Dodecahedron




Polyhedron with 12 faces, aka dodeckaheda




















































Common dodecahedra
Ih, order 120

Regular-

Small stellated-

Great-

Great stellated-

Dodecahedron.png

Small stellated dodecahedron.png

Great dodecahedron.png

Great stellated dodecahedron.png
Th, order 24
T, order 12
Oh, order 48
Johnson (J84)

Pyritohedron

Tetartoid

Rhombic-

Triangular-

Pyritohedron.png

Tetartoid.png

Rhombic dodecahedron.png

Snub disphenoid.png
D4h, order 16
D3h, order 12

Rhombo-hexagonal-

Rhombo-square-

Trapezo-rhombic-

Rhombo-triangular-

Rhombo-hexagonal dodecahedron.png

Squared rhombic dodecahedron.png

Trapezo-rhombic dodecahedron.png

Triangular square dodecahedron.png

In geometry, a dodecahedron (Greek δωδεκάεδρον, from δώδεκα dōdeka "twelve" + ἕδρα hédra "base", "seat" or "face") is any polyhedron with twelve flat faces. The most familiar dodecahedron is the regular dodecahedron, which is a Platonic solid. There are also three regular star dodecahedra, which are constructed as stellations of the convex form. All of these have icosahedral symmetry, order 120.


The pyritohedron, a common crystal form in pyrite, is an irregular pentagonal dodecahedron, having the same topology as the regular one but pyritohedral symmetry while the tetartoid has tetrahedral symmetry. The rhombic dodecahedron, seen as a limiting case of the pyritohedron, has octahedral symmetry. The elongated dodecahedron and trapezo-rhombic dodecahedron variations, along with the rhombic dodecahedra, are space-filling. There are a large number of other dodecahedra.




Contents






  • 1 Regular dodecahedra


  • 2 Other pentagonal dodecahedra


    • 2.1 Pyritohedron


      • 2.1.1 Crystal pyrite


      • 2.1.2 Cartesian coordinates


      • 2.1.3 Geometric freedom




    • 2.2 Tetartoid


      • 2.2.1 Cartesian coordinates


      • 2.2.2 Variations




    • 2.3 Dual of triangular gyrobianticupola




  • 3 Rhombic dodecahedron


  • 4 Other dodecahedra


  • 5 See also


  • 6 References


  • 7 External links





Regular dodecahedra



The convex regular dodecahedron is one of the five regular Platonic solids and can be represented by its Schläfli symbol {5, 3}.


The dual polyhedron is the regular icosahedron {3, 5}, having five equilateral triangles around each vertex.










Four kinds of regular dodecahedra

Dodecahedron.png
Convex regular dodecahedron

Small stellated dodecahedron.png
Small stellated dodecahedron

Great dodecahedron.png
Great dodecahedron

Great stellated dodecahedron.png
Great stellated dodecahedron

The convex regular dodecahedron also has three stellations, all of which are regular star dodecahedra. They form three of the four Kepler–Poinsot polyhedra. They are the small stellated dodecahedron {5/2, 5}, the great dodecahedron {5, 5/2}, and the great stellated dodecahedron {5/2, 3}. The small stellated dodecahedron and great dodecahedron are dual to each other; the great stellated dodecahedron is dual to the great icosahedron {3, 5/2}. All of these regular star dodecahedra have regular pentagonal or pentagrammic faces. The convex regular dodecahedron and great stellated dodecahedron are different realisations of the same abstract regular polyhedron; the small stellated dodecahedron and great dodecahedron are different realisations of another abstract regular polyhedron.



Other pentagonal dodecahedra


In crystallography, two important dodecahedra can occur as crystal forms in some symmetry classes of the cubic crystal system that are topologically equivalent to the regular dodecahedron but less symmetrical: the pyritohedron with pyritohedral symmetry, and the tetartoid with tetrahedral symmetry:




Pyritohedron










































Pyritohedron

Polyhedron pyritohedron transparent max.png
A pyritohedron has 30 edges: 6 corresponding to cube faces, and 24 touching cube vertices.
Face polygon
irregular pentagon
Coxeter diagrams
CDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node fh.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node fh.png
CDel node fh.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node fh.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node fh.png
Faces 12
Edges 30 (6 + 24)
Vertices 20 (8 + 12)
Symmetry group
Th, [4,3+], (3*2), order 24
Rotation group
T, [3,3]+, (332), order 12
Dual polyhedron
Pseudoicosahedron
Properties
face transitive

Net
Pyritohedron flat.png

A pyritohedron is a dodecahedron with pyritohedral (Th) symmetry. Like the regular dodecahedron, it has twelve identical pentagonal faces, with three meeting in each of the 20 vertices.[citation needed] However, the pentagons are not constrained to be regular, and the underlying atomic arrangement has no true fivefold symmetry axes. Its 30 edges are divided into two sets – containing 24 and 6 edges of the same length. The only axes of rotational symmetry are three mutually perpendicular twofold axes and four threefold axes.


