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.50 BMG
.50 BMG
	; From left: .50 BMG, 300 Win Mag, .308 Winchester, 7.62×39mm, 5.56×45mm NATO, .22 Long Rifle; ;
Type	Heavy machine gun/anti-materiel rifle
Place of origin	United States
Service history
In service	1921–present
Used by	; NATO and many other countries
Wars	; World War II; Korean War; Vietnam War; Cambodian Civil War; Falklands War; Persian Gulf War; Global War on Terrorism; Iraq War; War in Afghanistan; Syrian Civil War; Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017); Yemeni Civil War (2015–present); Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen; Saudi–Yemeni border conflict (2015–present);
Production history
Designer	Winchester Repeating Arms Co. and Frankford Arsenal
Specifications
Parent case;	.30-06 Springfield
Case type	Rimless, bottleneck
; Bullet diameter	.510 in (13.0 mm)
Neck diameter	.560 in (14.2 mm)
Shoulder diameter	.735 in (18.7 mm)
Base diameter	.804 in (20.4 mm)
Rim diameter	.804 in (20.4 mm)
Rim thickness	.083 in (2.1 mm)
Case length	3.91 in (99 mm)
Overall length	5.45 in (138 mm)
Case capacity	292.8 gr H2O (18.97 cm3)
; Primer type	#35 Arsenal Primer
Maximum pressure (TM43-0001-27)	54,923 psi (378.68 MPa)
Maximum pressure (EPVAT)	60,481 psi (417.00 MPa)
Maximum pressure (C.I.P.)	53,664 psi (370.00 MPa)
Ballistic performance
	;
	; Test barrel length: 45 in (1,100 mm); Source(s): Ammoguide.com ;

The .50 Browning Machine Gun (.50 BMG, 12.7×99mm NATO and designated as the 50 Browning by the C.I.P.^[1]) is a cartridge developed for the Browning .50 caliber machine gun in the late 1910s, entering official service in 1921. Under STANAG 4383, it is a standard cartridge for NATO forces as well as many non-NATO countries. The cartridge itself has been made in many variants: multiple generations of regular ball, tracer, armor-piercing (AP), incendiary, and saboted sub-caliber rounds. The rounds intended for machine guns are made into a continuous belt using metallic links.

The .50 BMG cartridge is also used in long-range target and anti-materiel rifles, as well as other .50-caliber machine guns.

A wide variety of ammunition is available, and the availability of match grade ammunition has increased the usefulness of .50 caliber rifles by allowing more accurate fire than lower quality rounds.^[3]

History

John Browning had the idea for this round during World War I in response to a need for an anti-aircraft weapon, based on a scaled-up .30-06 Springfield design, used in a machine gun based on a scaled-up M1919/M1917 design that Browning had initially developed around 1900 (but which was not adopted by the U.S. military until 1917, hence the model designation).^[4] Armor-piercing incendiary tracer (APIT) rounds were especially effective against aircraft, and the AP rounds and armor-piercing incendiary (API) rounds were excellent for destroying concrete bunkers, structures, and lighter armored fighting vehicles (AFVs). The API and APIT rounds left a flash, report, and smoke on contact, useful in detecting strikes on targets.^[5]

The development of the .50 BMG round is sometimes confused with the German 13.2 mm TuF, which was developed by Germany for an anti-tank rifle to combat British tanks during WWI and against aircraft. According to the American Rifleman: "Actually, the Browning .50 originated in the Great War. American interest in an armor-piercing cartridge was influenced by the marginal French 11 mm design, prompting U.S. Army Ordnance officers to consult Browning. They wanted a heavy projectile at 2700 feet per second (f.p.s.), but the ammunition did not exist. Browning pondered the situation and, according to his son John, replied, 'Well, the cartridge sounds pretty good to start. You make up some cartridges and we'll do some shooting.'"^[6]

The American Rifleman further explains that development was "[r]eputedly influenced by Germany's 13.2x92 mm SR (.53-cal.) anti-tank rifle" and that then "Ordnance contracted with Winchester to design a .50-cal. cartridge. Subsequently, Frankford Arsenal took over from Winchester, producing the historic .50 BMG or 12.7x99 mm cartridge. The Army then returned to John Browning for the actual gun. Teamed with Colt, he produced prototypes ready for testing and, ironically, completed them by Nov. 11, 1918—the Great War's end."^[6]

The round was put into use in the M1921 Browning machine gun. This gun was later developed into the M2HB Browning which with its .50 caliber armor-piercing cartridges went on to function as an anti-aircraft and anti-vehicular machine gun, with a capability of completely perforating 0.875 inches (22.2 mm) of face-hardened armor steel plate at 100 yards (91 m), and 0.75 inches (19 mm) at 547 yards (500 m).^[7]

The concept of a .50 caliber machine gun was not an invention of this era; this caliber (.50 inch) had been used in Maxim machine guns and in a number of manual rapid-fire guns such as the original Gatling gun, although these were much lower power cartridges.

