Swedish Armed Forces
| Swedish Armed Forces | |
|---|---|
| Försvarsmakten | |
 Coat of Arms of the Swedish Armed Forces. | |
 War flag and Naval Ensign of Sweden | |
| Founded | 1521 (1521) |
| Current form | 1975 |
| Service branches |  Swedish Army Swedish Air Force Swedish Navy Home Guard |
| Headquarters | Stockholm |
| Leadership | |
| Commander-in-Chief | Government of Sweden (Löfven Cabinet) |
Honorary General and Admiral à la suite | King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden[1] |
| Minister of Defence | Peter Hultqvist |
| Supreme Commander | General Micael Bydén |
| Manpower | |
| Military age | 16–70 years old[2] |
| Conscription | Yes[3][4][5] |
| Available for military service | 3,020,782 males, age 18–47 (2017 est.), 2,760,451 females, age 18–47 (2017 est.) |
| Fit for military service | 4,980,592 males, age 18–47 (2017 est.), 1,649,875 females, age 18–47 (2017 est.) |
| Reaching military age annually | 58,937 males (2017 est.), 56,225 females (2017 est.) |
| Active personnel | 22,500[6] |
| Reserve personnel | 34,500 Reservists |
| Expenditures | |
| Budget | SEK 52.7 billion (~€5.13 billion) (2018)[7] |
| Percent of GDP | 1.24% (2015)[7] |
| Industry | |
| Domestic suppliers | BAE Systems AB Saab Bofors Dynamics Saab AB |
| Related articles | |
| History | Military history of Sweden |
| Ranks | Military ranks of the Swedish Armed Forces |
The Swedish Armed Forces (Swedish: Försvarsmakten, literally “the Defense Force”) is the government agency that forms the military forces of Sweden, and which is tasked with defence of the country, as well as promoting Sweden's wider interests, supporting international peacekeeping efforts, and providing humanitarian aid.
It consists of: the Swedish Army, the Swedish Air Force and the Swedish Navy, with addition of a military reserve force, the Home Guard (Swedish: Hemvärnet). Since 1994, all the Swedish armed services are organised within a single unified government agency, headed by the Supreme Commander, even though the individual services maintain their distinct identities. King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden is traditionally attributed as Honorary General and Admiral à la suite.[1]
The military history of Sweden includes several unions and wars with all of its neighbour states, including extended Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War at the times of the Swedish Empire during the 17th and early 18th centuries. Wars with Russia culminated in the Finnish War (1808–1809), with Sweden losing Finland. After losing Finland Sweden instead gained Norway by fighting on the winning side of the Napoleonic Wars which lead to Sweden claiming and receiving Norway as compensation for the loss of Finland. The King of Denmark-Norway was forced to cede Norway to the King of Sweden at the 1814 Treaty of Kiel, resulting in the Swedish–Norwegian War (1814) of which Jean Baptiste Bernadotte of Sweden won which lead to Norway being put into a personal union with Sweden which was dissolved peacefully in 1905. During the World Wars, the Cold War and throughout the 20th century, Sweden maintained a national policy of non-alignment, while the Swedish Armed Forces strength was based upon the concepts of conscription. Conscription being a tradition in Sweden going back to the Viking Age, then known as Leidang.
Sweden was never invaded throughout the world-wars, mainly due to their neutrality and strong defensive power - ranked among the top five armies in the world at this time with its army size peaking during the second world war and cold war with an army a size of about 700 000 active duty soldiers that could be mobilized in late 1945. Sweden also had the 4th largest air-force in the world during the Cold war, consisting of more than 4,000 aircraft. Out of these, no less than 3,574 aircraft were armed fighters along with many hundred bombers. [8]Sweden also had an edge since it produced its own aircraft with companies such as Saab AB which made planes that were equal to the best of the Royal Air Force, the Soviet Union's VVS, and the U.S. Air Force. During the 1950s, it introduced fighters such as the Saab J 29 Tunnan, Saab A 32 Lansen and Saab J 35 Draken. During the Cold War large amounts of money (including funds intended for the Swedish nuclear weapons program) were spent on the Swedish Air Force and domestic airplane production.
