Utah | In conjunction with the Church of Jesus Christ in Solemn Assembly, Alex Joseph group created the Confederate Nations of Israel in 1977, a Hybrid church–political organization patterned after the Council of Fifty. Members can be from any religious denomination or atheist. Around one-quarter of members practice plural marriage. |
Church of the First Born Lamb of God[19] | Ervil LeBaron | 1972 | Church of the Firstborn of the Fulness of Times | Current status unknown, may continue in LeBaron family in Los Molinos, Baja California | Ervil LeBaron split with his brother, Joel F. LeBaron in 1972. Ervil then ordered his brother Joel killed in 1972, and Apostolic United Brethren leader Rulon C. Allred killed in 1977. LeBaron was extradited to the United States and sentenced to life in prison where he died in 1981. |
Church of the New Covenant in Christ[11] | John W. Bryant | 1975 | Apostolic United Brethren | Headquartered in Salem, Oregon | Previously called the "Church of Christ Patriarchal" and the "Evangelical Church of Christ". One of Bryant's estranged wives says Bryant converted temple ordinances into sexual rites and that he authorized a type of "free love" among the members. |
Righteous Branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints[19] | Gerald Peterson, Sr. | 1978 | Apostolic United Brethren | Approximately 100-200 members. Headquartered in St. George, Utah. | This small group of about 100–200 people was founded by Gerald Peterson Sr. They claim Gerald Peterson Sr. was the rightful successor to Rulon C. Allred and Spencer W. Kimball. They claim Allred and others, including the God and Jesus, visited Peterson, who held and exercised all priesthood responsibilities and keys. |
| Sons Ahman Israel[30] | David Israel | 1981 | Church of the New Covenant in Christ[31] | Based in Cane Beds, Arizona. The number of members is unknown. | One of the lesser known Fundamentalist Groups, organized by David Israel (real name, Gilbert Clark) with members of the Apostolic United Brethren and members of John W. Bryant's Group.[32] |
School of the Prophets[11][33] | Robert C. Crossfield | 1982 | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | Headquartered in Salem, Utah | In 1968 Crossfield published the Book of Onias which, among other things, condemned many LDS Church leaders and was excommunicated in 1972.[34] Through associations, and initially well received, with Mormon fundamentalists in Creston, British Columbia, Canada, in 1982 Crossfield established his own "School of the Prophets", presided over by a President and six counselors.[34]Ron and Dan Lafferty, convicted of the 1984 murder of their brother's wife and infant daughter, served as counselors in the Provo, Utah, School of the Prophets in 1984.[33] |
Centennial Park[19] | Marion Hammon and Alma Timpson | 1984 | Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints | Roughly 1,500 members[19] | Also known as the "Second Ward". Organized by group who broke from Leroy S. Johnson over questions regarding presiding authority.[19] |
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God[19][35] | Frank Naylor and Ivan Neilsen | 1990 | Centennial Park | 200–300 members. Headquartered in Bluffdale, Utah[36] | Also known as the "Naylor group" and the "Third Ward".[19] Organized by group who broke from Centennial Park over conflicts in the leadership of Alma Timpson. |
True and Living Church of Jesus Christ of Saints of the Last Days[19] | James D. Harmston | 1994 | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | 300–500 members (2004)[37] Headquartered in Manti, Utah. | Also called "TLC Church" and formed independent of the Woolley or the LeBaron priesthood lineages. |
The Church of the Firstborn and the General Assembly of Heaven[38] | Terrill R. Dalton | 2001 | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | Currently headquartered in Fromberg, Montana | Originally organized in Magna, Utah, by former members of the LDS Church. Practice polygamy and the law of consecration. Dalton purports to be the Holy Ghost and the Father of Jesus.[39] |
Church of Jesus Christ (Original Doctrine) Inc.[40] | Winston Blackmore | 2002 | Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints | Headquartered in Bountiful, British Columbia with approximately 700 members | Also known as the Blackmore/Bountiful Community, this schism from the FLDS Church occurred when church president Warren Jeffs excommunicated Blackmore, causing the community of Bountiful to split nearly in half. |
| Church of Jesus Christ in Zion[41] | Roger E. Billings | 2004 | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | Approximately 1,000 members Originating in Independence, Missouri | This little known Group is headed by Roger Billings, who like so many is a former member of the mainstream LDS church. |
Left-of-center LDS-derived churches
The defunct Godbeites and a few other small churches that broke with the LDS Church to pursue a more liberal, inclusive, or rationalist theology.