The .50 BMG cartridge

During World War II the .50 BMG was primarily used in the M2 Browning machine gun, in both its "light barrel" aircraft mount version and the "heavy barrel" (HB) version on ground vehicles, for anti-aircraft purposes. An upgraded variant of the M2 Browning HB machine gun used during World War II is still in use today. Since the mid-1950s, some armored personnel carriers and utility vehicles have been made to withstand 12.7 mm machine gun fire, restricting the destructive capability of the M2. It still has more penetrating power than lighter weapons such as general-purpose machine guns, though it is significantly heavier and more cumbersome to transport. Its range and accuracy, however, are superior to light machine guns when fixed on tripods, and it has not been replaced as the standard caliber for Western vehicle-mounted machine guns (Soviet and CIS armored vehicles mount 12.7×108mm NSVs, which are ballistically similar to .50 BMGs).^{[citation needed]}

Decades later, the .50 BMG was chambered in high-powered rifles as well.^[4] The Barrett M82 .50 caliber rifle and later variants were developed during the 1980s and have upgraded the anti-materiel power of the military sniper.^[4] A skilled sniper can effectively neutralize an infantry unit by eliminating several targets (soldiers or equipment) without revealing his precise location. The long range (over one mile) between firing position and target allows time for the sniper to avoid enemy retaliation by either changing positions repeatedly, or by safely retreating.

Power

A common method for understanding the actual power of a cartridge is comparison of muzzle energies. The .30-06 Springfield, the standard caliber for American soldiers in both World Wars and a popular caliber amongst American hunters, can produce muzzle energies between 2,000 and 3,000 foot-pounds of energy (between 3 and 4 kilojoules). The .50 BMG round can produce between 10,000 and 15,000 foot pounds (between 14 and 18 kilojoules), depending on its powder and bullet type, as well as the weapon it is fired from. Due to the high ballistic coefficient of the bullet, the .50 BMG's trajectory also suffers less "drift" from cross-winds than smaller and lighter calibers, making the .50 BMG a good choice for high-powered sniper rifles.^[8]

Cartridge dimensions

12.7×99mm NATO cartridge dimensions in inch

The .50 BMG (12.7×99mm NATO) cartridge has a capacity of 290 grains H₂O (19 ml). The round is a scaled-up version of the .30-06 Springfield but uses a case wall with a long taper to facilitate feeding and extraction in various weapons.

The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 1 in 15 in (380 mm), with eight lands and grooves. The primer type specified for this ammunition is a boxer primer that has a single centralized ignition point (US and NATO countries).^[9] However, some other countries produce the ammunition with Berdan primers that have two flash holes.

The average chamber pressure in this round as listed in TM43-0001-27,^[10] the U.S. Army Ammunition Data Sheets — Small Caliber Ammunition, not including plastic practice, short cased spotter, or proof/test loads, is 54,923 psi (378,680 kPa). The proof/test pressure is listed as 65,000 psi (450,000 kPa).

Military cartridge types

Left to right, rear: Mk211, spotter, silver tip (armor-piercing incendiary), blue tip (incendiary), black tip (armor piercing), SLAP-T, SLAP, tracer, and ball. Front row are 5.56×45mm NATO and .500 S&W Magnum, for size comparison

The .50 BMG cartridge is also produced commercially with a plethora of different bullets and to a number of different specifications.