After World War II, Sweden considered building nuclear weapons to defend themselves against an offensive assault from the Soviet Union. From 1945 to 1972 the Swedish government ran a clandestine nuclear weapons program under the guise of civilian defense research at the Swedish National Defence Research Institute (FOA). By the late 1950s the work had reached the point where underground testing was feasible. However, at this time the Riksdag prohibited research and development of nuclear weapons, pledging that research should be done only for the purpose of defense against nuclear attack. They reserved the right to continue development of offensive weapons in the future.
The option to continue development of weapons was abandoned in 1966, and Sweden's subsequent signing of the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1968 began the wind-down of the program, which finally concluded in 1972.
In 2010, peacetime conscription was abolished, replacing it with volunteer armed forces including the Home Guard – National Security Force. On March 2, 2017, the Swedish government decided to reintroduce military conscription, meaning 4,000 men and women will be called up for service from 1 January 2018. Sweden also provides information to its citizens in case of an emergency being part of the concept of total defense with pamphlets being sent home to all households. The publication contained information about how to act in a situation of national crisis and most notably, nuclear war. With the end of the Cold War the publication was deemed to be outdated and distribution ceased in 1991. In 2018 the pamphlet was renewed and distributed under the name If crisis or war comes (Swedish: Om krisen eller kriget kommer). Most notably quote include. "Every statement that the resistance has ceased is false." Resistance shall be made all the time and in every situation. It depends on You - Your efforts, Your determination, Your will to survive "
Units from the Swedish Armed Forces are currently on deployment in several international operations either actively or as military observers, including Afghanistan as part of ISAF and in Kosovo. Moreover, Swedish Armed Forces contribute as the lead nation for an EU Battle Group approximately once every three years. Sweden has close relations with NATO and NATO members, and participates in training exercises like the Admiral Pitka Recon Challenge, and Exercise Trident Juncture 2018. Sweden also has a strong cooperation with its closest allies of the Nordic countries being part of the Nordic Defence Cooperation NORDEFCO and joint exercises such as the exercise Northern Wind 2019. In total, about 10,000 people participate in Northern Wind, of which approximately 7,000 come from prioritized cooperation nations: Finland, Norway, the US and the UK.
Contents
1 History
2 Doctrine
3 Organisation
3.1 Armed Forces Headquarters
3.2 Schools
3.3 Centres
3.3.1 Nordic Battle Group
3.4 International deployments
3.4.1 Past deployments
4 Personnel
4.1 From national service to an all-volunteer force
4.2 Re-implementing conscription
4.3 Personnel structure
4.4 Planned size of the Swedish Armed Forces 2011–2020
4.5 Criticism and research
4.6 Ranks
5 Other government agencies reporting to the Ministry of Defence
6 Voluntary defence organizations
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History
The military history of Sweden includes several unions and wars with all of its neighbour states, including extended Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War at the times of the Swedish Empire during the 17th and early 18th centuries. Wars with Russia culminated in the Finnish War (1808–1809), with Sweden losing Finland. After losing Finland Sweden instead gained Norway by fighting on the winning side of the Napoleonic Wars which lead to Sweden claiming and receiving Norway as compensation for the loss of Finland. Norway when by the 1814 Treaty of Kiel, the King of Denmark-Norway was forced to cede Norway to the King of Sweden resulting in the Swedish–Norwegian War (1814) of which Jean Baptiste Bernadotte of Sweden won which lead to Norway being put into a personal union with Sweden which was dissolved peacefully in 1905. During the World Wars, the Cold War and throughout the 20th century, Sweden maintained a national policy of non-alignment, while the Swedish Armed Forces strength was based upon the concepts of conscription. Sweden was never invaded throughout the wars, mainly due to their neutrality and strong defensive power - ranked among the top five in the world at this time with its army size peaking during the second world war with an army a size of about 700 000 active duty soldiers that could be mobilized in late 1945. Sweden also had the 4th largest air-force in the world during the Cold war[9].
After World War II, Sweden considered building nuclear weapons to defend themselves against an offensive assault from the Soviet Union. From 1945 to 1972 the Swedish government ran a clandestine nuclear weapons program under the guise of civilian defense research at the Swedish National Defence Research Institute (FOA). By the late 1950s the work had reached the point where underground testing was feasible. However, at this time the Riksdag prohibited research and development of nuclear weapons, pledging that research should be done only for the purpose of defense against nuclear attack. They reserved the right to continue development of offensive weapons in the future.