Although regular dodecahedra do not exist in crystals, the pyritohedron form occurs in the crystals of the mineral pyrite, and it may be an inspiration for the discovery of the regular Platonic solid form. The true regular dodecahedron can occur as a shape for quasicrystals (such as holmium–magnesium–zinc quasicrystal) with icosahedral symmetry, which includes true fivefold rotation axes.






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Orthogonal projections ― The wedge height of this pyritohedron is 1/4 of the cube edge length.









Same example pyritohedron and regular dodecahedron.




Crystal pyrite


Its name comes from one of the two common crystal habits shown by pyrite, the other one being the cube.






Pyriteespagne.jpg
Cubic pyrite

Pyrite-193871.jpg
Pyritohedral pyrite


Cartesian coordinates


Pyritohedron animation.gif

The coordinates of the eight vertices of the original cube are:


(±1, ±1, ±1)

The coordinates of the 12 vertices of the cross-edges are:



(0, ±(1 + h), ±(1 − h2))

(±(1 + h), ±(1 − h2), 0)

(±(1 − h2), 0, ±(1 + h))


where h is the height of the wedge-shaped "roof" above the faces of the cube. When h = 1, the six cross-edges degenerate to points and a rhombic dodecahedron is formed. When h = 0, the cross-edges are absorbed in the facets of the cube, and the pyritohedron reduces to a cube. When h = −1 + 5/2, the multiplicative inverse of the golden ratio, the result is a regular dodecahedron. When h = −1 − 5/2, the conjugate of this value, the result is a regular great stellated dodecahedron.





Pyritohedra in dual positions
CDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node fh3.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node fh3.png


A reflected pyritohedron is made by swapping the nonzero coordinates above. The two pyritohedra can be superimposed to give the compound of two dodecahedra. The image to the left shows the case where the pyritohedra are convex regular dodecahedra.



Geometric freedom


The pyritohedron has a geometric degree of freedom with limiting cases of a cubic convex hull at one limit of colinear edges, and a rhombic dodecahedron as the other limit as 6 edges are degenerated to length zero. The regular dodecahedron represents a special intermediate case where all edges and angles are equal.































Special cases of the pyritohedron
1 : 1
1 : 1
2 : 1
1.3092... : 1
1 : 1
0 : 1

h = −5 + 1/2


h = 0


h = 5 − 1/2

h = 1

Great stellated dodecahedron.png
Regular star, great stellated dodecahedron, with pentagons distorted into regular pentagrams

Concave pyritohedral dodecahedron.png
Concave pyritohedral dodecahedron is called a endo-dodecahedron and can tessellate space with the convex regular dodecahedron.

Pyritohedron cube.png
A cube can be divided into a pyritohedron by bisecting all the edges, and faces in alternate directions.

Irregular dodecahedron.png
The geometric proportions of the pyritohedron in the Weaire–Phelan structure

Dodecahedron.png
A regular dodecahedron is an intermediate case with equal edge lengths.

Rhombicdodecahedron.jpg
A rhombic dodecahedron is the limiting case with the 6 crossedges reducing to length zero.


Tetartoid

































Tetartoid
Tetragonal pentagonal dodecahedron

Tetartoid.png
Face polygon
irregular pentagon
Conway notation gT
Faces 12
Edges 30 (6+12+12)
Vertices 20 (4+4+12)
Symmetry group
T, [3,3]+, (332), order 12
Properties
convex, face transitive



Tetartoid


A tetartoid (also tetragonal pentagonal dodecahedron, pentagon-tritetrahedron, and tetrahedric pentagon dodecahedron) is a dodecahedron with chiral tetrahedral symmetry (T). Like the regular dodecahedron, it has twelve identical pentagonal faces, with three meeting in each of the 20 vertices. However, the pentagons are not regular and the figure has no fivefold symmetry axes.