Cartridge, caliber .50, tracer, M1: This tracer is used for observing fire, signaling, target designation, and incendiary purposes. This bullet has a red tip.
Cartridge, caliber .50, incendiary, M1: This cartridge is used against unarmored, flammable targets. The incendiary bullet has a light blue tip
Cartridge, caliber .50, ball, M2: This cartridge is used against personnel and unarmored targets. This bullet has an unpainted tip.
Cartridge, caliber .50, armor piercing (AP), M2: This cartridge is used against lightly armored vehicles, protective shelters, and personnel, and can be identified by its black tip.
Cartridge, caliber .50, armor-piercing incendiary (API), M8: This cartridge is used, in place of the armor-piercing round, against armored, flammable targets. The bullet has a silver tip.
Cartridge, caliber .50, tracer, M10: Tracer for observing fire, signaling, target designation, and incendiary purposes. Designed to be less intense than the M1 tracer, the M10 has an orange tip.
Cartridge, caliber .50, tracer, M17: Tracer for observing fire, signaling, target designation, and incendiary purposes. Can be fired from the M82/M107 series of rifles.
Cartridge, caliber .50, armor-piercing incendiary tracer (API-T), M20: This cartridge is used in place of the armor-piercing round against armored, flammable targets, with a tracer element for observation purposes. This cartridge is effectively a variant of the M8 armor-piercing incendiary with the added tracer element. Can be fired from the M82/M107 series of rifles. This bullet has a red tip with a ring of aluminum paint.
Cartridge, caliber .50, tracer, headlight, M21: Tracer for use in observing fire during air-to-air combat. Designed to be more visible, the M21 is three times more brilliant than the M1 tracer.
Cartridge, caliber .50, incendiary, M23: This cartridge is used against unarmored, flammable targets. The tip of the bullet is painted blue with a light blue ring.
Cartridge, caliber .50, ball, M33: This cartridge is used against personnel and unarmored targets. Can be fired from the M82/M107 series of rifles.
Cartridge, caliber .50, saboted light armor penetrator (SLAP), M903: This cartridge has a 355 – 360 gr (23.00 – 23.33 g) heavy metal (tungsten) penetrator that is sabot-launched at a muzzle velocity of 4,000 ft/s (1,219 m/s). The 0.50 in (12.7 mm) diameter sabot is designed to separate after leaving the muzzle, releasing the 0.30 (7.62 mm) penetrator. It is injection molded of special high strength plastic and is reinforced with an aluminum insert in the base section. The cartridge is identified by an amber sabot (Ultem 1000). For use only in the M2 series of machine guns. This round can penetrate 19 mm of steel armor at 1,500 yards (1,400 m).^[11]
Cartridge, caliber .50, saboted light armor penetrator tracer (SLAP-T), M962: Like the M903, this is a SLAP round, with the only difference being that the M962 also has a tracer element for observing fire, target designation, and incendiary purposes. It has a red plastic sabot for identification, and is used only in the M2 series of machine guns.
Cartridge, caliber .50, ball, XM1022: A long-range match cartridge specifically designed for long-range work using the M107 rifle.
Cartridge, caliber .50, M1022 long-range sniper: The .50 caliber M1022 has an olive green bullet coating with no tip ID coloration. The projectile is of standard ball design. It is designed for long-range sniper training and tactical use against targets that do not require armor-piercing or incendiary effects. It exhibits superior long range accuracy and is trajectory matched to MK211 grade A. The M1022 is ideal for use in all .50 caliber bolt-action and semi-automatic sniper rifles.^[12] The bullet remains supersonic out to from 1,500 m (1,640 yd) to 1,600 m (1,750 yd).^[13]
Cartridge, caliber .50, high-explosive incendiary armor-piercing (HEIAP), Mk 211 Mod 0: A "combined effects" cartridge, the Mk 211 Mod 0 HEIAP cartridge contains a .30 caliber tungsten penetrator, zirconium powder, and Composition A explosive. It can be used in any .50 caliber weapon in the US inventory with the exception of the M85 machine gun. The cartridge is identified by a green tip with a gray ring.
Cartridge, caliber .50, armor-piercing incendiary dim tracer (API-DT), Mk 257: The .50 caliber Mk 257 API-DT has a purple bullet tip. The bullet has a hardened steel core and incendiary tip. It is used in the M2, M3, and M85. Dim trace reduces the possibility of the weapon being located during night fire and is visible only with night-vision devices.^[12]
Cartridge, caliber .50, armor-piercing (AP), Mk 263 Mod 2: The .50 caliber Mk 265 has a black tip. The bullet has a hardened steel core. It is used in the M2, M3, and M85.
Cartridge, caliber .50, armor-piercing incendiary tracer (API-T), Mk 300 Mod 0: as with the Mk 211 Mod 0, but with a tracer component. This cartridge likely can be used in any .50 caliber weapon in the US inventory with the exception of the M85 machine gun, as with the Mk 211 Mod 0.
Cartridge, caliber .50, armor piercing explosive incendiary (APEI), Mk 169 Mod 2: This cartridge is used against hardened targets such as bunkers, for suppressive fire against lightly armored vehicles, and ground and aerial threat suppression. It is generally fired either from pilot-aimed aircraft-mounted guns or anti-aircraft platforms, both produced by FN Herstal.^[14] It is identified by a gray over yellow tip.^[15] A tracer variant of it also exists.
Cartridge, caliber .50, ball, Mk 323 Mod 0: Created by the Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division, this cartridge uses M33 ball projectiles in polymer cases instead of brass. It has a clear polymer case, with a standard brass head fused at the bottom. The Mk 323 can be fired from M2HB/M2A1 machine guns and GAU-21/A aircraft guns with the same performance. It gives a 25 percent weight savings over brass-cased ammunition and allows 40 percent more ammunition to be carried for the same weight. The Mk 323's polymer casing is applied to tracer, AP, API, and SLAP projectiles.^[16]^[17]

DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) contracted with Teledyne Scientific Company to develop the EXACTO program, including a .50-caliber guided bullet. Videos published by DARPA show the guided bullet diverting to strike a moving target.^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]

Links used for feeding machine guns

Two distinct and non-compatible metallic links have been used for the .50 BMG cartridge, depending upon the machine gun which will be firing the cartridges. The M2 and M9 links, "pull-out" designs, are used in the Browning M2 and M3 machine guns. Pull-out cloth belts were also used at one time, but have been obsolete since 1945. The M15-series "push-through" links were used in the M85 machine gun.

