Congregationalist polity
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Congregationalist polity, or congregational polity, often known as congregationalism, is a system of ecclesiastical polity in which every local church congregation is independent, ecclesiastically sovereign, or "autonomous". Its first articulation in writing is the Cambridge Platform of 1648 in New England. Among those major Protestant Christian traditions that employ congregationalism are those Congregational churches known by the Congregationalist name that descended from the Independent Reformed wing of the Anglo-American Puritan movement of the 17th century, Quakerism, the Baptist churches, and most of the groups brought about by the Anabaptist movement in Germany that migrated to the US in the late 18th century, as well as the Congregational Methodist Church. More recent generations have witnessed also a growing number of non-denominational churches, which are most often congregationalist in their governance.[citation needed]
Congregationalism is distinguished from episcopal polity[1] which is governance by a hierarchy of bishop, and is distinct from presbyterian polity[1] in which higher assemblies of congregational representatives can exercise considerable authority over individual congregations.
Congregationalism is not limited only to organization of Christian church congregations. The principles of congregationalism have been inherited by the Unitarian Universalist Association and the Canadian Unitarian Council. Most Jewish synagogues, many Sikh Gurdwaras and most Islamic mosques in the US operate under congregational government, with no hierarchies.
Contents
1 Basic form
2 Congregational church
3 Baptist churches
4 Churches of Christ
5 Congregational Methodist Church
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
8.1 Footnotes
8.2 Bibliography
9 Further reading
Basic form
The term congregationalist polity describes a form of church governance that is based on the local congregation. Each local congregation is independent and self-supporting, governed by its own members.[2] Some band into loose voluntary associations with other congregations that share similar beliefs (e.g., the Willow Creek Association and the American Unitarian Association).[2] Others join "conventions", such as the Southern Baptist Convention, the National Baptist Convention or the American Baptist Churches USA (formerly the Northern Baptist Convention).[2] In Quaker Congregationalism, monthly meetings, which are the most basic unit of administration, may be organized into larger Quarterly meetings or Yearly Meetings. Monthly, quarterly, or yearly meetings may also be associated with large "umbrella" associations such as Friends General Conference or Friends United Meeting. These conventions generally provide stronger ties between congregations, including some doctrinal direction and pooling of financial resources.[2] Congregations that belong to associations and conventions are still independently governed.[2] Most non-denominational churches are organized along congregationalist lines.[2] Many do not see these voluntary associations as "denominations", because they "believe that there is no church other than the local church, and denominations are in variance to Scripture."[2]
Congregational church
The earmarks of Congregationalism can be traced back to the Pilgrim societies of the United States in the early 17th century. Congregationalism expressed the viewpoint that (1) every local church is a full realization in miniature of the entire Church of Jesus Christ; and (2) the Church, while on earth, besides the local church, can only be invisible and ideal. While other theories may insist on the truth of the former, the latter precept of congregationalism gives the entire theory a unique character among plans of church government. There is no other reference than the local congregation for the "visible church" in Congregationalism. And yet, the connection of all Christians is also asserted, albeit in a way that defenders of this view usually decline, often intentionally, to elaborate more clearly or consistently. This first, foundational principle by which congregationalism is guided results in confining it to operate with the consent of each gathering of believers.
Although "congregational rule" may seem to suggest that pure democracy reigns in congregational churches, this is seldom the case. It is granted, with few exceptions (namely in some Anabaptist churches), that God has given the government of the Church into the hands of an ordained ministry. What makes congregationalism unique is its system of checks and balances, which constrains the authority of the clergy, the lay officers, and the members.
Most importantly, the boundaries of the powers of the ministers and church officers are set by clear and constant reminders of the freedoms guaranteed by the Gospel to the laity, collectively and individually. With that freedom comes the responsibility upon each member to govern himself or herself under Christ. This requires lay people to exercise great charity and patience in debating issues with one another and to seek the glory and service of God as the foremost consideration in all of their decisions.
The authority of all of the people, including the officers, is limited in the local congregation by a definition of union, or a covenant, by which the terms of their cooperation together are spelled out and agreed to. This might be something as minimal as a charter specifying a handful of doctrines and behavioral expectations, or even a statement only guaranteeing specific freedoms. Or, it may be a constitution describing a comprehensive doctrinal system and specifying terms under which the local church is connected to other local churches, to which participating congregations give their assent. In congregationalism, rather uniquely, the church is understood to be a truly voluntary association.
