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Vinkovci
City
Grad Vinkovci City of Vinkovci
Vinkovci promenade
Seal
Vinkovci Location of Vinkovci in Croatia
Coordinates: 45°17′28″N 018°48′04″E / 45.29111°N 18.80111°E / 45.29111; 18.80111Coordinates: 45°17′28″N 018°48′04″E / 45.29111°N 18.80111°E / 45.29111; 18.80111
Country	Croatia
Region	Slavonia
County	Vukovar-Syrmia
Government
• Type	City
• Mayor	Mladen Karlić (HDZ)
Area [1]
• City	94.21 km2 (36.37 sq mi)
Elevation	90 m (300 ft)
Population (2011)[2]
• City	35,312
• Density	370/km2 (970/sq mi)
• Urban	32,029
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code	32100
Area code(s)	32
Vehicle registration	VK
Website	vinkovci.hr

Vinkovci (pronounced [ʋîːŋkoːʋtsi]) is a city in Slavonia, in the Vukovar-Srijem County in eastern Croatia. In the 2011 census, the total population of the city was 35,312,^[2] making it the largest town of the county. Surrounded by many large villages, it is a local transport hub, particularly because of its railways.

Name

The name Vinkovci is supposed to come from the common Croatian personal name Vinko. It was called Cibalae in antiquity. There are several proposed etymologies for Cibalae. Those who advocate that Illyrian was a satem language generally advocate that it comes from Proto-Indo-European *ghebhel (head), in the sense "hill". Those who advocate the theory that Illyrian was a centum language generally advocate that it comes from Proto-Indo-European words *kjey (house) and *bel (strong), so that it means "strong house".^{[3][unreliable source?]}

History

Building in the city center

Kingdom of Hungary stamp cancelled with the Hungarian name VINKOVCE in 1874.

The area around Vinkovci (German: Winkowitz, Hungarian: Vinkovce, Latin: Colonia Aurelia Cibalae, Ancient Greek: Κιβέλαι Kibelae) has been continually inhabited since the Neolithic period. It was made a municipium (the Roman name for town or city) under Hadrian and gained the status of Colonia Aurelia Cibalae during the reign of emperor Caracalla.^[4][5] It was the birthplace of Roman emperors Valentinian I and Valens. The Roman thermal bath is still preserved underground, along with several other Roman buildings located near the center of today's Vinkovci.^[6] The 4th century Battle of Cibalae, between the armies of Constantine the Great and Licinius, was fought nearby.

From 1526 to 1687 it was part of the Ottoman Empire, administratively located in Sirem sanjak (whose seat was in Dimitrofça) within the Budin Eyalet. It was captured by the Habsburg Empire in 1687, which was later confirmed by the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699. Until 1918, Vinkovci (named Winkowcze before 1850)^[7] was part of the Austrian monarchy (Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia after the compromise of 1867), in the Slavonian Military Frontier, under the administration of the Brooder Grenz-Infanterie-Regiment Nr. VII until 1881.

In the late 19th and early 20th century, Vinkovci was a district capital in the Syrmia County of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia. From 1941 to 1945, Vinkovci was part of the Independent State of Croatia. From 17 April 1944 the city was heavily bombed by the Allies due to its important position in transportation.^[8]Vinkovci Synagogue was among the largest and the most prestigious synagogues in Croatia. It was destroyed by the government in 1941–42.

The city and its surroundings were gravely impacted by the 1991–95 Croatian War of Independence. The city was close to the front lines between the forces of Croatia and the rebel Serbs, but it managed to avoid the fate of nearby Vukovar, which was besieged in the infamous Battle of Vukovar. The eastern sections of the town were substantially damaged by shelling, and the nearby village of Cerić was almost completely destroyed. The most significant destruction in the town center were the town library, which burned down to the ground, the town court, the Catholic and Orthodox churches (the Church of Saints Eusebius and Polion and the Church of Pentecost, respectively), both of its hospitals, the town theatre, two cinemas, and a host of businesses and factories. The Church of Pentecost was dynamited by local Croatian forces as retaliation after rebel Serbs forces severely damaged the local Catholic rectory.^[9] In December 1995–96, the Vinkovci rail station served as a rail offloading base for the United States Army's 1st Armored Division en route to Županja to cross the Sava River into Bosnia during Operation Joint Endeavor.

Hotel Slavonija

Bosut river

The Croatian Army has stationed the headquarters of its Armored-Mechanized Guard Brigade at Vinkovci barracks. The current brigade was formed in 2007 and it incorporated two former guards brigades (3rd and 5th) as well as several other units formed in the 1990s during the war of independence.

