Manchester Metrolink



























































































Metrolink
ManchesterMetrolinkLogo.svg

Greater Manchester Metrolink - tram 3009A.jpg

M5000 at Exchange Quay tram stop in August 2011


Manchester Metrolink - Schemaplan.png
Schematic map of Metrolink

Overview
Owner Transport for Greater Manchester
Locale Greater Manchester
Transit type
Tram/Light rail
Number of lines 7
Number of stations 93
Annual ridership 41.2 million (2017/18)
Increase 9.0%
Chief executive Danny Vaughan (TfGM's Metrolink Director)
Headquarters Metrolink Trafford Depot
Warwick Road South
Stretford
Manchester
M16 0GZ
Website www.metrolink.co.uk
Operation
Began operation 6 April 1992 (1992-04-06)
Operator(s) KeolisAmey Metrolink Ltd.
Number of vehicles 120 M5000s (27 more on order)
Train length 28.4 metres (93 ft)
Technical
System length 62 miles (100 km)
Track gauge
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Minimum radius of curvature 25 m (82 ft)
Electrification
Overhead line (750 V DC)
Top speed 50 miles per hour (80 km/h)




Metrolink (also known as Manchester Metrolink)[note 1] is a tram/light rail system in Greater Manchester, England.[8] The system is owned by Transport for Greater Manchester (TfGM) and operated and maintained under contract by a Keolis/Amey consortium.[9][10] In 2017/18, 41.2 million passenger journeys were made on the system.[11]


The network consists of seven lines which radiate from Manchester city centre to termini at Altrincham, Ashton-under-Lyne, Bury, East Didsbury, Eccles, Manchester Airport and Rochdale. Metrolink has 93 stops along 62 miles (100 km) of standard-gauge track[12] making it the largest light rail system in the United Kingdom.[13] It consists of a mixture of on-street track shared with other traffic; reserved track sections, segregated from other traffic, and converted former railway lines.[14] It is operated by a fleet of Bombardier Flexity Swift M5000s.


A light rail system for Greater Manchester emerged from the failure of the 1970s Picc-Vic tunnel scheme to obtain central government funding. A light-rail scheme was proposed in 1982 as the least expensive rail-based transport solution for Manchester city centre and the surrounding Greater Manchester metropolitan area. Government approval was granted in 1988 and the network began operating services between Bury Interchange and Victoria on 6 April 1992, becoming the United Kingdom's first modern street-running rail system; the 1885-built Blackpool tramway being the only first-generation tram system in the UK that had survived up to Metrolink's creation.[15]


Expansion of Metrolink has been a key strategy of transport planners in Greater Manchester, who have overseen its development in successive projects, known as Phases 1, 2, 3a and 3b with the most recent phase, 2CC becoming operational in February 2017.[16][17] Construction work on the Trafford Park Line extension from Pomona to the Trafford Centre commenced in early 2017 with an estimated operational date of 2020/21.[18][19] Furthermore, TfGM have endorsed more speculative expansion proposals for new lines to Stockport, a loop around Wythenshawe, and the addition of tram-train technology.





Contents






  • 1 History


    • 1.1 Predecessors


    • 1.2 Origins


    • 1.3 Construction


      • 1.3.1 Phase 1: Bury, Altrincham and Manchester city centre


      • 1.3.2 Phase 2: Salford Quays, Eccles


      • 1.3.3 Phase 3


        • 1.3.3.1 Phase 3a: Oldham, Rochdale, South and East Manchester


        • 1.3.3.2 Phase 3b: Ashton-under-Lyne, East Didsbury and Manchester Airport




      • 1.3.4 Phase 2CC – Second City Crossing






  • 2 Current works and future expansion plans


    • 2.1 Trafford Park Extension


    • 2.2 Proposed future developments




  • 3 Travelling


    • 3.1 Service patterns


    • 3.2 Tram services


    • 3.3 Ticketing


    • 3.4 Accessibility


    • 3.5 Bicycle policy




  • 4 Operator


    • 4.1 Branding


    • 4.2 Public relations




  • 5 Infrastructure


    • 5.1 Lines


    • 5.2 Stops


    • 5.3 Power supply


    • 5.4 Depots


    • 5.5 Wi-Fi




  • 6 Rolling stock


    • 6.1 M5000


    • 6.2 Ancillary vehicles


    • 6.3 Former fleet


      • 6.3.1 T-68/68A






  • 7 Passenger numbers


    • 7.1 Passenger satisfaction




  • 8 Finances


  • 9 Incidents


  • 10 See also


  • 11 Notes


  • 12 References


    • 12.1 Bibliography




  • 13 External links











Part of a series of articles on
Metrolink


  • Overview

  • History

  • Timeline

  • Stops

  • M5000

  • T-68

  • v

  • t

  • e



History


Main articles: History of Manchester Metrolink and Timeline of Manchester Metrolink


Predecessors


Manchester's first tram age began in 1877 with the first horse-drawn trams of Manchester Suburban Tramways Company. Electric traction was introduced in 1901, and the municipal Manchester Corporation Tramways expanded across the city. By 1930, Manchester's tram network had grown to 163 route miles (262 km), making it the third largest tram system in the United Kingdom. After World War II, electric trolleybuses and motor buses began to be favoured by local authorities as a cheaper transport alternative, and by 1949 the last Manchester tram line was closed. Trolleybuses were withdrawn from service in 1966.[20]



Origins


See also: Picc-Vic tunnel



A 1910 map of Manchester's railways


Greater Manchester's railway network historically suffered from poor north–south connections due to the fact that Manchester's main railway stations, Piccadilly and Victoria,[1][21] were built in the 1840s on peripheral locations outside Manchester city centre.[22][21] The central commercial district had no rail links, and over the years, a number of unsuccessful schemes were proposed to connect Manchester's rail termini.[23] In the 1960s, transport design studies were undertaken to address the problems of increasing traffic congestion.[24] A number of urban public transport schemes were evaluated for Manchester, including several types of monorail systems[25] and metro-style systems.[26][24]


While the monorail schemes were all abandoned, a scheme to create an underground tunnel link gained momentum. The SELNEC Passenger Transport Executive — the body formed in 1969 to improve public transport for Manchester and its surrounding municipalities – promoted the 'Picc-Vic tunnel' project. This was a proposal to link Piccadilly and Victoria stations via a tunnel under the city centre and enable train services to run across the Manchester conurbation.[27][28]Greater Manchester County Council (GMC) inherited the project and presented it to the United Kingdom Government in 1974,[29] but the council failed to secure the necessary funding[30] and the project was abandoned in 1977.[31][32] Inter-station links were provided by the Centreline shuttle bus service for many years.


The Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive (GMPTE), the successor to SELNEC, continued to examine possible rail link solutions. Light rail emerged in the early 1980s as a cost-effective option that could make use of existing railway lines and run through the city centre at street level, eliminating the need for costly tunnelling works.[31] A Rail Study Group, composed of officials from British Rail, GMC and GMPTE formally endorsed the Project Light Rail scheme in 1984.[22] Initial abstract proposals, based on light rail systems in North America and continental Europe,[33] illustrated a draft 62-mile (100 km) network consisting of three lines: Altrincham–Hadfield/Glossop, Bury–Marple/Rose Hill and Rochdale–East Didsbury. To promote the scheme, GMPTE held a public proof of concept demonstration in March 1987 using a Docklands Light Railway P86 train on a freight-only line adjacent to Debdale Park.[34] The Project Light Rail proposals were presented to the UK Government for taxpayer funding;[27] following route revisions in 1984 and 1987,[27][35] Project Light Rail was approved. Because of central government's constraints on financial support for innovative transport projects, funding was granted by HM Treasury with the strict condition that the system be constructed in phases.[27] Additional taxpayer funding came from the European Regional Development Fund and bank lending.[36]



Construction


Main article: History of Manchester Metrolink § Delivery

Parliamentary authority to proceed with Phase 1 construction was obtained with two Acts of Parliament – the Greater Manchester (Light Rapid Transit System) Act 1988 and Greater Manchester (Light Rapid Transit System) (No. 2) Act 1988.[37]



  • Metrolink construction phases 1992–2017




  • Phase 1 (1992)







  • Phase 2 (1999–2000)







  • MediaCityUK spur (2010)







  • Phase 3a (2009–13)







  • Phase 3b (2013–14)







  • Second City Crossing (2017)






Phase 1: Bury, Altrincham and Manchester city centre




Phase 1 construction of the core section of the network near Manchester Piccadilly, 1991


Beginning in July 1991, the first Phase of Metrolink involved the conversion of two suburban heavy rail lines to light rail operation — the Bury-Victoria line in the north and the Altrincham-Piccadilly line in the south — and the construction of a street-level tramway through the city centre to connect the two.[38] Tracks were laid down along a 1.9-mile (3.1 km) route from Victoria station, via Market Street to the G-Mex, with a 0.4-mile (0.64 km) branch to Piccadilly station.[39][40][41] This route is now known as the First City Crossing (1CC), and it was built with network expansion in mind.[42]


A fleet of 26 T-68 light rail vehicles was procured to operate the 19.2-mile (30.9 km) network.[43] Construction was carried out by the GMA Group (a consortium of AMEC, GM Buses, John Mowlem & Company, and GEC)[44] at a cost of £145 million (£275,400,000 as of 2018[45]).[36]


Metrolink was originally scheduled to open in September 1991, but services did not begin until 1992, when the Bury Line opened as far as Victoria on 6 April.[46][47] The first street-level trams began running on 27 April between Victoria and G-Mex (now Deansgate-Castlefield), the Altrincham line opened on 15 June, and the branch to Piccadilly station opened on 20 July.[47] Metrolink was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 17 July 1992.[48][47][49]



Phase 2: Salford Quays, Eccles




A T-68 tram on the Eccles line, opened in 1999–2000 during Phase 2


In Phase 2 the Metrolink network was extended eastwards to Eccles along the new 4-mile (6.4 km) Eccles Line, as part of the 1990s urban regeneration of Salford Quays,[50] increasing the total Metrolink route length to 24 miles (39 km).[51] The extension cost £160,000,000 (£247,140,000 as of 2018).[45][36] and was funded by the GMPTA, the ERDF and private developers.[36][52] It was constructed 1997–99 by Altram (a consortium of Serco, Ansaldo and John Laing) and six new T-68A trams were bought to operate services.[36][52][14] The line was inaugurated by Prime Minister Tony Blair on 6 December 1999,[53] and officially opened by Princess Anne on 9 January 2001.[54]



Phase 3




Phase 3 included the re-opening of the disused railway line through Didsbury


The Phase 3 extension project, nicknamed the "Big Bang", was promoted by GMPTE and the Association of Greater Manchester Authorities (AGMA) in the early 2000s.[55] The project, costing £489,000,000 (£755,300,000 as of 2018), would create four new lines: the Oldham and Rochdale Line, the East Manchester Line, the South Manchester Line and the Airport Line.[56] Phase 3 was put in doubt when central government funding was withdrawn due to increasing costs,[57][55][58] but after negotiations with the Department for Transport, Phase 3 was split into two parts, 3a and 3b, to secure investment.[59][60][61] Phase 3b was delayed after a failed bid to raise funding through the Greater Manchester Transport Innovation Fund and a proposed traffic congestion charge in 2008. GMPTE and AGMA instead funded Phase 3b through a combination of council tax, government grants, Metrolink fares and contributions from the Manchester Airports Group and other bodies. The new 0.25-mile (0.40 km) spur off the Eccles Line to MediaCityUK was funded separately by the Northwest Regional Development Agency.[38][61][14][62] As part of Phase 3, the original blue T-68 trams were also phased out and replaced with a new fleet of M5000 trams, which entered service in December 2009.[63]



Phase 3a: Oldham, Rochdale, South and East Manchester



Phase 3 extended Metrolink to Manchester Airport and introduced a new fleet of trams


Beginning in October 2009, Phase 3a involved converting the 14-mile (23 km) Oldham Loop heavy rail line to light rail operation and adding several new tram stops on the route;[64][65][66] re-opening a disused 1.7-mile (2.7 km) section of Cheshire Lines Committee railway to use as the first part of the South Manchester Line (to St Werburgh's Road); and building a new 4-mile (6.4 km) East Manchester Line as far as Droylsden.[14][16][60][67] When completed in 2013, Phase 3a increased Metrolink's total network length to 43 miles (69 km).[68][69]



Phase 3b: Ashton-under-Lyne, East Didsbury and Manchester Airport

See also: Greater Manchester Transport Innovation Fund

Phase 3b involved the construction of a new 9-mile (14 km) Airport Line to Manchester Airport,[70] and extending three of the new Phase 3a lines: the East Manchester Line to Ashton-under-Lyne;[71] the South Manchester Line to Didsbury;[72] and adding street-running routes through Oldham and Rochdale town centres to the Oldham and Rochdale Line.[73][74][66][75][76] Construction work began in March 2011, and Phase 3b was completed in November 2014 with the opening of the Airport line.[77][78]