Although regular dodecahedra do not exist in crystals, the tetartoid form does. The name tetartoid comes from the Greek root for one-fourth because it has one fourth of full octahedral symmetry, and half of pyritohedral symmetry.[1] The mineral cobaltite can have this symmetry form.[2]






cobaltite

Koboltglans.jpg

Its topology can be as a cube with square faces bisected into 2 rectangles like the pyritohedron, and then the bisection lines are slanted retaining 3-fold rotation at the 8 corners.



Cartesian coordinates


The following points are vertices of a tetartoid pentagon under tetrahedral symmetry:


(a, b, c); (−a, −b, c); (−n/d1, −n/d1, n/d1); (−c, −a, b); (−n/d2, n/d2, n/d2),

under the following conditions:[3]




0 ≤ abc,


n = a2cbc2,


d1 = a2ab + b2 + ac − 2bc,


d2 = a2 + ab + b2ac − 2bc,


nd1d2 ≠ 0.



Variations


It can be seen as a tetrahedron, with edges divided into 3 segments, along with a center point of each triangular face. In Conway polyhedron notation it can be seen as gT, a gyro tetrahedron.



Tetartoid cubic.pngTetartoid tetrahedral.png

















Example tetartoid variations

Regular Dodecahedron

Tetartoid-010.png

Tetartoid-020.png

Tetartoid-040.png

Tetartoid-060.png

Tetartoid-080.png

Tetartoid-095.png

Triakis Tetrahedron



Dual of triangular gyrobianticupola


A lower symmetry form of the regular dodecahedron can be constructed as the dual of a polyhedra constructed from two triangular anticupola connected base-to-base, called a triangular gyrobianticupola. It has D3d symmetry, order 12. It has 2 sets of 3 identical pentagons on the top and bottom, connected 6 pentagons around the sides which alternate upwards and downwards. This form has a hexagonal cross-section and identical copies can be connected as a partial hexagonal honeycomb, but all vertices will not match.


Dual triangular gyrobianticupola.png


Rhombic dodecahedron




Rhombic dodecahedron


The rhombic dodecahedron is a zonohedron with twelve rhombic faces and octahedral symmetry. It is dual to the quasiregular cuboctahedron (an Archimedean solid) and occurs in nature as a crystal form. The rhombic dodecahedron packs together to fill space.


The rhombic dodecahedron can be seen as a degenerate pyritohedron where the 6 special edges have been reduced to zero length, reducing the pentagons into rhombic faces.


The rhombic dodecahedron has several stellations, the first of which is also a parallelohedral spacefiller.


Another important rhombic dodecahedron, the Bilinski dodecahedron, has twelve faces congruent to those of the rhombic triacontahedron, i.e. the diagonals are in the ratio of the golden ratio. It is also a zonohedron and was described by Bilinski in 1960.[4] This figure is another spacefiller, and can also occur in non-periodic spacefillings along with the rhombic triacontahedron, the rhombic icosahedron and rhombic hexahedra.[5]



Other dodecahedra


There are 6,384,634 topologically distinct convex dodecahedra, excluding mirror images—the number of vertices ranges from 8 to 20.[6] (Two polyhedra are "topologically distinct" if they have intrinsically different arrangements of faces and vertices, such that it is impossible to distort one into the other simply by changing the lengths of edges or the angles between edges or faces.)


Topologically distinct dodecahedra (excluding pentagonal and rhombic forms)



  • Uniform polyhedra:


    • Decagonal prism – 10 squares, 2 decagons, D10h symmetry, order 40.


    • Pentagonal antiprism – 10 equilateral triangles, 2 pentagons, D5d symmetry, order 20




  • Johnson solids (regular faced):


    • Pentagonal cupola – 5 triangles, 5 squares, 1 pentagon, 1 decagon, C5v symmetry, order 10


    • Snub disphenoid – 12 triangles, D2d, order 8


    • Elongated square dipyramid – 8 triangles and 4 squares, D4h symmetry, order 16


    • Metabidiminished icosahedron – 10 triangles and 2 pentagons, C2v symmetry, order 4



  • Congruent irregular faced: (face-transitive)


    • Hexagonal bipyramid – 12 isosceles triangles, dual of hexagonal prism, D6h symmetry, order 24


    • Hexagonal trapezohedron – 12 kites, dual of hexagonal antiprism, D6d symmetry, order 24


    • Triakis tetrahedron – 12 isosceles triangles, dual of truncated tetrahedron, Td symmetry, order 24



  • Other less regular faced:

    • Hendecagonal pyramid – 11 isosceles triangles and 1 regular hendecagon, C11v, order 11


    • Trapezo-rhombic dodecahedron – 6 rhombi, 6 trapezoids – dual of triangular orthobicupola, D3h symmetry, order 12


    • Rhombo-hexagonal dodecahedron or elongated Dodecahedron – 8 rhombi and 4 equilateral hexagons, D4h symmetry, order 16


    • Truncated pentagonal trapezohedron, D5d, order 20, topologically equivalent to regular dodecahedron





See also




  • 120-cell: a regular polychoron (4D polytope) whose surface consists of 120 dodecahedral cells.