Legal issues

The specified maximum diameter of an unfired .50 BMG bullet is 0.510-inch (13.0 mm); while this appears to be over the .50 inch (12.7 mm) maximum allowed for non-sporting Title I firearms under the U.S. National Firearms Act, the barrel of a .50 BMG rifle is only .50 inch (12.7 mm) across the rifling lands and slightly larger in the grooves. The oversized bullet is formed to the bore size upon firing, forming a tight seal and engaging the rifling, a mechanism which in firearm terms is known as swaging. Subject to political controversy due to the great power of the cartridge (it is the most powerful commonly available cartridge not considered a destructive device under the National Firearms Act), it remains popular among long-range shooters for its accuracy and external ballistics. While the .50 BMG round is able to deliver accurate shot placement (if match grade ammunition is used) at ranges over 1,000-yard (910 m), smaller caliber rifles produce better scores and tighter groups in 1,000-yard (910 m) competitions.^[22]

In response to legal action against the .50 BMG in the United States and Europe, an alternative chambering was developed. The .510 DTC Europ uses the same bullet, but has slightly different case dimensions. .510 DTC cases can be made by fire-forming .50 BMG cases in a .510 DTC chambered rifle. The new round has almost identical ballistics, but because of the different dimensions, rifles chambered for .50 BMG cannot fire the .510 DTC, and therefore rifles chambered for .510 DTC do not fall under many of the same legal prohibitions. Barrett offers a similar alternative, the .416 Barrett, which is based on a shortened .50 BMG case necked down to .416 caliber (10.3 mm).^{[citation needed]}

A 1999 Justice Department Office of Special Investigations briefing on .50 caliber rifle crime identified several instances of the .50 BMG being involved in criminal activities.^[23] Most of the instances of criminal activity cited in the Office of Special Investigations briefing involved the illegal possession of a .50 BMG rifle. The briefing did not identify any instance of a .50 BMG rifle being used in the commission of a murder.^{[citation needed]}

In the United States, Washington, D.C. disallows registration of .50 BMG rifles, thus rendering civilian possession unlawful.^[24]^[25]California prohibits the private purchase of a rifle capable of firing the .50 BMG through the .50 Caliber BMG Regulation Act of 2004.^[26]Connecticut specifically bans the Barrett 82A1 .50 BMG rifle.^[27] However, .50 BMG rifles registered prior to the enacted bans remain lawful to possess in California^[25]^[28] and Connecticut.^[25]^[29]Maryland imposes additional regulations on the sale and transfer of .50 BMG rifles and other "regulated firearms," and limits purchases of any firearm within this class to one per month, but does not impose registration requirements or any form of categorical ban.^[25]

Within the United Kingdom, it is legal to own a .50 BMG rifle with a section 1 Firearms Certificate.^[30] Applications requesting firearms in this caliber are not subject to any extra scrutiny compared to smaller calibers.^[31]

Contrary to a persistent misconception within the United States Armed Forces, using .50 BMG in a direct antipersonnel role is not prohibited by the laws of war. Writing for the Marine Corps Gazette, Maj Hays Parks states that "No treaty language exists (either generally or specifically) to support a limitation on [the use of .50 BMG] against personnel, and its widespread, longstanding use in this role suggests that such antipersonnel employment is the customary practice of nations." Parks theorizes that the misconception originated in historical doctrine discouraging the use of the M8C spotting rifle—an integral .50-caliber aiming aid for the M40 recoilless rifle—in the antipersonnel role. This limitation was entirely tactical in nature and was intended to hide the vulnerable M40 and its crew from the enemy until the main anti-tank gun was ready for firing; however, Parks concludes that some personnel assumed the existence of a legal limitation on the use of .50-caliber projectiles more generally.^[32]

Typical uses

The primary military use of this round is in the Browning M2HB heavy machine gun.^{[citation needed]}

The U.S. Coast Guard uses .50 BMG rifles to disable outboard engines from armed helicopters during interdictions. Similarly, .50 BMG weapons have attracted attention from law enforcement agencies; they have been adopted by the New York City Police Department as well as the Pittsburgh Police. A .50 BMG round can effectively disable a vehicle when fired into the engine block. If it is necessary to breach barriers, a .50 BMG round will penetrate most commercial brick walls and concrete cinder blocks.^{[citation needed]}

The .50 BMG round has been used as a sniper round as early as the Korean War.^[33] The former record for a confirmed long-distance kill was set by U.S. Marine sniper Carlos Hathcock in 1967, at a distance of 2,090 meters (2,290 yd; 1.30 mi);^[34] Hathcock used the .50 BMG in an M2 Browning Machine Gun equipped with a telescopic sight. This weapon was used by other snipers, and eventually purpose-built sniper rifles were developed specifically for this round.^{[citation needed]}

In June 2017, a McMillan Tac-50 was used by a sniper with Canada's Joint Task Force 2 to kill an Islamic State insurgent in Iraq, setting the world record for the longest confirmed kill shot in military history at 3,540 meters (3,870 yd; 2.20 mi).^[35] Before that record, Canadian Army Corporal Rob Furlong of the PPCLI achieved what was then the longest-range confirmed sniper kill in history when he shot a Taliban combatant at 2,430 meters (2,660 yd; 1.51 mi) during the 2002 campaign in the Afghanistan War.^[36] This was surpassed in 2009 by a British sniper in Afghanistan with 2,475 meters (2,707 yd; 1.538 mi) using a .338 Lapua Magnum (8.58×70 mm) rifle.^[37]^[38]

In addition to long-range and anti-materiel sniping, the U.S. military uses .50 BMG weapons to detonate unexploded ordnance from a safe distance. It can disable most unarmored and lightly armored vehicles.^[39]