Phase 2CC – Second City Crossing




Two trams running on the Second City Crossing (2CC) in Cross Street in 2017


With increased tram traffic brought about by the expansion of the Metrolink network, it became necessary to build a new route across Manchester City Centre to alleviate congestion and improve capacity.[79][80][81]


Known as the Second City Crossing (or 2CC), the project involved laying 0.8 miles (1.3 km) of tram tracks from St Peter's Square tram stop via Princess Street, Albert Square, Cross Street and Corporation Street to rejoin the original Metrolink line just before Victoria station. One new tram stop was built at Exchange Square.[79] The project also involved re-ordering St Peter's Square and re-siting the Cenotaph to accommodate an enlarged tram interchange and junction.[82] Construction began in 2014 and the 2CC route opened fully in February 2017.[83]



Current works and future expansion plans



Trafford Park Extension


The Transport & Works Act Order for the 3.4 mile Trafford Park Line was granted in October 2016.[84][85][86] Enabling works began in January 2017.[87]



Proposed future developments


Main article: Proposed developments of Manchester Metrolink

A number of speculative expansion proposals exist for new lines to Stockport, a loop around Wythenshawe, and the addition of tram-train technology.



Travelling



Service patterns


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Metrolink operating at night (left) and in December snow (right), at Shudehill Interchange and Radcliffe tram stop respectively.


Before inauguration, GMPTE's original concept was for Metrolink's operator to provide a service every ten minutes from Bury to Piccadilly and Altrincham to Piccadilly from 6 am to midnight, Monday to Saturday.[88] Greater Manchester Metro Limited, the system's original operator, argued for adjustments, citing the need to provide an efficient and commercially viable operation in line with vehicle running times and passenger demand.[88] Due to power limitations, this pattern was modified to a twelve-minute service throughout the day, doubling to a six-minute service in peak periods, resulting in a "ten trams per hour" service pattern on routes running from Altrincham and Bury to Manchester every six minutes.[88] Operators are required to provide this level of service at least 98% of the time, or incur a financial penalty charge.[89] This six-minute service pattern has been adopted on the rest of the network as the system has grown.[68][90][91] Heavy snowfall during the winter of 2009/10 impaired Metrolink services and the operator was criticised for failing to have cold weather procedures.[92] This prompted a programme to improve reliability and performance of the system in freezing conditions.[92][93] Metrolink operated icebreaker-style vehicles at night during snowfall in January 2013 to provide normal services.[94]


In January 2016, Transport for Greater Manchester agreed a baseline Service Specification to grade bidders seeking to operate the concession from July 2017; once the Second City Crossing is in operation. In the baseline service pattern, there are no designated 'peak' periods of service operation; instead there will be an 'enhanced' service operating from start of service to 8pm Monday to Friday, and to 6pm Saturday; and a 'core' service running at all other times. In the 'enhanced' service pattern, trams will run with a 6-minute frequency to Shaw & Oldham, Bury, Ashton, Altrincham, Manchester Airport and East Didsbury; and with a 12-minute frequency to Rochdale, Eccles and MediacityUK. When the Trafford line opens, services will run to the Trafford Centre with a 12-minute frequency. In the 'core' service pattern, all lines will run with a 12-minute frequency.[95]



Tram services


Daytime services[96]


The following services run 07:15–19:30 on weekdays and 09:30–18:00 on Saturdays.


Six services which run every 12 minutes and one service (5) which runs every 6 minutes along most of its length:




  •  1  Altrincham – Bury


  •  2  Altrincham – Piccadilly


  •  3  Ashton-under-Lyne – Eccles


  •  4  Bury – Piccadilly


  •  5  East Didsbury – Shaw and Crompton (every 6 minutes) – half continue to Rochdale Town Centre (every 12 minutes)


  •  6  Manchester Airport – Victoria


  •  7  MediaCityUK – Etihad Campus


Thus the combined frequency for some routes is at least every 6 minutes if not greater.


All-day services[96]


The following services run all day from 06:00 until 23:30 on Mondays to Thursdays, and from 06:00 until 00:30 on Fridays and Saturdays, and from 07:00 – 22:30 on Sundays and bank holidays.


Five services which all run every 12 minutes:




  •  2  Altrincham – Piccadilly


  •  3  Ashton-under-Lyne – Eccles (via MediaCityUK outside daytime hours)


  •  4  Bury – Piccadilly


  •  5  East Didsbury – Rochdale Town Centre


  •  6  Manchester Airport – Victoria


Early morning service[96]


The early morning service operates 03:19–06:00 Monday to Saturday and 03:19–07:00 on Sundays and bank holidays.


One service which runs every 20 minutes:



  •  6  Manchester Airport – Deansgate-Castlefield

This is largely to support airport shift workers and people with early flights.






























Metrolink service map and routes[97]

Manchester Metrolink - Schemaplan.png

1 Altrincham – Bury
(daytime hours only)
2 Altrincham – Piccadilly
3 Eccles – Ashton-under-Lyne
(via MediaCityUK outside daytime hours)



  • Altrincham National RailBus interchange


  • Navigation Road National Rail

  • Timperley

  • Brooklands

  • Sale

  • Dane Road

  • Stretford

  • Old Trafford

  • Trafford Bar

  • Cornbrook


  • Deansgate-Castlefield (National RailDeansgate)

  • St Peter's Square

  • Market Street


  • Shudehill Bus interchange


  • Victoria National Rail

  • Queens Road

  • Abraham Moss

  • Crumpsall

  • Bowker Vale

  • Heaton Park

  • Prestwich

  • Besses o' th' Barn

  • Whitefield

  • Radcliffe


  • Bury Bus interchange


  • Altrincham National RailBus interchange


  • Navigation Road National Rail

  • Timperley

  • Brooklands

  • Sale

  • Dane Road

  • Stretford

  • Old Trafford

  • Trafford Bar

  • Cornbrook


  • Deansgate-Castlefield (National RailDeansgate)

  • St Peter's Square


  • Piccadilly Gardens Bus interchange


  • Piccadilly National Rail


  • Eccles Bus interchange (National RailEccles)

  • Ladywell

  • Weaste

  • Langworthy

  • Broadway


  • MediaCityUK (outside daytime hours only)