Finally, the congregational theory strictly forbids ministers from ruling their local churches by themselves. Not only does the minister serve by the approval of the congregation, but committees further constrain the pastor from exercising power without consent by either the particular committee, or the entire congregation. It is a contradiction of the congregational principle if a minister makes decisions concerning the congregation without the vote of these other officers.
The other officers may be called deacons, elder or session (borrowing Presbyterian terminology), or even vestry (borrowing the Anglican term) – it is not their label that is important to the theory, but rather their lay status and their equal vote, together with the pastor, in deciding the issues of the church. While other forms of church government are more likely to define tyranny as "the imposition of unjust rule", a congregationally governed church would more likely define tyranny as "transgression of liberty" or equivalently, "rule by one man". To a congregationalist, no abuse of authority is worse than the concentration of all decisive power in the hands of one ruling body, or one person.
Following this sentiment, congregationalism has evolved over time to include even more participation of the congregation, more kinds of lay committees to whom various tasks are apportioned, and more decisions subject to the vote of the entire membership.
One of the most notable characteristics of New England (or British)-heritage Congregationalism has been its consistent leadership role in the formation of "unions" with other churches. Such sentiments especially grew strong in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when ecumenism evolved out of a liberal, non-sectarian perspective on relations to other Christian groups that accompanied the relaxation of Calvinist stringencies held by earlier generations. The congregationalist theory of independence within a union has been a cornerstone of most ecumenical movements since the 18th century.
Baptist churches
Most Baptists hold that no church or ecclesiastical organization has inherent authority over a Baptist church. Churches can properly relate to each other under this polity only through voluntary cooperation, never by any sort of coercion. Furthermore, this Baptist polity calls for freedom from governmental control.[3] Exceptions to this local form of local governance include a few churches that submit to the leadership of a body of elders, as well as the Episcopal Baptists that have an episcopal system.
Independent Baptist churches have no formal organizational structure above the level of the local congregation. More generally among Baptists, a variety of parachurch agencies and evangelical educational institutions may be supported generously or not at all, depending entirely upon the local congregation's customs and predilections. Usually doctrinal conformity is held as a first consideration when a church makes a decision to grant or decline financial contributions to such agencies, which are legally external and separate from the congregations they serve. These practices also find currency among non-denominational fundamentalist or charismatic fellowships, many of which derive from Baptist origins, culturally if not theologically.
Most Southern Baptist and National Baptist congregations, by contrast, generally relate more closely to external groups such as mission agencies and educational institutions than do those of independent persuasion. However, they adhere to a very similar ecclesiology, refusing to permit outside control or oversight of the affairs of the local church.
Churches of Christ
Ecclesiastical government is congregational rather than denominational. Churches of Christ purposefully have no central headquarters, councils, or other organizational structure above the local church level.[a][5] Rather, the independent congregations are a network with each congregation participating at its own discretion in various means of service and fellowship with other congregations.[b][7][8] Churches of Christ are linked by their shared commitment to restoration principles.[8][9]
Congregations are generally overseen by a plurality of elders (also known in some congregations as shepherds, bishops, or pastors) who are sometimes assisted in the administration of various works by deacons.[8][10] Elders are generally seen as responsible for the spiritual welfare of the congregation, while deacons are seen as responsible for the non-spiritual needs of the church.[11] Deacons serve under the supervision of the elders, and are often assigned to direct specific ministries.[11] Successful service as a deacon is often seen as preparation for the eldership.[11] Elders and deacons are chosen by the congregation based on the qualifications found in Timothy 3 and Titus 1.[12] Congregations look for elders who have a mature enough understanding of scripture to enable them to supervise the minister and to teach, as well as to perform governance functions.[13] In lieu of willing men who meet these qualifications, congregations are sometimes overseen by an unelected committee of the congregation's men.[11]
While the early Restoration Movement had a tradition of itinerant preachers rather than "located Preachers", during the 20th century a long-term, formally trained congregational minister became the norm among Churches of Christ.[14] Ministers are understood to serve under the oversight of the elders.[13] While the presence of a long-term professional minister has sometimes created "significant de facto ministerial authority" and led to conflict between the minister and the elders, the eldership has remained the "ultimate locus of authority in the congregation".[11]
Churches of Christ hold to the priesthood of all believers.[15] No special titles are used for preachers or ministers that would identify them as clergy.[16] Churches of Christ emphasize that there is no distinction between "clergy" and "laity" and that every member has a gift and a role to play in accomplishing the work of the church.[17]
Congregational Methodist Church
Methodists who disagreed with the episcopal polity of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South (MECS) left their mother church to form the Congregational Methodist Church, which retains Wesleyan-Arminian theology but adopts congregationalist polity as a distinctive.[18]
See also
- United and uniting churches
Notes
^ According to The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement:
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Churches of Christ from the beginning have maintained no formal organization structures larger than the local congregations and no official journals or vehicles declaring sanctioned positions. Consensus views do, however, often emerge through the influence of opinion leaders who express themselves in journals, at lectureships, or at area preacher meetings and other gatherings.[4]
^ Everett Ferguson wrote, "Churches of Christ adhere to a strict congregationalism that cooperates in various projects overseen by one congregation or organized as parachurch enterprises, but many congregations hold themselves apart from such cooperative projects."[6]
References
Footnotes
^ ab Doe 2013, p. 118.