Name | Organized by | Date | Split off / Continuation of | Current status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The Church of Zion[42] | William S. Godbe | 1868 | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | Defunct | Also known as "Godbeites". |
United Order Family of Christ[43] | David-Edward Desmond | 1966 | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | Lasted until at least 1973, probably until 1974. | Founded in Denver, Colorado; the church was founded specifically for young gay men only, ages 18 to 30; members practiced the United Order. |
Restoration Church of Jesus Christ[43] | Antonio A. Feliz | 1985 | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | Dissolved in 2010. | Majority of members were LGBT. Commonly called the "Gay Mormon Church" or the "Liberal Mormon Church". Originally called the "Church of Jesus Christ of All Latter-day Saints". |
Additional churches claiming lineage through Brigham Young or founded in the U.S. Intermountain West
Several small churches rooted in Mormonism; formed under the belief that their leader was inspired to restore a new religious tradition in the mold of Joseph Smith
Name | Organized by | Date | Split off / Continuation of | Current status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Church of the Potter Christ[44] | Arnold Potter | 1857 | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | Defunct | Potter wore a long beard and white robes; his followers wore black robes; followers emigrated from California to Council Bluffs, Iowa, in 1861. |
Church of the Firstborn (Morrisite)[45] | Joseph Morris | 1861 | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | Assumed defunct | Remnants of this organization survived into the mid-20th century. Involved in the Morrisite War; believe in reincarnation. Morris claimed to be the successor of James Strang, though his organization broke from the LDS, not the Strangite, church. |
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Gibsonite)[46] | Walter M. Gibson | 1861 | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | Defunct | Organized in Pacific Islands; sold leadership offices to native peoples; gathering place established on Lanai, Hawaii. |
Kingdom of Heaven[47] | William W. Davies | 1866 | Church of the Firstborn (Morrisite) | Defunct | Lived a communal life near Walla Walla, Washington, from 1867 to 1881. |
Church of Jesus Christ of Saints of the Most High[48] | John R. Eardley | 1882 | Church of the Firstborn (Morrisite) | Disbanded in 1969 | The last known surviving remnant of the "Morrisites". |
Order of Enoch[49] | James Brighouse | 1884 | Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints and Church of the Firstborn (Morrisite) | Continues into the 21st century | Believe in reincarnation; rejected plural marriage; believe that Jesus reincarnated as Brighouse and again in 1909 as Dr. Dahesh and that the millennium will commence in the 24th century. |
Third Convention[50] | Abel Páez | 1936 | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | Continued into the 21st century[51] | Formed by Abel Páez and a dissident group of Mexican Latter-day Saints who broke away from the main body of church authority in 1936 over a dispute about local governance and autonomy of the church in Mexico. |
House of Aaron[47][52] | Maurice L. Glendenning | 1943[52] | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | Less than 1,000 members | Also called "Aaronic Order" and the "Order of Aaron". Religious researchers have categorized The House of Aaron as part of the Latter Day Saint movement, which this denomination disputes.[47][52][53] |
Zion's Order, Inc.[47] | Merl Kilgore | 1951 | Aaronic Order and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | Headquartered in Mansfield, Missouri; approximately 100 members | Formerly known as Zion's Order of the Sons of Levi; use all of the scriptures of the LDS Church except section 132 of the Doctrine and Covenants, plus 650 revelations to Kilgore. |
Perfected Church of Jesus Christ of Immaculate Latter-day Saints[47] | William C. Conway | 1955 | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | Unknown | Also called "Restored Apostolic Church of Jesus Christ of Immaculate Latter-day Saints"; Conway claimed to be the reincarnation of Moroni and to have been visited by a reincarnation of Joseph Smith. |
Church of Jesus Christ (Bullaite)[47][54] | Art Bulla | 1983 | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | Headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah | Bulla taught other Latter-day Saints that he was the "One Mighty and Strong" that Joseph Smith prophesied would come to set the church in order. Bulla was interviewed in the anti-Mormon movie The God Makers II with the title "Mormon Prophet" under his name. |
Latter Day Church of Jesus Christ[55] | Matthew P. Gill | 2007 | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | Headquartered in Derbyshire, England | Met informally as "The Latter Day Church of Christ" until formal organization. Added the Book of Jeraneck to scriptural canon.[56] |
Other lineages of succession
Those churches rejecting Brigham Young's leadership, in favor of some other claimant. These adherents are occasionally referred to, collectively, as "Prairie Saints."