  • Harbour City

  • Anchorage

  • Salford Quays

  • Exchange Quay

  • Pomona

  • Cornbrook


  • Deansgate-Castlefield (National RailDeansgate)


  • Piccadilly Gardens Bus interchange


  • Piccadilly National Rail

  • New Islington

  • Holt Town

  • Etihad Campus

  • Velopark

  • Clayton Hall

  • Edge Lane

  • Cemetery Road

  • Droylsden

  • Audenshaw

  • Ashton Moss

  • Ashton West


  • Ashton-under-Lyne Bus interchange (National RailAshton-under-Lyne)

4 Bury – Piccadilly
5 East Didsbury – Rochdale Town Centre
(double frequency, daytime hours, East Didsbury – Shaw and Crompton)
6 Manchester Airport – Victoria
(early morning services Manchester Airport – Deansgate-Castlefield)



  • Bury Bus interchange

  • Radcliffe

  • Whitefield

  • Besses o'th' Barn

  • Prestwich

  • Heaton Park

  • Bowker Vale

  • Crumpsall

  • Abraham Moss

  • Queens Road


  • Victoria National Rail


  • Shudehill Bus interchange

  • Market Street


  • Piccadilly Gardens Bus interchange


  • Piccadilly National Rail

  • East Didsbury

  • Didsbury Village

  • West Didsbury

  • Burton Road

  • Withington

  • St Werburgh's Road

  • Chorlton

  • Firswood

  • Trafford Bar

  • Cornbrook


  • Deansgate-Castlefield (National RailDeansgate)

  • St Peter's Square

  • Exchange Square


  • Victoria National Rail

  • Monsall

  • Central Park

  • Newton Heath and Moston

  • Failsworth

  • Hollinwood

  • South Chadderton

  • Freehold

  • Westwood

  • Oldham King Street

  • Oldham Central

  • Oldham Mumps

  • Derker

  • Shaw and Crompton

  • Newhey

  • Milnrow

  • Kingsway Business Park

  • Newbold


  • Rochdale railway station National Rail

  • Rochdale Town Centre


  • Manchester Airport Airport interchangeNational RailBus interchange

  • Shadowmoss

  • Peel Hall

  • Robinswood Road


  • Wythenshawe Town Centre Bus interchange

  • Crossacres

  • Benchill

  • Martinscroft

  • Roundthorn

  • Baguley

  • Moor Road

  • Wythenshawe Park

  • Northern Moor

  • Sale Water Park

  • Barlow Moor Road

  • St Werburgh's Road

  • Chorlton

  • Firswood

  • Trafford Bar

  • Cornbrook


  • Deansgate-Castlefield (National RailDeansgate)

  • St Peter's Square

  • Market Street


  • Shudehill Bus interchange


  • Victoria National Rail

7 MediaCityUK – Etihad Campus
(daytime hours only)


  • MediaCityUK

  • Harbour City

  • Anchorage

  • Salford Quays

  • Exchange Quay

  • Pomona

  • Cornbrook


  • Deansgate-Castlefield (National RailDeansgate)

  • St Peter's Square


  • Piccadilly Gardens Bus interchange


  • Piccadilly National Rail

  • New Islington

  • Holt Town

  • Etihad Campus



Ticketing




Metrolink Ticket Vending Machine at Bury Interchange


Metrolink fares were originally set by the system's operator,[88] but are now set by the TfGM Committee at levels that cover both the running costs and the cost of borrowing that has part-funded the expansion of the system;[98] Metrolink receives no public subsidy.[99][100] Fares typically rise each January above the rate of inflation.[101][102] The fare tariff is based on a division of the network's stops into fare zones.[103] Persons under 16 years of age, persons of pensionable age, and people with disabilities qualify for concessionary fares, some of which are mandatory and others discretionary, as determined by the Greater Manchester Combined Authority.[98] The Greater Manchester Combined Authority permits reduced fares for persons under 16 years of age, and free or reduced fares on Metrolink after 9:30 a.m. for pensioners.[98] In normal circumstances, tickets cannot be purchased on board Metrolink vehicles, and must be purchased from a ticket vending machine before boarding the vehicle.[104]


Fare evasion in 2006 was estimated at 2–6% of all users,[105] and in 2012 at 2.5% of all users.[106] Checking tickets and passes and issuing Standard fares is the responsibility of Metrolink's Passenger Services Representatives (PSRs), who provide security and assistance on the network;[107][106] between 1992 and 2008, Greater Manchester Police had a dedicated Metrolink unit responsible for policing the system.[108]


The original ticket vending machines were designed by Thorn EMI.[103] In 2005 GMPTE announced that rail passengers travelling from within Greater Manchester into Manchester city centre can use the Metrolink service between the nine City Zone stops for free.[109] Passengers must present a valid rail ticket, correctly dated with Manchester Ctlz as the destination.[110][111] In 2007 TfGM rolled out new ticket vending machines, designed to accept credit/debit card payments and permit the purchase of multiple tickets in a single transaction.[112] These were replaced in 2009 with touchscreen machines, designed with the Scheidt & Bachmann Ticket XPress system.[113] In October 2012, TfGM announced it was devising a simpler zonal fare system, comparable to London fare zones, and preparing to introduce get me there, the region's new contactless smartcard system, for use on all public transport modes in Greater Manchester, including Metrolink.[101] After years of consultation, zonal fare system consisting of four zones will be implemented on 13 January 2019.[114]



Accessibility


Metrolink trams and stops have been designed to be accessible to disabled passengers: each stop has been provided with access ramps or lifts, tactile paving, high visibility handrails, disabled boarding points and help points on the platforms. The trams have also been designed with large areas available for the provision of wheelchairs and pushchairs.[115]


Mobility scooters were originally banned from Metrolink, however in 2014 a scheme was introduced whereby scooters could be allowed on trams, provided they have a permit which can be obtained after an assessment of the scooter's size and manoeuvrability.[116]



Bicycle policy


Metrolink does not allow full sized bicycles on to trams, but does permit the carriage of "fully covered" folding bicycles. The ban on non-folding bicycles was upheld in 2010, despite a campaign by cycling and green groups for the trams to be adapted to allow them.[117] Campaigners against the policy had argued that the ban on bicycles was anomalous, as other large objects such as ironing boards and deckchairs were allowed on the trams under current rules.[118]