The option to continue development of weapons was abandoned in 1966, and Sweden's subsequent signing of the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1968 began the wind-down of the program, which finally concluded in 1972.
In 2010, peacetime conscription was abolished, replacing it with volunteer armed forces including the Home Guard – National Security Force. On March 2, 2017, the Swedish government decided to reintroduce military conscription, meaning 4,000 men and women will be called up for service from 1 January 2018. After twenty years of cooperation with NATO, starting with the Partnership for Peace back in 1994, Sweden was one of five partners granted enhanced opportunities for dialogue and cooperation at the Wales Summit in 2014. The status of Enhanced Opportunities Partner provided a platform for developing a more flexible and individualized relationship, in addition to other partner formats. It coincided with Russia’s illegal annexation of Crimea and military intervention in Eastern Ukraine, and also with Nato defense bill for 2016-2020. Both the need to review Nato's own defense policy and the dramatic signal that a European country was prepared to violate the existing security order using military might, gave momentum to the new partner platform.
Units from the Swedish Armed Forces are currently on deployment in several international operations either actively or as military observers, including Afghanistan as part of ISAF and in Kosovo. Moreover, Swedish Armed Forces contribute as the lead nation for an EU Battle Group approximately once every three years.
During the World Wars, the Cold War and throughout the 20th century, Sweden maintained a national policy of non-alignment, while the Swedish Armed Forces strength was based upon the concepts of conscription. In 2010, peacetime conscription was abolished, replacing it with volunteer armed forces including the Home Guard – National Security Force. In March 2017 the Swedish government decided to reintroduce military conscription from 1 January 2018.[10]
Doctrine
The Swedish Armed Forces have four main tasks:[11]
- To assert the territorial integrity of Sweden.
- To defend the country if attacked by a foreign nation.
- To support the civil community in case of disasters (e.g. flooding).
- To deploy forces to international peace support operations.
Sweden aims to have the option of remaining neutral in case of proximate war.[12] However, Sweden cooperates militarily with a number of foreign countries. As a member of the European Union, Sweden is acting as the lead nation for EU Battlegroups[13] and also has a close cooperation, including joint exercises, with NATO through its membership in Partnership for Peace and Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council.[14] In 2008 a partnership was initiated between the Nordic countries to, among other things, increase the capability of joint action, and this led to the creation of NORDEFCO.[15][16] As a response to the expanded military cooperation the defence proposition of 2009 stated that Sweden will not remain passive if a Nordic country or a member of the European Union were attacked.[17]
Recent political decisions have strongly emphasized the capability to participate in international operations, to the point where this has become the main short-term goal of training and equipment acquisition.[18][19][20] However, after the 2008 South Ossetia war territorial defense was once again emphasized. Until then most units could not be mobilized within one year. In 2009 the Minister for Defence stated that in the future all of the armed forces must capable of fully mobilizing within one week.[21]
In 2013, after Russian air exercises in close proximity to the Swedish border were widely reported, only six percent of Swedes expressed confidence in the ability of the nation to defend itself.[22]
Organisation
Skaraborg & Logistic Rgt
F 17 &
3 Helicopter
F 21 &
1 Helicopter
Naval Base Air Base Infantry Base Mechanized Infantry Base Cavalry Base Artillery Base Air Defence Base Engineer Base
The Swedish multirole fighter, the Saab JAS 39 Gripen.
The Infantry fighting vehicle Strf 90 produced and used by Sweden.
NH90 of the Swedish Armed Forces
The Swedish Visby class corvette.
The Supreme Commander (Swedish: Överbefälhavaren) is a four-star general or flag officer that is the agency head of the Swedish Armed Forces, and is the highest ranking professional officer on active duty. The Supreme Commander in turn reports, normally through the Minister for Defence, directly to the Government of Sweden, which in turn answers to the Riksdag.
The King of Sweden was, before the enactment of the 1974 Instrument of Government, the de jure commander in chief (Swedish: högste befälhavare), but currently only has a strictly ceremonial and representative role with respect to the Armed Forces.[1]
The Swedish Armed Forces consists of three service branches; the Army, the Air Force and the Navy, with addition of the Home Guard (Swedish: Hemvärnet), a military reserve force. Since 1994, the first three service branches are organized within a single unified government agency, headed by the Supreme Commander, while the Home Guard reports directly to the Supreme Commander. However, the services maintain their separate identities through the use of different uniforms, ranks, and other service specific traditions.