Some civilians use .50 caliber rifles for long-range target shooting: the US-based Fifty Caliber Shooters Association holds .50 BMG shooting matches.^[40]

Partial list of .50 BMG firearms

Carbines

Barrett M82CQ (a carbine version of the M82A3)

Bushmaster BA50 carbine (22" barrel version of the BA50)

Serbu Firearms BFG-50 Carbine (22" barrel version of the BFG-50 single-shot bolt-action)^[41]

Rifles

Accuracy International AS50

Accuracy International AW50

Armalite AR-50

Arms Tech Ltd. TTR-50^[42]

Barrett M82/M107

Barrett M95

Barrett M99

Bushmaster BA50^[43]

Desert Tech HTI

DSR-50

EDM Arms Windrunner^[44]

Gepard anti-materiel rifle

L.A.R. Manufacturing, Inc. Grizzly Big Boar

McMillan Tac-50

OM 50 Nemesis^[45]

PGM Hecate II

Pindad SPR-2 and Pindad SPR-3^[46]

Ramo M600^[47]

Robar RC-50

Serbu Firearms BFG-50 (single-shot bolt-action)^[41]

Serbu Firearms BFG-50a (magazine fed semi-automatic)^[48]

Serbu Firearms RN-50 (single-shot modified break-action)^[49]

Steyr HS .50

WKW Wilk

Zastava M93 Black Arrow

Machine guns

STK 50MG

GAU-19

M1921 Browning machine gun

M2 Browning machine gun

M85 machine gun

MAC-58 - did not enter production

Rolls-Royce Experimental Machine Gun - only built as prototype

WKM-B

XM312

XM806 (LW50)

References

^ ^a^b "C.I.P. TDCC sheet 50 Browning" (PDF)..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}

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^ Dunlap, Roy F., Ordnance Went Up Front, Samworth Press (1948), pp. 311–312.

^ ^a^b Barrett Tillman, American Rifleman,February 23, 2017, https://www.americanrifleman.org/articles/2017/2/23/the-50-cal-browning-machine-gun-the-gun-that-won-the-war/

^ Barnes, Frank C., Cartridges of the World, U.S. Army .50 BMG Cartridge Specifications, DBI Books (1989),
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^ Michaelis, Dean (1 March 2000). The Complete .50-caliber Sniper Course: Hard-Target Interdiction. Boulder, Colorado: Paladin Press. pp. 26–34. ISBN 978-1-58160-068-1.

^ NATO Infantry Weapons Standardization, Per G. Arvidsson, ChairmanWeapons & Sensors Working GroupLand Capability Group 1 - Dismounted Soldier NATO Army Armaments Group Archived December 1, 2012, at the Wayback Machine

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^ Janes listing of the FN Herstal .50 cal M3P coaxial weapon system (Belgium).^{[permanent dead link]}

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^ Jarod Stoll and Kathryn Hunt (May 21, 2012). "Advancements in Lightweight .50 Caliber Ammunition" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 19, 2013. Retrieved July 28, 2014.

^ Cox, Matthew (December 15, 2014). "DoD Wants Bullet That Can Change Direction After Being Fired". Military.com. Retrieved April 11, 2016.

^ "EXACTO Guided bullet demonstrates repeatable performance against moving targets 2904152 | weapons defence industry military technology UK | analyse focus army defence military industry army". Armyrecognition.com. April 29, 2015. Retrieved April 11, 2016.

^ "EXACTO Guided Bullet Demonstrates Repeatable Performance against Moving Targets". Darpa.mil. April 27, 2015. Retrieved April 11, 2016.

^ "EXACTO Live-Fire Tests, February 2015". DARPAtv. April 27, 2015.

^ GunWeek.com. "SHOT Show 2006 New Rifles, Shotguns, Pistols Offer Enhanced Performance". Archived from the original on May 21, 2008. Retrieved April 10, 2008.

^ General Accounting Office (1999-08-04). "Weaponry: .50 Caliber Rifle Crime," GAO Office of Special Investigations letter" (OSI-99–15R).

^ "District of Columbia Code". ATF. Retrieved October 4, 2018.

^ ^a^b^c^d "Machine Guns & 50-Caliber". lawcenter.giffords.org. Giffords Law Center. 2018. Retrieved October 5, 2018.

^ "Assembly Bill No. 50". CA Legislature. Retrieved October 4, 2018.

^ "CHAPTER 943 OFFENSES AGAINST PUBLIC PEACE AND SAFETY". Connecticut General Assembly. Retrieved October 4, 2018.

^ Shouse, Neil (July 17, 2017). "Are .50 BMG rifles legal in California?". www.shouselaw.com. Shouse California Law Group. Retrieved October 5, 2018.

^ "Special Licensing and Firearms". www.ct.gov. Connecticut Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection. September 6, 2018. Retrieved October 5, 2018. ...any person who has a Certificate of Possession issued by the Special Licensing and Firearms Unit may possess the Assault Weapon listed on their certificate.... a Certificate of Possession must be obtained prior to January 1, 2014

^ "Home". Fifty Calibre Shooters Association UK. Retrieved July 28, 2014.