Operator




Metrolink stops are marked with yellow totems, such as this one at MediaCityUK


Metrolink is owned by TfGM and operated and maintained by private transport firms under an operating and maintenance (O&M) contract. Between 1992 and 1997 Metrolink was operated and maintained as a concession by Greater Manchester Metro Limited, between 1997 and 2007 by Serco.[119] When next tendered, a 10-year contract was awarded to the Stagecoach Group from 15 July 2007.[120][121][122][123] On 1 August 2011, RATP Group bought the balance of the contract from Stagecoach.[9][10][92]


In October 2015, TfGM announced RATP Group, Keolis/Amey, National Express and Transdev had been shortlisted to bid for the next contract starting in July 2017.[124] In January 2017, the Keolis/Amey consortium were announced as the successful bidder for the seven-year contract from 15 July 2017.[125][126]



Branding


See also: History of Manchester Metrolink § Branding and publicity



The Metrolink logo device




Brand transition: T-68 & M5000 trams in old and new livery in 2011


The standard corporate identity across the Metrolink system uses a pale yellow and metallic silver colour scheme, with a logotype that consists of a diamond motif formed from a pattern of repeating circles and the Metrolink name. The logo, signage and publicity use the Pantograph sans regular typeface. Tram livery features yellow at the vehicle ends with grey sides and black doors, and a pattern of circles.


The corporate identity was created in October 2008 by Hemisphere Design & Marketing Consultants of Manchester, in collaboration with designer Peter Saville and the transport design agency Design Triangle.[127][128][38] The Pantograph typeface was specially commissioned from the Dalton Maag type foundry.[129] The design standard was applied to the Metrolink network when the new M5000 trams were introduced to the network.[130] Yellow was chosen by Hemisphere for its high visibility and to reflect Greater Manchester's culture of confidence and optimism.[131]


When the Metrolink network first came into operation in 1992, it used a system-wide colour scheme and vehicle livery of aquamarine, black and grey, along with a stylised "M" monogram placed at an angle within a circle. This branding, along with the Metrolink brand name, was devised by Fitch RS and Design Triangle,[132][133] and first revealed at a press launch in June 1988.[134][135] Prior to this, during the planning stage, the system was known as "Light Rapid Transit" (LRT) and promotional material used an orange and brown identity used by Greater Manchester Transport and GM Buses.[136][137]



Public relations


Transport planners in Greater Manchester describe Metrolink as both "an icon of Greater Manchester",[138] and "an integral part of the landscape in Greater Manchester".[139]The Guardian describes Metrolink as "Manchester's efficient and much-loved tram system".[57] Under ownership of the Guardian Media Group, the Manchester Evening News spearheaded the Get Our Metrolink Back on Track campaign in 2004–05.[140] Under Trinity Mirror ownership, the Manchester Evening News used the Freedom of Information Act 2000 to reveal that Metrolink received over 10,000 complaints between May 2011 and May 2012.[141]


Metrolink has had close connections with popular culture in Manchester, and has taken advantage of the city's strong associations with football culture. Metrolink has been a "Football Development Partner" with the Manchester Football Association since August 2010,[142] meaning it is the association's Official Travel Partner, and supports grassroots association football in Greater Manchester by selecting a "Team of the Month".[143] In 2013, then Manchester City F.C. manager Roberto Mancini and players Joe Hart, Vincent Kompany and James Milner recorded special stop announcements to be used on Metrolink's East Manchester Line on dates when Manchester City play at home at the City of Manchester Stadium (served by the Etihad Campus tram stop). The announcements were first used on 17 February 2013, for Manchester City's FA Cup Fifth Round tie against Leeds United A.F.C..[144][145]


Metrolink is a sponsor of the annual Manchester Food and Drink Festival.[146]


Metrolink has also featured in television drama. On 6 December 2010, the popular soap opera Coronation Street featured a storyline with an explosion which caused a crash on the Metrolink system at Weatherfield. The episode was written to celebrate the soap opera's 50th anniversary.[147] Although a fictitious event, at least six calls were made to GMPTE asking if services had been affected.[148]



Infrastructure



Lines


As of December 2015, Metrolink has a network length of 57 miles (92 km) and 93 stops[149] — along seven lines which radiate from a "central triangular junction at Piccadilly Gardens which forms the hub of the Metrolink system" in the City Zone.[150]


The lines are: the Airport Line (which terminates at Manchester Airport), the Altrincham Line (which terminates in Altrincham), the Bury Line (which terminates in Bury), the East Manchester Line (which terminates in Ashton-under-Lyne), the South Manchester Line (which terminates in East Didsbury), the Eccles Line (which terminates in Eccles), and the Oldham and Rochdale Line (which terminates in Rochdale).[97]




Geographic map of Metrolink system.

























































































































Metrolink lines and zones
Line or zone
 First
operated
 Route type(s)
 Length
 Number of
stops
 Peak frequency[151]
 Start
 Terminus

Current

Airport Line
 3 November 2014
 On and off-street[a]
 23.2 km
14.5 mi[152]
 15
 12 minute
Barlow Moor Road
Manchester Airport

Altrincham Line
 15 June 1992
Converted railway track
 12.2.0 km
7.6.0 mi[152]
 10
 6 minute
(less before Trafford Bar)
Cornbrook
Altrincham

Bury Line
 6 April 1992
Converted railway track
 15.9 km
9.9.0 mi
 10
 6 minute
Queens Road
Bury

City Zone
 27 April 1992
 On and off-street
9
 Various
Manchester Victoria
Deansgate-Castlefield
or New Islington

East Manchester Line
 11 February 2013
 On and off-street
 9.7.0 km
6.0 mi[153]
 11
 12 minute
(6 minute before Etihad Campus)
Holt Town
Ashton-under-Lyne

Eccles Line
 6 December 1998
 On and off-street
 6.4 km
4 mi[154]
 10
 12 minute
(6 minute before Harbour City)
Pomona
Eccles

MediaCityUK spur[b]
 3 September 2010
 Off-street
 0.3 km
0.2 mi
 1
 12 minute
 –
MediaCityUK

Oldham and Rochdale Line
 13 June 2012
Converted railway track
 23.8 km
14.8 mi[12]
 19
 12 minute
(6 minute before Shaw and Crompton)
Monsall
Rochdale

South Manchester Line
 7 July 2011
Converted railway bed
 7.1 km
4.4 mi[138]
 8
 6 minute
(4 minute before St Werburgh's Road)
Firswood
East Didsbury

Future

Trafford Park Line
 2020–21[c]
5.5 km
3.4 mi
 6

Pomona
Trafford Centre




  1. ^ The line crosses the Mersey by a new bridge near Jackson's Boat and runs over the floodplain alongside Rifle Road.