Armed Forces Headquarters
The Armed Forces Headquarters is the highest level of command in the Swedish Armed Forces.[23] It is led by the Supreme Commander with a civilian Director General as his deputy, with functional directorates having different responsibilities (e.g. the Military Intelligence and Security Service). Overall, the Armed Forces Headquarters have about 1000 employees, including civilian personnel.[24][25]
Schools
Some of the schools listed below answer to other units, listed under the various branches of the Armed Forces.
- Artillery Combat School (ArtSS) located in Boden
- Armed Forces Technical School (FMTS) located in Halmstad
- Air Warfare Centre (LSS) located in Uppsala
- Armed Forces Interpreter/Interrogator School (TolkS) located in Uppsala
- National Defence College (FHS) located in Stockholm
- Field Work School (FarbS) located in Eksjö
- Air Force Air Officer School (FBS) located in Uppsala
Swedish Parachute Ranger School (FJS) located in Karlsborg
- Flight School (FlygS) located in Linköping/Malmen
- Helicopter Combat School (HkpSS) located in Linköping/Malmen
- Home Guard Combat School (HvSS) located in Södertälje
- Command School (LedS) located in Enköping
- Anti-Aircraft Combat School (LvSS) located in Halmstad
- Military Academy Halmstad (MHS H) located in Halmstad
Military Academy Karlberg (MHS K) located in Stockholm/Karlberg- Land Warfare Centre (MSS) located in Skövde also a detachment in Kvarn[26]
- Naval Warfare Centre (SSS) located in Karlskrona and Stockholm/Berga[27]
Centres
- Armed Forces Centre for Defence Medicine (FömedC) located in Gothenburg, with a section in Linköping
- Armed Forces Logistics (FMLOG) located in Stockholm, Boden, Karlskrona and Arboga
- Armed Forces Intelligence and Security Centre (FMUndSäkC) located in Uppsala
- Armed Forces Musical Centre (FöMusC) located in Stockholm/Kungsängen
- Recruitment Centre (RekryC) located in Stockholm
National CBRN Defence Centre (SkyddC) located in Umeå
- Swedish EOD and Demining Centre (SWEDEC) located in Eksjö
- Swedish Armed Forces International Center (Swedint) located in Stockholm/Kungsängen
Nordic Battle Group
The Nordic Battle Group is a temporary formation of the Swedish Armed Forces, tasked as one of the EU Battle Groups. Sweden was lead nation for a Battle Group during the first half of 2011.
International deployments
Currently, Sweden has military forces deployed in Afghanistan with the NATO-led Resolute Support Mission. Swedish forces were part of the previous International Security Assistance Force (2002–2014) in Afghanistan. Sweden is also part of the multinational Kosovo Force and has a naval force deployed to the gulf of Aden as a part of Operation Atalanta. Military observers from Sweden have been sent to a large number of countries, including Georgia, Lebanon, Israel and Sri Lanka and Sweden also participates with staff officers to missions in Sudan and Chad. Sweden has been one of the Peacekeeping nations of the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission that is tasked with overseeing the truce in the Korean Demilitarized Zone since the Korean war ended in 1953.[28]
Past deployments
A battalion and other units were deployed with the NATO-led peacekeeping SFOR in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1996–2000), following the Bosnian War.
Swedish air and ground forces saw combat during the Congo Crisis, as part of the United Nations Operation in the Congo force. 9 army battalions were sent in all, and their mission lasted 1960–1964.
Personnel
From national service to an all-volunteer force
Chart showing the size of the Swedish Armed Forces 1965–2010. Yellow = number of air wings; Blue = number of infantry regiments; Red = number of artillery regiments; Green = number of coastal artillery and amphibious regiments.