Reorganized Church and other followers of Joseph Smith III ("Josephites")
The Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints and related churches tracing their leadership through Joseph Smith III.
Name | Organized by | Date | Split off / Continuation of | Current status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Community of Christ[57] | Joseph Smith III | 1860 | Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints; some early members came from Strangite church | More than 250,000 members as of 2006[58] | Second-largest Latter Day Saint denomination. Headquartered in Independence, Missouri. Previously known as the "Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints" (RLDS Church); organized by Joseph Smith III in 1860. |
Church of the Christian Brotherhood[59] | R. C. Evans | 1918 | Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints | Defunct | Split with RLDS Church due to their denial that Joseph Smith practiced plural marriage; Evans published a book documenting evidence that Smith was a polygamist, then went on to reject most of the tenets of Mormonism. |
Church of Jesus Christ Restored[60] | Stanley King | 1960s | Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints | Headquartered in Ontario, Canada | Fundamentalist church that split from the RLDS Church and instituted polygamy and the United Order; has about 40 members |
Church of Jesus Christ (Toneyite)[47] | Forrest Toney | 1980 | Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints | Headquartered in Independence, Missouri | Left RLDS Church in 1980; claimed to be "Elijah and only prophet" of his organization. |
Independent RLDS / Restoration Branches[61] | Various local leaders of the RLDS church | 1980s | Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints | As of 1993, 15,000–30,000 sympathizers who yet retained membership in the RLDS Church (Community of Christ);[62] as of 2011, c. 10,000 members attending several hundred distinct congregations.[63] | Affiliated branches and study groups, with each branch relatively autonomous and the movement as a whole centered in Independence, Missouri.[61][64] RLDS Church branches that became independent of the RLDS Church individually throughout the 1980s, due to opposition to changes in church doctrines and practices. Most priesthood holders of these branches soon became affiliated with the "Conference of Restoration Elders". At a three-day conference in November 2005, the "Joint Conference of Restoration Branches" was formed,[65] which had 6,000 to 7,000 members as of 2010.[66] Members consider themselves members of the [historical] RLDS Church, in a direct line of succession from those who dissented following doctrinal changes roughly coinciding with the church's name change to Community of Christ.[67] |
Church of Jesus Christ Restored 1830[47] | Nolan W. Glauner | Mid-1980s | Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints | Members in Missouri and Africa; headquartered in Tarkio, Missouri | Regards Wallace B. Smith as a "fallen prophet" of the RLDS Church for his opening the priesthood to women and for choosing to build the Independence Temple as opposed to the city of Zion. |
Church of Christ[68] | David B. Clark | 1985 | Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints | Headquartered in Oak Grove, Missouri | Also known as "Lion of God Ministry". Clark broke from the RLDS Church in November 1985. In May 1987, Clark began to issue a newsletter, "The Return". Group adheres closely to the King James Version of the Bible and "The Record of the Nephites" [Book of Mormon], but does not consider other Mormon scripture to be authoritative. They keep annual feasts, including Passover, Pentecost, Tabernacles, etc.[68] |
Church of Jesus Christ (Zion's Branch)[5] | John and Robert Cato, among others | 1986 | Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints | 200 or so members; headquartered in Independence, Missouri | Largely composed of former members of the RLDS Church who oppose what they consider to be recent doctrinal innovations, especially the giving of the priesthood to women in 1984. |
Lundgren Group[69] | Jeffrey Lundgren[70] | 1988 | Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints | Defunct; approximately 20 followers; headquartered in Kirtland, Ohio [71] | The denomination broke off from the RLDS Church when Lundgren was dismissed from the church on October 10, 1988. Lundgren was executed by the state of Ohio on October 24, 2006, for the murder of Dennis Avery and four of his family members.[71] |
Restoration Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints[72] | Several RLDS entities | 1991 | Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints | Headquartered in Independence, Missouri | The church broke off from the Community of Christ because of its belief that women should not hold the priesthood. |
Remnant Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints[73] | Frederick N. Larsen | 2000 | Independent RLDS / Restoration Branches[74] | 1,000–2,000 members; headquartered in Independence, Missouri | Chiefly composed of former members of the RLDS Church who were part of the Independent RLDS / Restoration Branches.[74] They oppose what they consider to be recent doctrinal innovations, especially the passing of the church presidency to someone not descended from Joseph Smith (Larsen is a descendant of Smith through his grandson Frederick Madison Smith).[74] |
Followers of Granville Hedrick ("Hedrickites")
The Church of Christ (Temple Lot) and related churches tracing their leadership through Granville Hedrick.