  2. ^ Follows the Eccles line routes from Piccadilly before turning off at Harbour City to MediaCity.


  3. ^ Transport and Works Act 1992 powers granted October 2016. Construction began in 2017 with funding from the rebate package as part of the City Deal. The line is planned to be completed by 2020–21.


Stops


See also: List of Manchester Metrolink tram stops




Audenshaw tram stop on the East Manchester Line.


There are 93 tram stops on Metrolink, as of 2016. Low-floor platforms commonly used for light rail throughout the world were ruled out for Metrolink because the system inherited 90-centimetre (35 in) high-floor platforms from British Rail on lines formerly used for heavy rail.[155][156] The original stops on the Bury Line and Altrincham Line, opened in phase one, were formerly railway stations, and were changed little from British Rail days, as available funding only allowed minimum upgrades to be made.[157] When the Oldham and Rochdale Line was converted from a railway however, all of the former railway stations were completely rebuilt.[158]


Some stops, such as Cornbrook, are shared between lines, and may be used as interchange stations;[97] others, such as Altrincham Interchange, or Ashton-under-Lyne are transport hubs which integrate with heavy rail and bus stations.[97]


Metrolink stops are unstaffed, each contains at least two ticket vending machines (with the exception of Pomona, which only has one), and are provided with help/emergency call points to enable passengers to speak to control. Each stop is monitored by CCTV for public safety, and the images are continuously recorded. Route maps and general information are provided on each platform.[156] Each stop has at least one high-floor platform measuring a minimum of 2 metres (6.6 ft) wide, accessed by ramp, stairs, escalator, lift or combination thereof.[9][159] Shelters and canopies at stops were supplied by JCDecaux,[159] and ticket vending machines by Scheidt & Bachmann.[113] Card readers are installed on all stop platforms for use with the TfGM 'My Get Me There' smart card and concessionary passes. All smart card users are required to touch-in at these platform readers before commencing their journey and to touch-out at their final destination.



Power supply


The trams are electrically powered from 750 V DC overhead lines.[160] Between 1992 and 2007, electricity for the Metrolink system was procured by the operator, based on price only.[3] In 2007, GMPTE changed the contractual requirements to ensure that sustainable power would be factored into choosing an energy supplier, and in July 2007, Metrolink became the first light rail network in the UK with electricity supplied entirely from sustainable energy via hydropower.[3] Now, energy for the system is generated by biomass.[161]



Depots





M5000 trams stabled at the Queens Road depot.


Metrolink has two depots, at Queens Road and Old Trafford: Metrolink House at Queens Road in Cheetham Hill was the original headquarters of Metrolink.[162] Constructed during Phase 1 alongside the Bury Line, it served jointly as a control centre, HQ, office space, and depot for the storage, maintenance and repair of vehicles.[162] Under the original proposals, Metrolink House was intended to be much larger, with a design which would support network expansion, but this design did not obtain the necessary planning permission from Manchester City Council.[162] Consequently, Metrolink House was scaled down to a 4-hectare (9.9-acre) £8,000,000 site with limited capacity,[162][163] and, in light of Phase 3a network expansion, a second depot in Old Trafford was built in 2011.[164][138] This second depot, adjacent to the Old Trafford tram stop, occupies the site of a former warehouse, and can stable up to 96 vehicles,[138] it also has a washing plant and maintenance workshops.[165] On 7 May 2013 Metrolink completed the transfer of its main operational functions from Queens Road to Old Trafford, meaning its control room – known as the Network Management Centre – is housed jointly with the Customer Services team by its newer depot.[166]



Wi-Fi


In July 2013, the Transport for Greater Manchester Committee announced that it planned to enhance the experience of travelling on Metrolink by tapping into Manchester City Council's grant from the UK Urban Broadband Fund and using it to provide Metrolink passengers with free Wi-Fi when on board. The scheme began with a trial on a single tram – number 3054 – connected to the FreeBeeMcr broadband network with the intention of rolling it out across the whole Metrolink network by Spring 2015.[167][168] It was rolled out fleet wide in March 2015.[169]



Rolling stock


Metrolink is operated by fleet of 120 M5000 trams, which were first introduced in 2009, and continued to be delivered until 2016. These replaced the original fleet of thirty-two T-68 and T-68A trams, which had operated the network since opening in 1992, and were withdrawn from service during 2012–14.[170][171]


Because low-floor tram technology was in its infancy when Metrolink was in its planning stages, and in order to be compatible with the former British Rail stations Metrolink inherited, the network uses high-floor trams with a platform height of 900 mm (35 in), the same height as main line trains.[14][171]




M5000 units at Deansgate-Castlefield tram stop


Trams on Metrolink can operate either singly, or coupled together to form double units. Double units regularly run during rush hours.[172]



M5000


Main article: M5000

In December 2009, Metrolink took delivery of the first M5000 tram. Built by Bombardier Transportation and Vossloh Kiepe, the initial eight M5000s were ordered to allow services to be increased.[14] They are part of the Flexity Swift range of light rail vehicles, and have a design similar to the K5000 vehicle used on the Cologne Stadtbahn.[14][16][49][173][174]


With the approval of the spur to MediaCityUK, a further four were ordered.[14] To provide rolling stock for the phase 3 extensions and replace the existing fleet, the order was increased successively to 94.[49][175][176][177] In December 2013, a further 10 M5000s were ordered to provide trams for the Trafford Park Line planned to open in 2020, while in the interim supporting a service between MediaCityUK and Manchester city centre and other capacity enhancements.[178][179] In September 2014, a further 16 were ordered; the final one of which was delivered in October 2016, bringing the fleet up to 120.[180][181][182][170]


In July 2018, a further 27 were ordered to help relieve overcrowding. These are scheduled to be delivered from February 2020 to June 2021.[183]





































Class
 Image
 Type
  Top speed 
 Length
  Capacity 
 Number
 Fleet Numbers
 Routes
operated
 Built
 Years operated
 mph 
  km/h 
  Seated 
  Standing 

M5000
M5000 trams in multiple.JPG
Tram
 50
 80
 28.4 metres
 60–66
 146
 120
 3001–3120
 All lines
 2009–2021
 2009–present


Ancillary vehicles


Metrolink has one Special Purpose Vehicle from 1991. Numbered 1027 with its support wagon 1028, it is a bespoke diesel-powered vehicle with a crane, inspection platform, mobile workshop, and capacity for a driver and three passengers. It was designed to assist with vehicle recovery and track and line repairs.[184]



Former fleet



T-68/68A


Main article: T-68




T-68 in Manchester city centre in 2008.