In mid-1995, with the national service system based on universal military training, the Swedish Army consisted of 15 maneuver brigades and, in addition, 100 battalions of various sorts (artillery, engineers, rangers, air defense, amphibious, security, surveillance etc.) with a mobilization-time of between one and two days. When national service was replaced by a selective service system, fewer and fewer young men were drafted due to the reduction in size of the armed forces. By 2010 the Swedish Army had two battalions that could be mobilized within 90 days. When the volunteer system has been fully implemented by 2019, the army will consist of 7 maneuver battalions and 14 battalions of various sorts with a readiness of one week. The Home Guard will be reduced in size to 22,000 soldiers.[29]
| National Service Force 1995 | Selective Service Force 2010 | All-Volunteer Force 2019 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maneuver units | 15 brigades | 2 battalions | 7 battalions |
| Auxiliary units | 100 battalions | 4 companies | 14 battalions |
| Readiness | 1 to 2 days | 90 days | 7 days |
Re-implementing conscription
After having ended the drafting system in 2010, the following years volunteer numbers proved to be insufficient to maintain the armed forces. In 2017, a new conscription system was put into place to draft as many personnel as needed to fill the gap between voluntary recruits and required strength.[30]
Personnel structure
Military personnel of the Swedish Armed Forces consists of:
- Officer OFF/K – Regular continuously serving officers (OF1-OF9).
- Officer OFF/T – Reserve part-time officers (OF1-OF3).
- Specialistofficer SO/K – Regular continuously serving NCO (OR6-OR9).
- Specialistofficer SO/T – Reserve part-time serving NCO (OR6-OR7).
- GSS/K – Regular continuously serving enlisted (OR1-OR5).
- GSS/T – Reserve part-time serving enlisted (OR1-OR5).
- GSS/P – Personnel in wartime placement (OR1-OR5).
K = Continuously
T = Part-time
P = Conscript, for personnel drafted under the Swedish law of comprehensive defense duty
Planned size of the Swedish Armed Forces 2011–2020
| Category | Continuously serving | Part-time serving | Contracted |
|---|---|---|---|
| OFF | 3,900 OFF/K | 2,600 OFF/T | – |
| SO | 4,900 SO/K | included in the above SO/T | – |
| GSS | 6,600 GSS/K | 9,500 GSS/T | - |
| Swedish Home Guard | – | – | 22,000 |
Annual recruitment of GSS is assumed to be about 4,000 persons.
Source:[31]
Criticism and research
In 2008, professor Mats Alvesson of the University of Lund and Karl Ydén of the University of Göteborg claimed in an op-ed, based on Ydén's doctoral dissertation, that a large part of the officer corps of the Swedish Armed Forces was preoccupied with administrative tasks instead of training soldiers or partaking in international operations. They claimed that Swedish officers were mainly focused on climbing the ranks and thereby increasing their wages and that the main way of doing this is to take more training courses, which decreases the number of officers that are specialized in their field. Therefore, the authors claimed, the Swedish Armed Forces was poorly prepared for its mission.[32]
Major changes have been made to the officer system since then.
The transformation of the old invasion defence-oriented armed forces to the new smaller and more mobile force has also been criticized. According to the Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces the present defence budget will not be enough to implement the new defence structure by 2019. And that even when finished the armed forces will only be able to fight for a week at most.[33]
During 2013 several Russian Air Force exercises over the Baltic Sea aimed at Swedish Military targets have made
the future of the Swedish Armed Forces a hot topic and several political parties now want to increase defence funding.[34][35][36]
Ranks
Gen. Micael Bydén, the Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces.
When an army based on national service (conscription) was introduced in 1901 all commissioned officers had ranks that were senior of the warrant officers (underofficerare) and non-commissioned officers (underbefäl). In a reform 1926 the relative rank of the then senior warrant officer, fanjunkare, was increased to be equal with the junior officer rank underlöjtnant and above the most junior officer rank fänrik. In 1960 the relative rank of the warrant officers were elevated further so that
- i. The lowest warrant officer, sergeant, had relative rank just below the lowest officer rank, fänrik.
- ii. The second warrant officer rank, fanjunkare, had relative rank between fänrik and löjtnant
- iii. The highest warrant officer rank, förvaltare, had relative rank between first lieutenant and captain.
In 1972 the personnel structure changed, reflecting increased responsibilities of warrant and non-commissioned officers, renaming the underofficerare as kompaniofficerare, giving them the same ranks as company grade officers (fänrik, löjtnant, kapten). Underbefäl was renamed plutonsofficerare and given the rank titles of sergeant and fanjunkare, although their relative rank were now placed below fänrik. The commissioned officers were renamed regementsofficerare, beginning with löjtnant. The three-track career system was maintained, as well as three separate messes.