^ Home Office (June 2014). "Guide on firearms licensing law" (PDF). Retrieved July 28, 2014.
^{[page needed]}

^ Parks, Maj W. Hays (January 1988). "Killing A Myth". Marine Corps Gazette. Archived from the original on February 28, 2014. Retrieved February 20, 2014.

^ Senich, Peter R. (1993). U.S. Marine Corps Scout-sniper: World War II and Korea. Boulder: Paladin Press. pp. 225–227. ISBN 978-0-87364-710-6.

^ Henderson, Charles (2003). Silent Warrior (2003 ed.). Berkley Books. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-425-18864-4.

^ FIFE, ROBERT (June 21, 2017). "Canadian elite special forces sniper makes record-breaking kill shot in Iraq". Retrieved June 23, 2017.

^ Michael Friscolanti (May 15, 2006). "Friscolanti, Michael (May 15, 2006). "We were abandoned", Macleans 119 (20)". Macleans.ca. Archived from the original on February 24, 2011. Retrieved August 27, 2010.

^ Michael Smith (May 2, 2010). "Hotshot sniper in one-and-a-half mile double kill". The Sunday Times. UK. Retrieved August 27, 2010.

^ Michael Sheridan (May 3, 2010). "British sniper Craig Harrison (The Silent Assassin) breaks record, kills target from 1.5 miles away". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on October 18, 2010. Retrieved August 27, 2010.

^ Cutshaw, Charles Q. (February 28, 2011). Tactical Small Arms of the 21st Century: A Complete Guide to Small Arms From Around the World. Iola: Gun Digest Books. pp. 322–323. ISBN 978-1-4402-2709-7.

^ Match dates at the Fifty Caliber Shooters Association Archived August 2, 2008, at the Wayback Machine

^ ^a^b "Serbu BFG-50". Archived from the original on August 28, 2018. Retrieved February 6, 2019.

^ "Arms Tech Ltd. TTR-50".

^ "Bushmaster Firearms". Bushmaster Firearms International. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved September 3, 2011.

^ "M96 .50 Cal BMG". E.D.M. Arms. Retrieved August 27, 2010.

^ Chris L. Movigliatti. "A.M.S.D. Sa". Amsd.ch. Archived from the original on September 13, 2010. Retrieved August 27, 2010.

^ "PT. Pindad (Persero) - Home". pindad.com. Retrieved July 28, 2014.

^ "RAMO DEFENCE M650 and M600". Securityarms.com. Archived from the original on September 5, 2010. Retrieved August 27, 2010.

^ "Serbu BFG-50a". Archived from the original on August 16, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2019.

^ "Serbu RN-50". Archived from the original on February 27, 2018. Retrieved February 6, 2019.

External links

.50 Caliber Browning (12.7 × 99 mm) Ammunition

[C.I.P._TDCC-1] "C.I.P. TDCC sheet 50 Browning" (PDF)..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}

[2] "50 BMG 750 gr A-MAX Match". Hornady. Archived from the original on October 15, 2016. Retrieved October 8, 2016.

[Sweeney2015-3] Sweeney, Patrick (December 21, 2015). Gun Digest Book of Suppressors. Iola, Wisconsin: F+W Media. p. 177. ISBN 978-1-4402-4540-4.

[Skinner2013-4] Skinner, Stan (November 20, 2013). Shooter's Bible Guide to Extreme Iron. Skyhorse Publishing Company, Incorporated. p. 172. ISBN 978-1-62873-538-3.

[5] Dunlap, Roy F., Ordnance Went Up Front, Samworth Press (1948), pp. 311–312.

[AR50-6] Barrett Tillman, American Rifleman,February 23, 2017, https://www.americanrifleman.org/articles/2017/2/23/the-50-cal-browning-machine-gun-the-gun-that-won-the-war/

[7] Barnes, Frank C., Cartridges of the World, U.S. Army .50 BMG Cartridge Specifications, DBI Books (1989),
ISBN 978-0-87349-033-7, p. 432.

[Michaelis2000-8] Michaelis, Dean (1 March 2000). The Complete .50-caliber Sniper Course: Hard-Target Interdiction. Boulder, Colorado: Paladin Press. pp. 26–34. ISBN 978-1-58160-068-1.

[9] NATO Infantry Weapons Standardization, Per G. Arvidsson, ChairmanWeapons & Sensors Working GroupLand Capability Group 1 - Dismounted Soldier NATO Army Armaments Group Archived December 1, 2012, at the Wayback Machine

[10] "Army Ammunition Data Sheets for Small Caliber Ammunition" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center. April 1994. p. 150. Retrieved August 27, 2010.

[photobucket-11] "albums/oo255/FEDE_EL_SOMALI/1-15". i381.photobucket.com. Retrieved July 28, 2014.

[atk.com-12] "Small Caliber Ammunition" (PDF). ATK. Retrieved August 27, 2010.

[13] Cartridges for Long-Range Sniping Rifles by Anthony G Williams Archived March 14, 2013, at the Wayback Machine

[14] Janes listing of the FN Herstal .50 cal M3P coaxial weapon system (Belgium).^{[permanent dead link]}

[15] Igman Ammunition Cal. 12.7 x 99 mm, APEI, M 02 Archived March 25, 2008, at the Wayback Machine

[16] Crane Using Lightweight .50 Cal Ammo - Kitup. Military.com, September 11, 2011.