To commence operations, a fleet of 26 T-68 trams manufactured by AnsaldoBreda in Italy were delivered in 1992.[185][186] To provide extra trams for the Eccles Line, six modified T-68A trams were purchased in 1999.[14] The T-68A vehicles were based on the original T-68s, but had modifications replacing destination rollblinds with dot matrix displays, and retractable couplers and covered bogies necessary for the high proportion of on-street running close to motor traffic.[14]


Three of the earlier T-68 fleet were similarly equipped,[14] and were known as T-68Ms.[187] Mechanically and electrically the T-68M vehicles remained essentially a T-68, but had modifications to its brakes, mirrors, and speed limiters to suit the Eccles line.[187] Initially only these vehicles were permitted to operate the Eccles line but the entire fleet except for 3 (1018, 1019, 1020) were modified between 2008 and 2012 for universal running,[14] under a programme known as the T-68X Universal Running programme.[188]


The newer M5000 trams proved to be considerably more reliable than the T-68/A fleet; which averaged 5,000 miles between breakdowns, while the M5000's averaged 20,000 miles. This led to a decision in 2012 to withdraw the entire fleet from service and replace them with M5000's. All of the T-68 and T-68As were withdrawn between April 2012 and April 2014.[189]


Tram no. 1007, the first to pass through the City Centre on the opening day, is due to be restored at Heaton Park Tramway.[190]




















































 Class 
 Image
 Type
  Top speed 
 Length
  Capacity 
  Number 
  Fleet Numbers 
  Routes operated 
  Built 
  Years operated 
 mph 
  km/h 
  Seated 
  Standing 

T-68
Manchester Metrolink 1001 and 1011at Manchester Victoria.jpg
Tram
 50
 80
 29m
 86
 122
 26
 1001–1026
Bury-Altrincham-Piccadilly
(later Eccles)
 1991–1992
 1992–2014

T-68A
Manchester Piccadilly station - Metrolink (1).JPG
Tram
 50
 80
 29m
 86
 122
 6
 2001–2006
Eccles Line
 1999
 1999–2014

In 2002, in the lead up to Manchester hosting the Commonwealth Games, a requirement to increase capacity on for the event led to Metrolink investigating the purchase of redundant second-hand USSLRV vehicles from the Muni Metro system in San Francisco.[191] To this end, two were procured for testing and shipped to the UK, with one taken to Metrolink's Queen's Road depot. In the end, the proposal was not taken forward as the vehicles were found to be unsuitable for use in the UK.[192]



Passenger numbers




Manchester Metrolink Passenger Numbers from 1992 to 2017[193]


The Department for Transport reported passenger journeys for the 2015/16 financial year at 34.3 million; a 10.1% increase from 31.2 million the previous year.[4] Patronage has risen steadily since its opening, from a start-point of 8.1 million in the 1992/93 fiscal year.[194] Travel increased from 18.2 million journeys in 2001/02 to 20 million journeys in 2008/09; numbers fell to 18.7 million in 2009 while parts of the system were closed for upgrades, but recovered[195] to 19.6 million for the 2009/10 fiscal year.[194] Metrolink revised its method for calculating passenger boardings in 2010/11, meaning figures are not directly comparable with previous years.[194]


A survey in 2012 revealed that 12%, or around one in 10 people in Greater Manchester use Metrolink to travel to work, and 8% use the system every day.[99] The system is most commonly used by 21- to 30-year olds, and was used most markedly by residents of the Metropolitan Borough of Bury — accounting for around a third of their commuter journeys.[99]




























































































Estimated passenger journeys made on Metrolink per financial year
Year
 Passenger journeys
Year
 Passenger journeys
Year
 Passenger journeys
Year
 Passenger journeys
1992/93
 8.1m
1999/00
 14.2m
2006/07
 19.8m
2013/14
 29.2m
1993/94
 11.3m
 2000/01
 17.2m
 2007/08
 20.0m
 2014/15
 31.2m
1994/95
 12.3m
 2001/02
 18.2m
 2008/09
 21.1m
 2015/16
 34.3m
1995/96
 12.6m
 2002/03
 18.8m
 2009/10
 19.6m
 2016/17
 37.8m
1996/97
 13.4m
 2003/04
 18.9m
 2010/11
 19.2m
 2017/18
 41.2m
1997/98
 13.8m
 2004/05
 19.7m
 2011/12
 21.8m

1998/99
 13.2m
 2005/06
 19.9m
 2012/13
 25.0m

Estimates provided by TfGM to the Department for Transport,[4] based on sales from ticket machines.[note 2]


Passenger satisfaction


A survey in 2012 revealed that passengers who used Metrolink everyday for commuting rated service levels as poor and/or unreliable, with those respondents particularly frustrated by delays and disruptions.[99] TfGM recognised that the older vehicles in its fleet – the T68/T68As — were outdated and the cause of much disruption, and agreed to replace them with M5000s by 2014.[49][175] Among those who used Metrolink less regularly, the system scored far better in the survey.[99] A survey in 2013 by the non-departmental government body Passenger Focus found that of the five major light rail systems in the United Kingdom – Metrolink, Sheffield Supertram, NET, Midland Metro and Blackpool tramway – Metrolink had the lowest overall satisfaction rating in the United Kingdom. Respondents were surveyed on value for money, punctuality, seating availability, tram stops and overall satisfaction. Metrolink was below average on all criteria, and 47% believed Metrolink was value for money compared to a national average of 60%.[196]


Subsequent surveys have shown increases in passenger satisfaction. A further survey in late 2015 by watchdog Transport Focus, found that satisfaction levels had increased; 89% of passengers surveyed said they were either ‘very’ or ‘fairly’ satisfied with their overall journey, up from 83% in 2013, but still below the national average of 92%. It also found that 58% felt the service was value for money.[197] The national average rating for value for money on all tram networks was 69%.[198] The follow up survey in 2016 found further improvements, with 90% of respondents reporting they were either ‘very’ or ‘fairly’ satisfied with their overall journey, compared to the national average of 93%. 62% now felt the service was value for money, against a national average still of 69%, which although improved was still the lowest ranking of the six systems covered by the survey.[199]



