Planetary flyby




Sending a space probe past a planet or dwarf planet



Plot of Mariner 10 flyby of planet Venus in February 1974.


A planetary flyby is the act of sending a space probe past a planet or a dwarf planet close enough to record scientific data.[1] This is a subset of the overall concept of a flyby in spaceflight.


Flybys commonly use gravity assists to "slingshot" a space probe on its journey to its primary objective, but may themselves be used as primary means.


The first flyby of another planet with a functioning spacecraft took place on December 14, 1962, when Mariner 2 zoomed by the planet Venus.[2]


New Horizons performed flyby maneuvers of Jupiter, Pluto and its moons in the 21st century. This type of maneuver allowed it to reach Pluto at high velocity without the complications of slowing down, after which it proceeded into the Kuiper belt on a solar system escape trajectory.


For comparison, New Horizons reached Jupiter in just over year (launched in January 2006) it flewby in February 2007.[3] In contrast, Galileo spacecraft took about six years (launched 1989, arrive at Jupiter 1995) and when it got there it had expend fuel to slow down to enter orbit, and was overall much heavier.[4] The atmospheric entry probe did not slow down but required an advanced entry shield and the atmosphere of Jupiter to slow down.[5] (See also Aerobraking)


There also an even closer version of flyby, a sort of fly in where the spacecraft actually enters and passes through a bodies atmosphere, called a Aerogravity assist. This could be compared to the natural phenomenon of Earth-grazing fireball




Contents






  • 1 List of planetary flybys


  • 2 Gallery


  • 3 See also


  • 4 Notes


  • 5 References





List of planetary flybys











































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Flyby date
Launch date
Operator
Spacecraft
Details
Mission result
19 May 1961
12 February 1961

Soviet Union

Venera 1
First Venus flyby (contact lost before flyby)[6]
Failure
14 December 1962
27 August 1962

United States

Mariner 2

First successful non-lunar planetary encounter and first successful Venus flyby[7]
Success
19 June 1963
1 November 1962

Soviet Union

Mars 1
First Mars flyby (contact lost)[8]
Failure
19 July 1964
2 April 1964

Soviet Union

Zond 1
Venus flyby (contact lost)[9]
Failure
15 July 1965
28 November 1964

United States

Mariner 4

First successful Mars flyby[10]
Success
6 August 1965
30 November 1964

Soviet Union

Zond 2
Mars flyby (contact lost)[11]
Failure
27 February 1966
12 November 1965

Soviet Union

Venera 2
Venus flyby (contact lost)[12]
Failure
19 October 1967
14 June 1967

United States

Mariner 5
Venus flyby[13]
Success
31 July 1969
25 February 1969

United States

Mariner 6
Mars flyby[14]
Success
5 August 1969
27 March 1969

United States

Mariner 7
Mars flyby[15]
Success
3 December 1973
3 March 1972

United States

Pioneer 10

First Jupiter flyby[16]
Success
5 February 1974
4 November 1973

United States

Mariner 10
Venus flyby[17]
Success
10 February 1974
21 July 1973

Soviet Union

Mars 4
Mars flyby (inadvertent; attempted Mars orbiter)[18]
Failure
9 March 1974
9 August 1973

Soviet Union

Mars 7
Mars flyby (inadvertent; attempted Mars lander)[19]
Failure
12 March 1974
5 August 1973

Soviet Union

Mars 6
Mars flyby (flyby succeeded but lander failed)[20]
Failure
29 March 1974
4 November 1973

United States

Mariner 10

First Mercury flyby[17]
Success
21 September 1974
4 November 1973

United States

Mariner 10
Mercury flyby[17]
Success
3 December 1974
5 April 1973

United States

Pioneer 11
Jupiter flyby[21]
Success
16 March 1975
4 November 1973

United States

Mariner 10
Mercury flyby[17]
Success
19 December 1978
14 September 1978

Soviet Union

Venera 12
Venus flyby and lander[22]
Success
25 December 1978
9 September 1978

Soviet Union

Venera 11
Venus flyby and lander[23]
Success
5 March 1979
5 September 1977

United States

Voyager 1
Jupiter flyby[24]
Success
9 July 1979
20 August 1977

United States

Voyager 2
Jupiter flyby[25]
Success
1 September 1979
5 April 1973

United States

Pioneer 11

First Saturn flyby[21]
Success
12 November 1980
5 September 1977

United States

Voyager 1
Saturn flyby[24]
Success
25 August 1981
20 August 1977

United States

Voyager 2
Saturn flyby[25]
Success
1 March 1982
30 October 1981

Soviet Union

Venera 13
Venus flyby and lander[26]
Success
5 March 1982
4 November 1981

Soviet Union

Venera 14
Venus flyby and lander[27]
Success
11 June 1985
15 December 1984

Soviet Union

Vega 1
Venus flyby, lander, and first balloon[28]
Success
15 June 1985
21 December 1984