Geography

Vinkovci is located in the eastern part of the Slavonia region, 19 km (12 mi) southwest of Vukovar, 24 km (15 mi) north of Županja and 43 km (27 mi) south of Osijek. The city lies in a flatland on the Bosut river, at an elevation of approx. 90 metres (300 ft), and has a mild continental climate. Vinkovci is also part of the smaller subregion of Syrmia.

It is connected to all main railroad routes in the region, while state roads D46 and D55 connect it to motorways; river Bosut is not a waterway. Nearby villages and adjacent municipalities include Ivankovo, Jarmina, Markušica, Nuštar, Privlaka and Stari Jankovci.

Demographics

The city administrative area includes the following settlements:^[2]

• 
  Mirkovci, population 3,283


• 
  Vinkovci, population 32,029

In 2011, it was the 17th largest city in Croatia.

By ethnic group, as of census 2011, the population of Vinkovci is:^[10]

• 
  Croats, 92.35%


• 
  Serbs, 4.87%


• 
  Hungarians, 0.46%


• Others, 2.32%

Economy and transportation

Vinkovci railway station

Its economy is primarily based on trade, transport and food and metal processing. Industries include foodstuff, building material, wood and timber, metal-processing, leather and textile. Due to the surrounding farmland, also notable are farming and livestock breeding, and the town hosts a Crop Improvement Centre.

Vinkovci is the main railway junction of eastern Croatia, of railroads leading from Bosnia and Herzegovina toward Hungary and from the capital Zagreb toward Belgrade. The large railway junction, after Zagreb the second largest in Croatia, underlies the importance of transit in Vinkovci.
Vinkovci is also the meeting point of the Posavina and Podravina roads and the intersection of the main road D55 Županja–Vinkovci–Vukovar and several regional roads.

Vinkovci, though it is spelled Vincovci in the book, and its rail station are featured in Agatha Christie's Murder on the Orient Express as the place near which the Orient Express breaks down.

Culture

The town features extremely rich cultural and historical heritage, the most interesting attraction being the pre-Romanesque church on Meraja from 1100, with the coats of arms of the kings Koloman and Ladislas, as one of the most important medieval cultural monuments in Croatia. The building has recently^[when?] had the ancient timber beams removed and a new, modern, brick upper section and roof added.

The most famous annual event, one of the biggest in Slavonia, is the folk music festival "Vinkovci Autumns" (Vinkovačke Jeseni), which includes the folklore show and the presentation of folk customs of Slavonia. It is characterized by a number of original folk music performances, beautiful traditional costumes, a beauty contest, competitions of the manufacturers of kulen (smoked paprika-flavoured sausage), plum brandy and other traditional foodstuffs, and especially by the magnificent closing parade.

The Church of Pentecost in Vinkovci.

Vinkovci's music school Josip Runjanin is named after the composer of the Croatian national anthem Lijepa naša domovino. The Vinkovci gymnasium is named after Matija Antun Reljković, a Slavonian writer who lived in the city in the 18th century.

Monuments and Sights

• Vinkovačke jeseni

Notable natives and residents

• 
  Goran Bare, rock singer (Majke, Hali Gali Halid)


• 
  Vanja Drach, actor


• 
  Mirko Filipović, Kickboxer and Mixed Martial-Arts fighter


• 
  Mavro Frankfurter, last Vinkovci Rabbi


• 
  Carl Heitzmann, pathologist and dermatologist


• 
  Lavoslav Kadelburg, lawyer, judge, polyglot and activist


• 
  Branko Karačić, footballer/manager


• 
  Mario Kasun, basketballer


• 
  Josip Kozarac, writer


• 
  Ivan Kozarac, writer


• 
  Dubravko Mataković, cartoonist


• 
  Dina Merhav, Israeli sculptor


• 
  Eugen Miskolczy, physician


• 
  Otto Miskolczy, entrepreneur and World War II Partisan


• 
  Josip Runjanin, composer of Croatian anthem
  


• 
  Stjepan Šejić, comic-book author


• 
  Rade Šerbedžija, actor


• 
  Erich Šlomović, art collector


• 
  Josip Šokčević, Croatian viceroy


• 
  Sava Šumanović, Serbian painter


• 
  Danijel Ljuboja, Serbian football player


• 
  Theodoric the Great, ostrogothic ruler and king of Italy
  


• 
  Valens, Roman Emperor


• 
  Valentinian, Roman Emperor

International relations

Twin towns — Sister cities

Vinkovci is twinned with:

Sport

A local football club still carries the Latin name for Vinkovci, Cibalia.

See also

• Vinkovci Treasure

References

Bibliography

Notes

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vinkovci.

• 
  Official website (in Croatian)