Name | Organized by | Date | Split off / Continuation of | Current status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Church of Christ (Temple Lot)[75] | Granville Hedrick | 1863 | Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints; some members from Gladdenites | 5,000 members; headquartered on the Temple Lot in Independence, Missouri | Owns the Temple Lot; adherents commonly referred to as "Hedrickites." |
Church of Christ (Fettingite)[76] | Otto Fetting | 1929 | Church of Christ (Temple Lot) | Denomination divided into various factions | A denomination which split with the Temple Lot church over reported revelations from John the Baptist to its founder, Otto Fetting; adopted seventh day sabbatarianism under Apostle S.T. Bronson in 1950s. |
Church of Christ at Halley's Bluff[77] | Thomas B. Nerren and E. E. Long | 1932 | Church of Christ (Temple Lot) | Headquartered at Schell City, Missouri; less than 100 members | Members originally believed Otto Fetting's revelations but did not join the Church of Christ (Fettingite). Formally named "Church of Christ at Zion's Retreat" until a 1972 schism in which Dan Gayman led most of its followers away to his Church of Israel. |
Church of Christ (Restored)[78] | A.C. DeWolf | ca. 1937 | Church of Christ (Fettingite) | Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri;approx. 450 members | Split from Fettingite organization in late 1930s when that denomination initially accepted William Draves' "messages"; claims to be the true continuation of Fetting's church. Non-sabbatarian. |
Church of Christ with the Elijah Message[79] | Otto Fetting and William Draves | 1943 | Church of Christ (Fettingite)[76] | c. 12,500 members worldwide as of 1987.[80][81] Headquartered in Independence, Missouri | Split with the Church of Christ (Fettingite) when that denomination rejected revelations from John the Baptist given to its founder, William Draves, following the death of Otto Fetting. |
Church of Christ (Hancock)[5][82] | Pauline Hancock | 1946 | Church of Christ (Temple Lot) | Defunct as of 1984 | First Latter Day Saint denomination to be established by a woman; accepted KJV Bible and Book of Mormon only; later rejected Book of Mormon and dissolved itself in 1984. Among its former members were Jerald and Sandra Tanner, opponents of the Latter Day Saint movement and founders of the Utah Lighthouse Ministry. |
Church of Christ (Leighton-Floyd/Burt)[11] | Howard Leighton-Floyd and H. H. Burt | 1965 | Church of Christ with the Elijah Message | Around 35 members | Leighton-Floyd and Burt split with the Church of Christ with the Elijah Message during the reincorporation of that church under its present name. Leighton-Floyd left shortly after the formation, with Burt assumed leadership of the group. The membership is centered on an agricultural cooperative near Holden, Missouri.[83] |
Church of Israel[47] | Dan Gayman | 1972 | Church of Christ at Halley's Bluff | Headquartered in Missouri | Name was "Church of Our Christian Heritage" until incorporation in 1981. The church has been accused of being a Christian Identity church, a charge which is denied by Gayman. Few Latter Day Saint beliefs or practices remain in the church. |
The Church of Christ With the Elijah Message, The Assured Way of the Lord, Inc.[84] | Leonard Draves | 2004 | Church of Christ with the Elijah Message | Headquartered in Independence, Missouri | Split from the Church of Christ with the Elijah Message, Inc., which in turn split from the Church of Christ With the Elijah Message; founders claim that they are the legitimate continuation of William Draves' organization. |
Followers of Sidney Rigdon or William Bickerton ("Bickertonites")
Churches tracing their leadership through Sidney Rigdon or William Bickerton.