Soviet Union

Vega 2
Venus flyby, lander, and balloon[29]
Success
24 January 1986
20 August 1977

United States

Voyager 2

First and only Uranus flyby[25]
Success
25 August 1989
20 August 1977

United States

Voyager 2

First and only Neptune flyby[25]
Success
10 February 1990
13 October 1989

United States

Galileo
Venus flyby, first of three gravity assists to Jupiter[30]
Success
2 July 1990
2 July 1985

European Union

Giotto

First Earth flyby, gravity assist for extended mission to 26P/Grigg–Skjellerup[31]
Success
8 October 1990
13 October 1989

United States

Galileo
Earth flyby, second of three gravity assists to Jupiter[30]
Success
8 January 1992
7 January 1985

Japan

Sakigake
Earth flyby[32]
Success
8 February 1992
6 October 1990

European UnionUnited States

Ulysses
Jupiter flyby, inclination change gravity assist for solar mission[33]
Success
8 December 1992
13 October 1989

United States

Galileo
Earth flyby, last of three gravity assists to Jupiter[30]
Success
24 August 1993
25 September 1992

United States

Mars Observer
Mars flyby (inadvertent; attempted Mars orbiter)[34]
Failure
23 January 1998
17 February 1996

United States

NEAR Shoemaker
Earth flyby, gravity assist to 433 Eros[35]
Success
26 April 1998
15 October 1997

European UnionUnited States

Cassini–Huygens
Venus flyby, first of four gravity assists to Saturn[36]
Success
24 June 1999
15 October 1997

European UnionUnited States

Cassini–Huygens
Venus flyby, second of four gravity assists to Saturn[37]
Success
18 August 1999
15 October 1997

European UnionUnited States

Cassini–Huygens
Earth flyby, third of four gravity assists to Saturn[38]
Success
30 December 2000
15 October 1997

European UnionUnited States

Cassini–Huygens
Jupiter flyby, last of four gravity assists to Saturn[39]
Success
15 January 2001
27 February 1999

United States

Stardust
Earth flyby, gravity assist to 81P/Wild[40]
Success
21 April 2002
4 July 1998

Japan

Nozomi
Earth flyby, first of two gravity assists to Mars[41]
Success
19 June 2003
4 July 1998

Japan

Nozomi
Earth flyby, last of two gravity assists to Mars[41]
Success
14 December 2003
4 July 1998

Japan

Nozomi
Mars flyby (inadvertent; planned Mars orbiter)[41]
Failure
19 May 2004
9 May 2003

Japan

Hayabusa
Earth flyby, gravity assist to 25143 Itokawa[42]
Success
4 March 2005
2 March 2004

European Union

Rosetta
Earth flyby, first of four gravity assists to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko[43]
Success
2 August 2005
3 August 2004

United States

MESSENGER
Earth flyby, first gravity assist to Mercury[44]
Success
15 January 2006
27 February 1999

United States

Stardust
Earth flyby and sample return capsule reentry[40]
Success
24 October 2006
3 August 2004

United States

MESSENGER
Venus flyby, second gravity assist to Mercury[44]
Success
25 February 2007
2 March 2004

European Union

Rosetta
Mars flyby, second of four gravity assists to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko[43]
Success
28 February 2007
19 January 2006

United States

New Horizons
Jupiter flyby, gravity assist to Pluto/Charon system
Success
5 June 2007
3 August 2004

United States

MESSENGER
Venus flyby, third gravity assist to Mercury. Also characterized the planet's atmosphere.[44]
Success
13 November 2007
2 March 2004

European Union

Rosetta
Earth flyby, third of four gravity assists to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko[43]
Success
31 December 2007
12 January 2005

United States

Deep Impact (EPOXI)
Earth flyby[45]
Success
14 January 2008
3 August 2004

United States

MESSENGER
Mercury flyby, fourth gravity assist before orbital insertion and primary mission[44]
Success
6 October 2008
3 August 2004

United States

MESSENGER
Mercury flyby, fifth gravity assist before orbital insertion and primary mission[44]
Success
29 December 2008
12 January 2005

United States

Deep Impact (EPOXI)
Earth flyby[45]
Success
14 January 2009
27 February 1999

United States

Stardust
Earth flyby, gravity assist to 9P/Tempel[40]
Success
18 February 2009
27 September 2007

United States

Dawn
Mars flyby, gravity assist to 4 Vesta[46]
Success
29 June 2009
12 January 2005

United States

Deep Impact (EPOXI)
Earth flyby (distant)[47]
Success
29 September 2009
3 August 2004

United States

MESSENGER
Mercury flyby, sixth and final gravity assist before orbital insertion and primary mission[44]
Success
13 November 2009
2 March 2004

European Union

Rosetta
Earth flyby, last of four gravity assists to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko[43]
Success
28 December 2009
12 January 2005