^ abcdefg Berry 2003, p. 49.
^ Pinson, William M., Jr. (2005). "Trends in Baptist Polity". Baptist History and Heritage Society. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ Ferguson 2004, p. 206.
^ Ferguson 2004, p. 206; Rhodes 2005, p. 124; Garrett 2002, p. 449.
^ abc Baxter, Batsell Barrett. "Who Are the Churches of Christ and What Do They Believe in?". Nashville, Tennessee: Woodson Chapel Church of Christ. Archived from the original on 16 June 2006. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
^ Magida & Matlins 1999, p. 106.
^ Howard 1971, pp. 47, 54–55; Rhodes 2005, p. 124.
^ Ferguson 1975; Ferguson 1996, pp. 323, 335; Howard 1971, pp. 48–53.
^ ab Morgan 2004, p. 298.
^ Roberts 1979, pp. 53–56.
^ Magida & Matlins 1999, p. 106; Wharton 1997, pp. 112–113.
^ Sweet 2003, pp. 38–40.
^ Matthews 2007, p. 95.
Bibliography
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Dusing, Michael L. (2007). "The New Testament Church". In Horton, Stanley M. Systematic Theology (rev. ed.). Springfield, Michigan: Logion Press. pp. 525–566.
Ferguson, Everett (1975). "Authority and Tenure of Elders". Restoration Quarterly. 18 (3): 142–150. ISSN 0486-5642. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
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——— , eds. (2004b). "Ministry". The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8028-3898-8.
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Grudem, Wayne (2000). Electronic Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine. Whitefish, Montana: Bits & Bytes Computer Resources.
Howard, V. E. (1971). What Is the Church of Christ? (rev. 4th ed.). West Monroe, Louisiana: Central Printers & Publishers.
Hughes, Richard T. (2005). "Churches of Christ". In Hill, Samuel S.; Lippy, Charles H. Encyclopedia of Religion in the South (2nd ed.). Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press. pp. 209–215. ISBN 978-0-86554-758-2.
Klaus, Byron D. (2007). "The Mission of the Church". In Horton, Stanley M. Systematic Theology (rev. ed.). Springfield, Michigan: Logion Press. pp. 567–596.
Magida, Arthur J.; Matlins, Stuart M., eds. (1999). How to Be a Perfect Stranger: A Guide to Etiquette in Other People's Religious Ceremonies. 1. Kelowna, British Columbia: Northstone Publishing. ISBN 978-1-896836-28-7.
Matthews, Rex Dale (2007). Timetables of History for Students of Methodism. Nashville, Tennessee: Abingdon Press. ISBN 978-0-687-33387-5.
Morgan, Peter M. (2004). "Elders, Eldership". In Foster, Douglas A.; Blowers, Paul M.; Dunnavant, Anthony L.; Williams, D. Newell. The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 297–299. ISBN 978-0-8028-3898-8.
Rhodes, Ron (2005). The Complete Guide to Christian Denominations. Eugene, Oregon: Harvest House Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7369-1289-1.
Roberts, Price (1979). Studies for New Converts. Cincinnati, Ohio: Standard Publishing Company.
Sweet, R. B. (2003) [1948]. Now That I'm a Christian. Austin, Texas: Sweet Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8344-0129-7.
Wharton, Edward C. (1997). The Church of Christ: The Distinctive Nature of the New Testament Church. Nashville, Tennessee: Gospel Advocate Company. ISBN 978-0-89225-464-4.
Further reading
"Congregationalism". Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 (11th ed.). New York: Encyclopædia Britannica Company. 1911 [1910]. pp. 928–937.
Loughlin, James F. (1908). "Congregationalism". In Herbermann, Charles G.; Pace, Edward A.; Pallen, Condé B.; Shahan, Thomas J.; Wynne, John J. Catholic Encyclopedia. 4. New York: Encyclopedia Press (published 1913). pp. 239–241.