Name | Organized by | Date | Split off / Continuation of | Current status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Church of Jesus Christ of the Children of Zion[5][6] | Sidney Rigdon | 1844 | Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints | Dissolved by 1847 | Originally also used the name "Church of Christ". Also known as Rigdonites. |
The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)[6] | William Bickerton | 1862 | Organized by former members of the Church of Jesus Christ of the Children of Zion (Rigdonites), by then defunct | 19,029 as of Dec. 31, 2012;[85] headquartered in Monongahela, Pennsylvania | Adherents commonly referred to as Bickertonites (church actively opposes use of this term). |
Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)[47] | Half of the Bickertonite Quorum of Twelve Apostles | 1907 | Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite) | Defunct | Dispute over nature of life in the millennium split Bickertonite Quorum of the Twelve in two; later merged with the Primitive Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite). |
Primitive Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)[47] | James Caldwell | 1914 | Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite) | Defunct | Rejected the First Presidency as a valid leadership organization of the church; later merged with the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite). |
Followers of Alpheus Cutler ("Cutlerites")
The Church of Jesus Christ (Cutlerite) and related churches tracing their leadership through Alpheus Cutler.
Name | Organized by | Date | Split off / Continuation of | Current status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Church of Jesus Christ (Cutlerite)[7] | Alpheus Cutler | 1853 | Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints | Approximately 12 members (2010);[86] headquartered in Independence, Missouri | Adherents commonly called "Cutlerites"; practice "United Order"; retains Nauvoo-era Temple endowment and Baptism for the Dead. |
True Church of Jesus Christ (Cutlerite)[87] | Clyde Fletcher | 1953 | Church of Jesus Christ (Cutlerite) | Never more than 10; headquartered in Clitherall, Minnesota | Split from Cutlerites over presidential succession issue; church folded with death of its founder in 1969 and schism was subsequently healed. |
Restored Church of Jesus Christ[47] | Eugene O. Walton | 1980 | Church of Jesus Christ (Cutlerite) | 25 members; headquartered in Independence, Missouri | Split from Cutlerites when they rejected Walton's claim to be the "One Mighty and Strong". |
Followers of James J. Strang ("Strangites")
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite) and related churches tracing their leadership through James Strang.
Name | Organized by | Date | Split off / Continuation of | Current status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)[5] | James J. Strang | 1844 | Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints | A few hundred members; headquartered in Voree (now Burlington), Wisconsin | Currently split between proponents and opponents of incorporation in 1961. Anti-incorporation factions headquartered in Shreveport, Louisiana and Independence, Missouri |
Church of Christ (Aaron Smith)[88] | Aaron Smith | 1846 | Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite) | Defunct | Short-lived denomination formed in Voree, Wisconsin. |
Church of the Messiah[89] | George J. Adams | 1861 | Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite) | Defunct | Led followers from Maine to Palestine; attempt to establish mission there failed. |
Holy Church of Jesus Christ[47] | Alexandre R. Caffiaux | 1964 | Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite) | Defunct | Caffiaux claimed to be the rightful successor to James J. Strang. Church headquartered in France. |
Church of Jesus Christ (Drewite)[47] | Theron Drew | 1965 | Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite) | Extant; one congregation led by Richard Drew, Theron's son | Drew organized the church after being excommunicated from the Strangite church, on account of Drew's promotion of Merl Kilgore as the "One Mighty and Strong" and a potential successor to James Strang. |
True Church of Jesus Christ Restored[90] | David Roberts | 1974 | Church of Christ with the Elijah Message and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite) | Headquartered in Independence, Missouri | Difficult to categorize; Roberts claimed to be Strang's successor. |
Additional Latter Day Saint churches (usually headquartered in U.S. east of the Rocky Mountains)
Other "Prairie Saint" branches of the movement, such as the Church of Christ (Whitmerite), none of which is known to be extant.