[dtic-17] Jarod Stoll and Kathryn Hunt (May 21, 2012). "Advancements in Lightweight .50 Caliber Ammunition" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 19, 2013. Retrieved July 28, 2014.

[18] Cox, Matthew (December 15, 2014). "DoD Wants Bullet That Can Change Direction After Being Fired". Military.com. Retrieved April 11, 2016.

[19] "EXACTO Guided bullet demonstrates repeatable performance against moving targets 2904152 | weapons defence industry military technology UK | analyse focus army defence military industry army". Armyrecognition.com. April 29, 2015. Retrieved April 11, 2016.

[20] "EXACTO Guided Bullet Demonstrates Repeatable Performance against Moving Targets". Darpa.mil. April 27, 2015. Retrieved April 11, 2016.

[21] "EXACTO Live-Fire Tests, February 2015". DARPAtv. April 27, 2015.

[22] GunWeek.com. "SHOT Show 2006 New Rifles, Shotguns, Pistols Offer Enhanced Performance". Archived from the original on May 21, 2008. Retrieved April 10, 2008.

[23] General Accounting Office (1999-08-04). "Weaponry: .50 Caliber Rifle Crime," GAO Office of Special Investigations letter" (OSI-99–15R).

[atf.-24] "District of Columbia Code". ATF. Retrieved October 4, 2018.

[Giffords_50cal_2018-25] "Machine Guns & 50-Caliber". lawcenter.giffords.org. Giffords Law Center. 2018. Retrieved October 5, 2018.

[ca_legis.-26] "Assembly Bill No. 50". CA Legislature. Retrieved October 4, 2018.

[ct_ga.-27] "CHAPTER 943 OFFENSES AGAINST PUBLIC PEACE AND SAFETY". Connecticut General Assembly. Retrieved October 4, 2018.

[28] Shouse, Neil (July 17, 2017). "Are .50 BMG rifles legal in California?". www.shouselaw.com. Shouse California Law Group. Retrieved October 5, 2018.

[29] "Special Licensing and Firearms". www.ct.gov. Connecticut Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection. September 6, 2018. Retrieved October 5, 2018. ...any person who has a Certificate of Possession issued by the Special Licensing and Firearms Unit may possess the Assault Weapon listed on their certificate.... a Certificate of Possession must be obtained prior to January 1, 2014

[fcsa.-30] "Home". Fifty Calibre Shooters Association UK. Retrieved July 28, 2014.

[gov-31] Home Office (June 2014). "Guide on firearms licensing law" (PDF). Retrieved July 28, 2014.
^{[page needed]}

[32] Parks, Maj W. Hays (January 1988). "Killing A Myth". Marine Corps Gazette. Archived from the original on February 28, 2014. Retrieved February 20, 2014.

[Senich1993-33] Senich, Peter R. (1993). U.S. Marine Corps Scout-sniper: World War II and Korea. Boulder: Paladin Press. pp. 225–227. ISBN 978-0-87364-710-6.

[34] Henderson, Charles (2003). Silent Warrior (2003 ed.). Berkley Books. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-425-18864-4.

[35] FIFE, ROBERT (June 21, 2017). "Canadian elite special forces sniper makes record-breaking kill shot in Iraq". Retrieved June 23, 2017.

[36] Michael Friscolanti (May 15, 2006). "Friscolanti, Michael (May 15, 2006). "We were abandoned", Macleans 119 (20)". Macleans.ca. Archived from the original on February 24, 2011. Retrieved August 27, 2010.

[37] Michael Smith (May 2, 2010). "Hotshot sniper in one-and-a-half mile double kill". The Sunday Times. UK. Retrieved August 27, 2010.

[38] Michael Sheridan (May 3, 2010). "British sniper Craig Harrison (The Silent Assassin) breaks record, kills target from 1.5 miles away". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on October 18, 2010. Retrieved August 27, 2010.

[Cutshaw2011-39] Cutshaw, Charles Q. (February 28, 2011). Tactical Small Arms of the 21st Century: A Complete Guide to Small Arms From Around the World. Iola: Gun Digest Books. pp. 322–323. ISBN 978-1-4402-2709-7.

[40] Match dates at the Fifty Caliber Shooters Association Archived August 2, 2008, at the Wayback Machine

[serbu1-41] "Serbu BFG-50". Archived from the original on August 28, 2018. Retrieved February 6, 2019.

[42] "Arms Tech Ltd. TTR-50".

[43] "Bushmaster Firearms". Bushmaster Firearms International. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved September 3, 2011.

[44] "M96 .50 Cal BMG". E.D.M. Arms. Retrieved August 27, 2010.

[45] Chris L. Movigliatti. "A.M.S.D. Sa". Amsd.ch. Archived from the original on September 13, 2010. Retrieved August 27, 2010.

[pindad-46] "PT. Pindad (Persero) - Home". pindad.com. Retrieved July 28, 2014.