  • Pentakis dodecahedron

  • Snub dodecahedron

  • Truncated dodecahedron

  • Roman dodecahedron



References





  1. ^ Dutch, Steve. The 48 Special Crystal Forms. Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, U.S.


  2. ^ Crystal Habit. Galleries.com. Retrieved on 2016-12-02.


  3. ^ The Tetartoid. Demonstrations.wolfram.com. Retrieved on 2016-12-02.


  4. ^ Hafner, I. and Zitko, T. Introduction to golden rhombic polyhedra. Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia.


  5. ^ Lord, E. A.; Ranganathan, S.; Kulkarni, U. D. (2000). "Tilings, coverings, clusters and quasicrystals". Curr. Sci. 78: 64–72..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  6. ^ Counting polyhedra. Numericana.com (2001-12-31). Retrieved on 2016-12-02.




External links







  • Weisstein, Eric W. "Dodecahedron". MathWorld.

  • Weisstein, Eric W. "Elongated Dodecahedron". MathWorld.

  • Weisstein, Eric W. "Pyritohedron". MathWorld.


  • Plato's Fourth Solid and the "Pyritohedron", by Paul Stephenson, 1993, The Mathematical Gazette, Vol. 77, No. 479 (Jul., 1993), pp. 220–226 [1]

  • THE GREEK ELEMENTS


  • Stellation of Pyritohedron VRML models and animations of Pyritohedron and its stellations


  • Klitzing, Richard. "3D convex uniform polyhedra o3o5x – doe".

  • Editable printable net of a dodecahedron with interactive 3D view

  • The Uniform Polyhedra


  • Origami Polyhedra – Models made with Modular Origami


  • Dodecahedron – 3D model that works in your browser


  • Virtual Reality Polyhedra The Encyclopedia of Polyhedra


    • Dodecahedra variations


    • VRML models




    1. Regular dodecahedron regular


    2. Rhombic dodecahedron quasiregular


    3. Decagonal prism vertex-transitive


    4. Pentagonal antiprism vertex-transitive


    5. Hexagonal dipyramid face-transitive


    6. Triakis tetrahedron face-transitive


    7. hexagonal trapezohedron face-transitive


    8. Pentagonal cupola regular faces



  • K.J.M. MacLean, A Geometric Analysis of the Five Platonic Solids and Other Semi-Regular Polyhedra

  • Dodecahedron 3D Visualization


  • Stella: Polyhedron Navigator: Software used to create some of the images on this page.

  • How to make a dodecahedron from a Styrofoam cube

  • Roman dodecahedrons: Mysterious objects that have been found across the territory of the Roman Empire

































































































Fundamental convex regular and uniform polytopes in dimensions 2–10


Family

An

Bn

I2(p) / Dn

E6 / E7 / E8 / F4 / G2

Hn

Regular polygon

Triangle

Square

p-gon

Hexagon

Pentagon

Uniform polyhedron

Tetrahedron

Octahedron • Cube

Demicube


Dodecahedron • Icosahedron

Uniform 4-polytope

5-cell

16-cell • Tesseract

Demitesseract

24-cell

120-cell • 600-cell

Uniform 5-polytope

5-simplex

5-orthoplex • 5-cube

5-demicube



Uniform 6-polytope

6-simplex

6-orthoplex • 6-cube

6-demicube

122 • 221


Uniform 7-polytope

7-simplex

7-orthoplex • 7-cube

7-demicube

132 • 231 • 321


Uniform 8-polytope

8-simplex

8-orthoplex • 8-cube

8-demicube

142 • 241 • 421


Uniform 9-polytope

9-simplex

9-orthoplex • 9-cube

9-demicube



Uniform 10-polytope

10-simplex

10-orthoplex • 10-cube

10-demicube


Uniform n-polytope

n-simplex

n-orthoplex • n-cube

n-demicube

1k2 • 2k1 • k21

n-pentagonal polytope
Topics: Polytope families • Regular polytope • List of regular polytopes and compounds



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