A major change in the personnel structure in 1983 (NBO 1983), merged the three professional corps of platoon officers, company officers, and regimental officers into a one-track career system within a single corps called professional officers (yrkesofficerare). The three messes were also merged to one.
In 2008 the Riksdag decided to create a two-track career system with a category called specialistofficerare. When implementing the parliamentary resolution the Supreme Commander decided that some ranks in this category should, like the old underofficerare ranks in 1960–1972, have a relative rank higher than the most junior officers.
Other government agencies reporting to the Ministry of Defence
Swedish Defence Materiel Administration, or Försvarets materielverk (FMV)
Swedish National Service Administration, or Pliktverket
Swedish Defence University, or Försvarshögskolan
Swedish National Defence Radio Establishment, or Försvarets radioanstalt (FRA)
Swedish Defence Research Agency, or Totalförsvarets forskningsinstitut (FOI)
Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency, or Myndigheten för samhällsskydd och beredskap
Voluntary defence organizations
Swedish Home Guard (Hemvärnet)
Lottorna (Swedish Women's Voluntary Defence Service)
See also
- Society and Defence
- Scandinavian defence union
- Gotland National Conscription
- Origins of Swedish conscription system
- Per Albin Line
- Military on Gotland
- Swedish Fortifications Agency
- Swedish National Inspectorate of Strategic Products
- List of Swedish wars
- List of Swedish military commanders
- List of Swedish monarchs
- List of Swedish regiments
- List of military aircraft of Sweden
- List of Swedish military calibers
References
^ abc "Duties of the Monarch – Sveriges Kungahus"..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ SFS 2010:448. Lag (1994:1809) om totalförsvarsplikt. Stockholm: Department of Justice. "Lag (1994:1809) om totalförsvarsplikt". Retrieved 2010-11-13.
^ TT. "Värnplikten återinförs – tusentals kallas till mönstring". SvD.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 2017-03-02.
^ "Regeringen inför värnplikt i Sverige – beslut i dag". Aftonbladet (in Swedish). Retrieved 2017-03-02.
^ Försvarsmakten. "En kombination av frivillighet och plikt". Försvarsmakten (in Swedish). Retrieved 2017-03-02.
^ Försvarsmakten. "Personalsiffror".
^ ab "Statens budget i siffror". regeringen.se. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
^ http://coldwarsites.net/country/sweden/
^ http://coldwarsites.net/country/sweden/
^ Nyheter, SVT. "Värnplikten återinförs – i dag fattas beslutet av regeringen". Retrieved 22 May 2017.
^ Försvarets fyra huvuduppgifter (In Swedish)
^ "Sverige är militärt alliansfritt. Denna säkerhetspolitiska linje, med möjlighet till neutralitet vid konflikter i vårt närområde, har tjänat oss väl." Sveriges säkerhetspolitik Archived 2008-10-19 at the Wayback Machine (In Swedish)
^ "Nordic Battlegroup – Försvarsmakten". Mil.se. 2009-01-19. Archived from the original on June 3, 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
^ Sverige och NATO Archived 2011-06-13 at the Wayback Machine (In Swedish)
^ "Nordic defence cooperation – Försvarsmakten". Mil.se. 2009-03-06. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
^ "Background to cooperation – Försvarsmakten". Mil.se. 2009-03-06. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
^ Ett användbart försvar Archived 2015-02-25 at the Wayback Machine, last paragraph (In Swedish)
^ Försvarsreformen (In Swedish)
^ "Our task – Försvarsmakten". Mil.se. 2007-09-25. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
^ "The Swedish military service system – Försvarsmakten". Mil.se. 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
^ "Ett användbart försvar – med kraftigt stärkt försvarsförmåga". regeringen.se. Archived from the original on 25 February 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
^ Benitez, Jorge (30 April 2013). "Most Swedes doubt Sweden can defend itself". acus.org. Atlantic Council. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
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^ (in Swedish) [1]
^ (in Swedish) [2]
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^ Swedish Armed Forces. "Training Centres". Försvarsmakten. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
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Manpower-numbers are taken from CIA – The World Factbook
External links
Swedish Armed Forces – official website (in English)
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