United States

Deep Impact (EPOXI)
Earth flyby (distant)[47]
Success
27 June 2010
12 January 2005

United States

Deep Impact (EPOXI)
Earth flyby[45]
Success
6 December 2010
20 May 2010

Japan

Akatsuki
Venus flyby (inadvertent; was intended to be orbit insertion; later successfully inserted into orbit in 2015)[48]
Failure
8 December 2010
20 May 2010

Japan

IKAROS
Venus flyby, probe was a technological demonstrator that launched with Akatsuki[49]
Success
9 October 2013
5 August 2011

United States

Juno
Earth flyby, gravity assist to Jupiter[50]
Success
14 July 2015
19 January 2006

United States

New Horizons

First and only Pluto/Charon flyby[Note 1][51]
Success
3 December 2015
3 December 2014

Japan

Hayabusa2
Earth flyby, gravity assist to 162173 Ryugu[52]
Success
22 September 2017
8 September 2016

United States

OSIRIS-REx
Earth flyby, gravity assist to 101955 Bennu
Success
3 October 2018
12 August 2018

United States

Parker Solar Probe
Venus flyby
Success
26 November 2018
5 May 2018

United States

Mars Cube One
Mars flyby
Success


Gallery





See also



  • Mariner program

  • Mars program

  • Pioneer program

  • Vega program

  • Venera

  • Voyager program

  • Zond program

  • List of Earth flybys

  • Mars flyby

  • Timeline of the Space Race

  • Timeline of Solar System exploration



Notes





  1. ^ The International Astronomical Union classifies Charon as a moon. See Charon (moon)#Classification for details.




References





  1. ^ "Flyby | Define Flyby at Dictionary.com". Retrieved 2015-07-15..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ "First Planetary Flyby Occurred 50 Years Ago Today". Retrieved 2015-07-15.


  3. ^ Talbert, Tricia (2015-03-25). "New Horizons: The First Mission to the Pluto System and the Kuiper Belt". NASA. Retrieved 2018-10-20.


  4. ^ "Spacecraft Galileo: To Jupiter and Its Moons". Space.com. Retrieved 2018-10-20.


  5. ^ "Spacecraft Galileo: To Jupiter and Its Moons". Space.com. Retrieved 2018-10-20.


  6. ^ "Venera 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.


  7. ^ "Mariner 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.


  8. ^ "Mars 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.


  9. ^ "Zond 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.


  10. ^ "Mariner 4". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.


  11. ^ "Zond 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.


  12. ^ "Venera 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.


  13. ^ "Mariner 5". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.


  14. ^ "Mariner 6". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.


  15. ^ "Mariner 7". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.


  16. ^ "Pioneer 10". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.


  17. ^ abcd "Mariner 10". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.


  18. ^ "Mars 4". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.


  19. ^ "Mars 7". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.


  20. ^ "Mars 6". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.


  21. ^ ab "Pioneer 11". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.


  22. ^ "Venera 12". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.


  23. ^ "Venera 11". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.


  24. ^ ab "Voyager 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.


  25. ^ abcd "Voyager 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.


  26. ^ "Venera 13". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.


  27. ^ "Venera 14". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.


  28. ^ "Vega 1". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.


  29. ^ "Vega 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.


  30. ^ abc "Galileo - In Depth | Missions - NASA Solar System Exploration". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 2015-12-23.


  31. ^ "Giotto". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.


  32. ^ "Sakigake". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.


  33. ^ "Ulysses - In Depth | Missions - NASA Solar System Exploration". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 2015-12-23.


  34. ^ "Mars Observer". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.


  35. ^ "NEAR Shoemaker". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.


  36. ^ "Cassini Completes First Venus Flyby". Cassini Solstice Mission. Retrieved 2015-12-23.


  37. ^ "Cassini Completes Second Venus Flyby". Cassini Solstice Mission. Retrieved 2015-12-23.


  38. ^ "Cassini Completes Earth Flyby". Cassini Solstice Mission. Retrieved 2015-12-23.


  39. ^ "Press release: Cassini Celebrates 10 Years Since Jupiter Encounter". NASA. December 29, 2010.


  40. ^ abc "Stardust/NExT". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.


  41. ^ abc "Nozomi". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.


  42. ^ "Hayabusa". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.


  43. ^ abcd "Rosetta". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.


  44. ^ abcdef "MESSENGER". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.


  45. ^ abc "Deep Impact/EPOXI". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.


  46. ^ "Dawn". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.


  47. ^ ab "NASA - EPOXI Mission - Mission". epoxi.umd.edu. Archived from the original on 2009-12-14. Retrieved 2015-12-23.


  48. ^ "Akatsuki". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.


  49. ^ "IKAROS". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2016-01-05.


  50. ^ "Juno". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.


  51. ^ "New Horizons Pluto Kuiper Belt Flyby". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.


  52. ^ "Hayabusa 2". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-23.









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