Name | Organized by | Date | Split off / Continuation of | Current status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Church of Christ (Wightite)[91] | Lyman Wight | 1844 | Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints | Extant until around 1858 | Wight rejected the claims of leadership made by Brigham Young, William Smith, and James Strang. He moved a group of Latter Day Saints to the central Texas frontier. He accepted Joseph Smith III as his father's successor, but did not live long enough to join the RLDS Church (though most of his followers later did). |
Church of Christ (Whitmerite)[11] | William E. M'Lellin and David Whitmer | 1847 and 1871 | Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints | Extant until around 1925 | William E. McLellin claimed that Joseph Smith had designated David Whitmer, one of the Three Witnesses, as his successor. By 1925, most remaining members of the Whitmerite church had united with the Church of Christ (Temple Lot). |
Church of Christ (Brewsterite)[11] | James C. Brewster and Hazen Aldrich | 1848 | Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints | Defunct | Published a periodical entitled The Olive Branch. |
The Bride, the Lamb's Wife[92] | Jacob Syfritt | 1848 | Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints | Defunct | Syfritt claimed to have been taken to heaven to converse with Joseph Smith, who designated him as his true successor. |
Congregation of Jehovah's Presbytery of Zion[11] | Charles B. Thompson | 1848 | Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints | Defunct | Also called Baneemyites and Conjespresites. Thompson claimed to be "Baneemy" mentioned in The Doctrine and Covenants, D&C 105:27. Said the church had been rejected by God following Joseph Smith's death, and he had been called to renew the priesthood among the gentiles. |
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Gladdenite)[11] | Gladden Bishop | 1851 | Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints | Dissolved after Bishop's death in 1865 | Many members later helped to form the Church of Christ (Temple Lot). |
Pentecostal Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints[93] | Mike Bethel | 1994 | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints[94] | Extant as of 1998; status currently unknown | The denomination holds to the canonicity of the Bible and the Book of Mormon, but does not accept other texts in the Latter Day Saint movement such as the Pearl of Great Price and Doctrine and Covenants.[94] |
Spontaneous or unknown lineage
Those denominations which originated independent from other organizations and do not trace their doctrinal or priesthood lineage to any 19th-century Latter Day Saint factions, but still hold Latter Day Saint beliefs.
Name | Organized by | Date | Split off / Continuation of | Current status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent Latter Day Saint congregations in Nigeria[95] | Anie D. Obot | ca. 1953 | Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (with LDS Church influences) | Extant until around 1978 | After LDS Church missionaries visited the town of Uyo in 1953, Obot decided to form unauthorized branches of the church in Nigeria and wrote for more information to church headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah. However, due to Nigerian government visas restrictions and the absence of church leadership, these branches deviated from LDS Church doctrine. This included some practicing of polygamy and establishing their own black priesthood hierarchy, both of which were prohibited at the time by church doctrine. |
Independent Latter Day Saint congregations in Ghana[96] | Joseph W. B. Johnson | 1964 | Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (with LDS and RLDS influences) | Extant until around 1978 | Upon receiving a copy of the Book of Mormon, Johnson started "Latter day Saint" congregations in Ghana independent from any Latter Day Saint denomination. In 1976, Johnson went to find "The Mormons" (i.e., the LDS Church) and found the RLDS Church instead. However, no further contact was established with the RLDS Church. Upon the announcement of the 1978 Revelation on Priesthood, allowing those of black African descent into the priesthood, Johnson and most of his group were baptized into the LDS Church.[96] |
Apostolic Divine Church of Ghana[96] | Cape Coast group of the independent Latter-Day Saint congregations in Ghana | 1976 | Independent Latter-Day Saint congregations in Ghana | Extant for only a few months | The Cape Coast group of the independent Latter Day Saint congregations in Ghana (Johnson) schismed when ongoing contact was not established with the LDS Church or RLDS Church in 1976. Some of the individuals in this group formed the Apostolic Divine Church of Ghana, however, this denomination lasted only a few months.[96] |
Fellowships of the remnants | Spontaneously formed around the teachings of Denver C. Snuffer Jr. | 2013 | Affiliated fellowship groups in schism with the mainstream LDS Church | As of 2017, has about 5,000 adherents within about fifty fellowships worldwide |
Table of provenances
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Book:List of denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement
Gallery
- Founders of factions
Alleged daguerreotype of Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement
George J. Adams, founder of the Church of the Messiah (George J. Adams)