[47] "RAMO DEFENCE M650 and M600". Securityarms.com. Archived from the original on September 5, 2010. Retrieved August 27, 2010.

[48] "Serbu BFG-50a". Archived from the original on August 16, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2019.

[49] "Serbu RN-50". Archived from the original on February 27, 2018. Retrieved February 6, 2019.

v t e John Browning
Semi-automatic pistols	FN M1900 Colt M1900 Colt M1902 FN Model 1903 M1903 Pocket Hammer M1903 Pocket Hammerless FN M1905 M1908 Vest Pocket FN Model 1910 M1911 Colt Woodsman Baby Browning Hi-Power
Rifles	Winchester Model 1885 Winchester Model 1886 Winchester 1892 Winchester Model 1894 Winchester Model 1895 Remington Model 8 Remington Model 24 FN Trombone
Shotguns	Winchester Model 1887 Winchester Model 1897 Browning Auto-5/Remington Model 11 Remington Model 17 Stevens Model 520/620 Browning Superposed Ithaca 37
Machine guns	Colt–Browning M1895 Browning M1917 Browning Automatic Rifle Browning M1919 M2 Machine Gun
Cartridges	.25 ACP .32 ACP .38 ACP .380 ACP 9mm Browning Long .45 ACP .50 BMG
Family	Jonathan Browning (father) Val A. Browning (son)

v t e U.S. infantry weapons of World War II and Korea
Side arms	M1911/M1911A1 pistol Colt Model 1903/1908 Pocket Hammerless High Standard HDM M1917 revolver Smith & Wesson "Victory" revolver Colt New Service Colt Official Police
Rifles and carbines	M1903 Springfield M1917 Enfield M1 Garand M1 carbine M1941 Johnson Rifle
Submachine guns	M1928/M1928A1/M1/M1A1 Thompson M3/M3A1 'Grease gun' Reising M50/M55 United Defense M42
Grenades	Mk 2 M7 grenade launcher
Shotguns	Winchester Model 1897 Ithaca M37 Winchester Model 1912 Browning Auto-5 Remington Model 31 Stevens M520-30/M620
Machine guns and larger	M1917 Browning M1918 BAR M1919 Browning M1941 Johnson LMG M2 Browning Lewis Gun Bazooka M2 flamethrower M1A1 flamethrower
Cartridges	.22 LR .45 ACP .38 Special .30 Carbine .30-06 Springfield .50 BMG

v t e British Commonwealth small arms of World War II and Korea
Side arms	Webley Mk IV & Mk VI Revolvers Enfield No. 2 Mk I Revolver Browning P-35 "High Power" Pistol M1911/M1911A1 pistol Smith & Wesson "Victory" Revolver Welrod
Rifles & submachine guns	SMLE No.1 Mk III* & Lee-Enfield No.4 Mk.I Pattern 1914 Enfield Lee–Enfield No.5 Mk.I "Jungle Carbine" Ross Rifle Mk.III De Lisle Commando Carbine Sten Lanchester Sterling Austen Kokoda Owen Gun Welgun M1921/M1928/M1 Thompson
Bayonets	Pattern 1907 bayonet Pattern 1913 bayonet
Machine-guns & other larger weapons	Besa machine gun Bren Gun Charlton Automatic Rifle Lewis gun Vickers MG PIAT Rifle, Anti-Tank, .55 in, Boys 29 mm Spigot Mortar "Blacker Bombard" SBML 2inch Mortar Projector, 2½-inch Mk. II "Northover" ML 3-inch mortar ML 4.2-inch mortar 3-inch Mk. I OSB Gun "Smith Gun" No.2 "Lifebuoy" Flamethrower
Grenades	British grenades of WWI and WW2 Mills Bomb
Small arms cartridges	.303 British 9 mm Parabellum .45 ACP .455 Webley .38/200 .38 Special .50 BMG .55 Boys 15×104 mm Brno

v t e Current UK individual weapons and cartridges
Pistols	L9A1 L106A1 L117A2 L131A1
Assault rifles carbines Designated marksman rifles	L85A2 IW L86A2 LSW L22A2 L129A1 L119A1 HK 417
Sniper rifles	Arctic Warfare Covert L96A1, L118A1 L115A1, L115A3 L121A1 L82A1
Submachine guns	L80A1 (MP5K), L90A1 (MP5K A1) L91A1 (MP5 A2/A3), L92A1 (MP5 SD2/SD3)
Shotguns	L74A1 L128A1
Machine guns	L108A1, L110A1 L7A2 L2A1 (M2HB), L111A1 (M2HB-QCB)
Grenade non-lethal launchers	L17A1/A2 L67A1 L134A1
Rockets	LASM LAW 80 M3 Carl Gustaf L2A1 (ILAW) L142A1 (AT4CS HP)
Missiles	MILAN FGM-148 Javelin Starstreak SAM (shoulder launched or 3-shot multiple launcher)
Mortars	L9A1 M6-640 L16A2
Modern cartridges used	5.56×45mm NATO 7.62×51mm NATO 12.7×99mm NATO .338 Lapua 9×19mm Parabellum 12 gauge

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