Finances


Unlike many other public transport systems, Metrolink receives no public subsidy, as its operating costs are met entirely from fare revenue. Fares are reviewed yearly and are changed to meet operating costs which may change with inflation. Fares were frozen for four years from January 2014, in order to compensate passengers for the disruption caused during the network's expansion, but rose by an average of 5.93% in January 2018. In 2017/18, Metrolink brought in £74.8 million of revenue, which worked out as an average income of £1.82 per journey.[200][201]



Incidents


Manchester Metrolink has many tramway sections, along which trams share the highway with other road traffic and pedestrians. Trams are equipped with a two-tone standard horn and a louder warning horn which is primarily intended for use on former railway routes but can be used anywhere.[202] A number of fatal incidents have occurred on the network since opening in 1992:



  • On 18 October 2002, a pedestrian died after a collision with a tram after falling on to tracks near Manchester Central.[203]

  • On 25 June 2005, a pedestrian died after a collision with a tram at Navigation Road stop.[204]

  • On 5 June 2011, a pedestrian died after a collision near Piccadilly Gardens.[205]

  • On 15 December 2011, a blind man died after a collision with a tram near St Peters' Square.[206]

  • On 6 February 2013, a pedestrian died after a collision with a tram at the Failsworth stop.[207]

  • On 11 January 2014, a pedestrian died after a collision with a tram at the Market Street stop.[208]

  • On 16 February 2016, a cyclist died after a collision with a tram at the Robinswood Road stop.[209]



See also




  • List of tram and light-rail transit systems

  • Manchester Corporation Tramways

  • Transport in Manchester

  • List of town tramway systems in England

  • List of town tramway systems in the United Kingdom



Notes





  1. ^ The system is branded Metrolink.[1][2][3] The Department for Transport refers to the system as Manchester Metrolink,[4] an alternative unofficial name.[5][6] It is defined in Acts of Parliament and Byelaws as the Greater Manchester Light Rapid Transit System;[2][3] and sometimes (unofficially) called Greater Manchester Metrolink.[7]


  2. ^ Estimates excludes free travel such as Concessionary Bus Pass for pensioners and tickets sold through other vendors.[194]





References





  1. ^ ab Ogden & Senior 1992, p. 4.


  2. ^ ab Department for Transport (2009). "Explanatory Memorandum to the Greater Manchester (Light Rapid Transit System) (Exemptions) Order 2009". legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 19 January 2013. The Order grants exemptions from certain requirements of railways legislation currently applying to the Greater Manchester Light Rapid Transit System ("Metrolink") ....mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  3. ^ abcd Slatcher, Adrian (17 December 2010). "Procurement of hydro-electricity for Metrolink – the Greater Manchester light rapid transit system". Manchester: Energy Planning Knowledge Base. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2013. GMPTE own the Greater Manchester light rapid transit system – known as Metrolink.


  4. ^ abc "Light Rail and Tram Statistics: England 2015/16" (PDF). Department for Transport. 7 June 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2016.


  5. ^ Ogden & Senior 1992, p. 106.


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  7. ^ Ogden & Senior 1992, p. 39.


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  21. ^ ab Williams 2003, p. 273.


  22. ^ ab Holt 1992, pp. 6–7.


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  27. ^ abcd Ogden & Senior 1992, p. 22.


  28. ^ "Green light for Manchester tube project". The Guardian. 18 July 1967. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016.


  29. ^ Holt 1992, p. 5.


  30. ^ Donald, Cross & Bristow 1983, p. 45.


  31. ^ ab Brook, Richard; Dodge, Martin (2012). Infra_MANC – Post-war infrastructures of Manchester (PDF). RIBA/CUBE Gallery. p. 134. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2016. (exhibition catalogue)


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  33. ^ Ogden & Senior 1992, pp. 26–27.


  34. ^ Ogden & Senior 1992, p. 37.


  35. ^ Ogden & Senior 1992, p. 25.


  36. ^ abcde GMPTE 2000.


  37. ^ Ogden & Senior 1992, pp. 30–31.


  38. ^ abc Kessell, Clive (30 November 2011). "Manchester Metrolink 20 Years of Evolution". The Rail Engineer. Retrieved 2 January 2013.


  39. ^ Ogden & Senior 1992, pp. 73–74.


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  42. ^ Holt 1992, p. 94.


  43. ^ Ogden & Senior 1991, p. 17.


  44. ^ Ogden & Senior 1992, p. 51.


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  46. ^ Ogden & Senior 1992, p. 82.


  47. ^ abc Holt 1992, p. 90.


  48. ^ GMPTE 2003, p. 9.


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  52. ^ ab GMPTE 2003, p. 10.


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Bibliography


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  • Coward, Andrew; Henderson, John E. (2014). Superb: A Tribute to the Manchester Metrolink T68 & T68A Light Rail Vehicles. Bacup, Lancashire. ISBN 978-1-62407-917-7.


  • Docherty, Iain; Shaw, Jon (20 July 2011). A New Deal for Transport: The UK's struggle with the sustainable transport agenda. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-5551-2.


  • Donald, T.; Cross, M.; Bristow, Roger (1983). English Structure Planning. Routledge. ISBN 0-85086-094-6.


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  • GMPTE (2003). Metrolink: A Network for the 21st Century (PDF). Manchester: GMPTE Promotions.
    [permanent dead link]


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    [permanent dead link]


  • GMPTE (2010). The Link/3: Metrolink news and developments from GMPTE (PDF). Manchester: GMPTE Promotions.
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  • Holt, David (1992). Manchester Metrolink. UK light rail systems; no. 1. Sheffield: Platform 5. ISBN 1-872524-36-2.


  • Ogden, Eric; Senior, John (1992). Metrolink. Glossop, Derbyshire: Transport Publishing Company. ISBN 0-86317-155-9.


  • Ogden, Eric; Senior, John (1991). Metrolink: Official Handbook. Glossop, Derbyshire: Transport Publishing Company. ISBN 0-86317-164-8.


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  • Williams, Gwyndaf (2003). The Enterprising City Centre: Manchester's Development Challenge. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-25262-1.

  • Worthington, Barry (2014) The Metrolink Companion. Sigma Leisure.
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  • Young, Tony (2008). Tramways in Rochdale: Steam, Electric and Metrolink. Light Rail Transit Association. ISBN 978-0-948106-34-7.




External links






Route map:






KML file (edit • help)

Template:Attached KML/Manchester Metrolink

KML is from Wikidata


  • Official website

  • Official route map

  • www.tfgm.com Official website of Transport for Greater Manchester


  • www.lrta.org/manchester, a historical account of Metrolink from the Light Rail Transit Association















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