James Brighouse, founder of the Order of Enoch
Alpheus Cutler, founder and first president of the Church of Jesus Christ (Cutlerite)
William W. Davies, founder of the Kingdom of Heaven
R. C. Evans, founder of the Church of the Christian Brotherhood
Photo of Otto Fetting, founder of the Church of Christ (Fettingite)
Portrait of Walter M. Gibson, founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Gibsonite)
Maurice L. Glendenning, founder of the House of Aaron
William S. Godbe, founder of The Church of Zion, also called Godbeites
Photo of Leroy S. Johnson, organizer of the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
William Law, founder of the True Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
William E. M'Lellin, co-founder of the Church of Christ (Whitmerite)
Joseph Morris (Latter Day Saints), founder of the Church of the Firstborn (Morrisite)
Sidney Rigdon, founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of the Children of Zion
Isaac Russell, founder of the Alston Church
Joseph Smith III, prophet of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (now the Community of Christ)
James Strang, founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)
Charles B. Thompson, founder of the Congregation of Jehovah's Presbytery of Zion
David Whitmer, one of the Three Witnesses and co-founder of the Church of Christ (Whitmerite)
Photo of Lyman Wight, founder of the Church of Christ (Wightite)
Photo of Lorin C. Woolley, known as the father of Mormon fundamentalism amongst most fundamentalist denominations
Brigham Young, prophet of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
- Selected houses of worship
Kirtland Temple Built by Joseph Smith's Church of Christ; passed through hands of several factions after Smith's death; today owned by the Community of Christ
Salt Lake Temple of the LDS Church, in Salt Lake City, Utah
Independence Temple of the Community of Christ, in Independence, MO
Panorama of the Temple Lot in Independence, with (L to R) the Stone Church, the Temple Lot Church, the Independence Temple, and the Auditorium
World Headquarters and Independence Branch of the Church of Christ (Temple Lot), located in Independence, Missouri
Current location of the Outreach Restoration Branch, in Independence, Missouri. Previously the location of the now-defunct Church of Christ (Hancock).
Meetinghouse of Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite), in Voree, Wisconsin
Headquarters and Independence Branch of the Church of Christ with the Elijah Message, in Independence, Missouri
Meetinghouse of the Church of Christ (Fettingite), in Independence, Missouri
Meetinghouse of the Church of Jesus Christ (Zion's Branch), in Independence, Missouri
Meetinghouse of the Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite) in Monongahela, PA
Headquarters and sole branch of the Church of Jesus Christ (Cutlerite) in Independence, Missouri
Headquarters of the Church of Christ with the Elijah Message (Assured Way of the Lord), Inc. in Independence, Missouri
Temple of the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints in Eldorado, Texas
Meetinghouse and Conference Center of the Remnant Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, in Independence, Missouri
"Red Brick Store" of the True and Living Church of Jesus Christ of Saints of the Last Days in Manti, Utah
Meetinghouse of the Church of Christ (Restored), in Independence, Missouri
Meetinghouse of the Restoration Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, in Independence, Missouri
Abandoned meetinghouse of the Church of the Firstborn (Morrisite), in Powell County, Montana
Schoolhouse of the Short Creek Community in Colorado City, Arizona (site of the 1953 Short Creek raid).
Pyramid-shaped temple and headquarters of the Righteous Branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, located near Modena, Utah
See also
 |
|
- Mormonism
- Mormons: Groups within Mormonism
- Restoration (Latter Day Saints): Significance and impact
- Restorationism
- Saints in LDS movement
References
^ Robinson, B.A. (2010), Denominations in the LDS Restorationist Movement: The Community of Christ, Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance, retrieved August 8, 2010.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ See, for example, A collection of sacred hymns for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, in Europe.
^ "2016 Statistical Report for 2017 April Conference", Mormon Newsroom, April 1, 2017.
^ Herald House Style Guide, an official publication of the Community of Christ. See under entry "Saints".
^ abcdefghijkl Shields, Steven (1990), Divergent Paths of the Restoration (Fourth ed.), Independence, Missouri: Restoration Research, ISBN 0-942284-00-3
^ abc Cadman, William H. (1945), A History of the Church of Jesus Christ, Monongahela, PA: The Church of Jesus Christ
^ ab Fletcher, Rupert J; Whiting, Daisy (1974), Alpheus Cutler and the Church of Jesus Christ, Independence, Missouri: Independence: Church of Jesus Christ, p. 47
^ ab Manuscript History of the Church, LDS Church Archives, book A-1, p. 37; reproduced in Dean C. Jessee (comp.) (1989). The Papers of Joseph Smith: Autobiographical and Historical Writings (Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book) 1:302–303.
^ ab H. Michael Marquardt and Wesley P. Walters (1994). Inventing Mormonism: Tradition and the Historical Record (Salt Lake City, Utah: Signature Books) p. 160.
^ Roberts, B.H, ed. (1904), "History of the Church", Deseret News, Salt Lake City, Utah, 3, p. 24, ISBN 1-152-94824-5 – see footnote 12
^ abcdefghijk Shields, Steven (1990), Divergent Paths of the Restoration (Fourth ed.), Independence, Missouri: Restoration Research, pp. 21–29, 50–53, 197 & 336, ISBN 0-942284-00-3
^ Young, Brigham, his two Councilors, The Twelve apostles; et al. (1854), Watt, G. D.; Irvine, John, eds., Journal of Discourses, XI, Liverpool: F.D.& S.W. Richards, p. 6, ISBN 1-4286-2401-5CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ ab Shields, Steven (1990), Divergent Paths of the Restoration (Fourth ed.), Independence, Missouri: Restoration Research, p. 29, ISBN 0-942284-00-3
^ Bushman, Richard L. (2005), Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, ISBN 1-4000-4270-4.
^ Official Web site of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 2010 Intellectual Reserve, Inc., 2010, retrieved April 5, 2010
^ "An Ordinance, incorporating the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints", Laws and Ordinances of the State of Deseret, Salt Lake City, Utah: Shepard Book Company, 1919 [February 4, 1851], p. 66, retrieved June 29, 2010
^ Lloyd, R. Scott (October 26, 2013), "Church membership reaches 15 million", Church News
^ ab Hales, Brian C. "The Council of Friends". mormonfundamentalism.com. Archived from the original on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
^ abcdefghijklmn The Primer, Helping Victims of Domestic Violence and Child Abuse in Polygamous Communities: Fundamentalist Mormon Communities (PDF), Utah Attorney General's Office and Arizona Attorney General's Office, June 2006, retrieved June 29, 2010
^ Bennion, Janet (1998), Women of principle: female networking in contemporary Mormon polygyny, Oxford University Press, p. 22, ISBN 0-19-512070-1
^ Dobner, Jennifer (May 1, 2011), Associated Press, "Polygamous church dispute may head to Utah court", Deseret News, Salt Lake City, Utah: Jim M. Wall
^ Bennion, Janet (May 1, 2004), Desert Patriarchy: Mormon and Mennonite Communities in the Chihuahua Valley, University of Arizona Press, p. 126,The sociopolitical structure of LeBaron is based ... on the codes of behavior established in the Apostolic United Brethren.... In 1955....Joel LeBaron...received a revelation...that he should build a new church. This news dismayed many members of the LeBaron community, who had formed an alliance with the AUB, under the leadership of its prophet, Rulon C. Allred.
^ Booth, William (July 23, 2009), "Ambushed by a Drug War: Mormon Clans in Mexico Find Themselves Targets of the Cartels", Washington Post (Washington Post Foreign Service ed.), Washington, DC, retrieved June 22, 2010
^ ab Hales, Brian C. "Ross Wesley LeBaron". mormonfundamentalism.com. Archived from the original on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
^ Wright, Lyle O. (1963). "Origins and Development of the Church of the Firstborn of the Fullness of Times" (Master's thesis). p. 40.
^ Davidson, Staff Writer (June 28, 1988), "Several Men Claim to be The `One Mighty and Strong'", Deseret News, Salt Lake City, Utah, retrieved April 12, 2011
^ Moore-Emmett, Andrea (2004). God's Brothel. Pince-Nez Press.
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[permanent dead link]
^ January 2017 "Sons Ahman/Aumen Israel (SAI)" Check|url=value (help). The Principle. 1 January 2000.Sons Ahman/Aumen Israel (SAI)
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Further reading
- Launius, Roger D.; Thatcher, Linda, eds. (April 1998), Differing Visions: Dissenters in Mormon History, Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press,
ISBN 0-252-06731-2, retrieved June 29, 2010
Russell, William D. (June 1990). "Defenders of the Faith: Varieties of RLDS Dissent" (PDF). Sunstone Magazine. Salt Lake City, Utah. 14 (3): 14–19. Retrieved 12 August 2017.Issue 77
Bringhurst, Newell G.; Hamer, John C., eds. (2007), Scattering Of The Saints: Schism Within Mormonism, John Whitmer Books, ISBN 978-1-934901-02-1
Shields, Steven L. (2001). Divergent Paths of the Restoration: A History of the Latter Day Saint Movement (4th revised, enlarged ed.). Herald House. ISBN 0-8309-0569-3.
External links
List of websites for denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement at Curlie
