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Klamath Basin

The Klamath Basin is the region in the U.S. states of Oregon and California drained by the Klamath River. It contains most of Klamath County and parts of Lake and Jackson counties in Oregon, and parts of Del Norte, Humboldt, Modoc, Siskiyou, and Trinity counties in California. The 15,751-square-mile (40,790 km²) drainage basin is 35% in Oregon and 65% in California. In Oregon, the watershed typically lies east of the Cascade Range, while California contains most of the river's segment that passes through the mountains. In the Oregon-far northern California segment of the river, the watershed is semi-desert at lower elevations and dry alpine in the upper elevations. In the western part of the basin, in California, however, the climate is more of temperate rainforest, and the Trinity River watershed consists of a more typical alpine climate.

Geology and hydrology

The Upper Klamath Watershed lies between the Cascade Range and the Basin and Range Province in southern Oregon and northern California. Bedrock stratigraphy in the area includes volcanic deposits, volcanic ejecta, and fluviolacustrine deposits.^[1] This creates three general hydrologic layers: 1) Highly permeable basalt with an older depositional age serving as the principle aquifer, 2) fluvial deposits made up of tuff, shale, agglomerate, sandstone, and volcanic ash that are collectively known as the Yonna Formation and act as a groundwater cap, and 3) more recent eruptive volcanic deposits that overlie the aquifer.^[2] Little water is able to permeate through the upper volcanic deposit layers to the principle aquifers. Groundwater is able to move freely throughout the upper basin despite geologic structures that occur due to normal faulting which only confine groundwater on a local scale.^[3]Artesian wells discharging into the Upper Klamath Lake are essential for recharge into the lake and Klamath River flow throughout the year.^[4] Snowmelt is currently a large contributor of groundwater recharge in the Upper Klamath Basin.^[5]

Distribution of subwatersheds

Map of Klamath River watershed showing subwatershed boundaries

The drainage basins of the Williamson and Sprague Rivers, in Oregon, are to the north and northeast of Upper Klamath Lake. Together, the two watersheds cover 3,069 square miles (7,950 km²), or 19.4% of the Klamath River watershed.^[6][7][8] The basin of the Lost River, the largest subwatershed by area, lies to the southeast of Upper Klamath Lake and to the east of Lower Klamath Lake. This covers 3,009 square miles (7,790 km²) or 19.1% of the Klamath River watershed - nearly as much as the Williamson and Sprague. Proceeding west, the adjoining Butte Creek, Shasta, Scott and Salmon River watersheds have 603 square miles (1,560 km²), 795 square miles (2,060 km²), 813 square miles (2,110 km²), and 750 square miles (1,900 km²), respectively. These account for 4.3%, 5%, 5.2%. and 5% of the Klamath River watershed, respectively, or 19.5% of the watershed if put together.^[6][7][8]

Further southwest, the watershed of the Trinity River, the second largest subwatershed of the Klamath, has 2,965 square miles (7,680 km²) or 19% of the watershed. The watershed of the South Fork Trinity River is 980 square miles (2,500 km²) - 33% of the Trinity watershed or 6% of the Klamath watershed. The primary tributaries of the Klamath together account for 77% of the total Klamath watershed - the remaining land area is drained by smaller tributaries such as Jenny Creek, Fall Creek and Blue Creek.^[6][7][8]

Major bodies of water

The Upper Klamath Basin today, showing the remnants of the vast Lake Modoc

Upper Klamath Lake is the largest present-day body of water in the Klamath River watershed, covering 96 square miles (250 km²) on average, with a shoreline of 87 miles (140 km). It is also the largest freshwater lake in the state of Oregon.^[9] Historically, Lower Klamath Lake and Tule Lake were one interconnected freshwater marsh that totaled 195 square miles (510 km²) - more than twice the present-day dimensions of Upper Klamath Lake, and larger than Lake Tahoe in central California. This interconnected wetland still supports up to 3.7 million migrating birds per year.^[10] In wet years, the two lakes would connect to Upper Klamath Lake, forming one huge body of water. These lakes occupy the basin that was prehistorically occupied by Lake Modoc, a 1,100-square-mile (2,800 km²) freshwater lake that covered the entire Upper Klamath Basin, or 7% of the watershed - an area three times larger than the massive Salton Sea in southern California. This lake existed up to 11,000 years ago at the end of the most recent ice age.^[11] Today, Upper Klamath Lake encompasses just 0.6% of the Klamath watershed.

There are also several entirely artificial bodies of water in the watershed - including Lake Ewauna, J.C. Boyle Reservoir, Copco Lake, and Iron Gate Reservoir on the main Klamath.^[12] Lake Ewauna, also called Keno Reservoir, is 3.8 square miles (9.8 km²) in size, and is about 20 miles (30 km) long.^[13] The J.C. Boyle Reservoir is much smaller, with a surface area of 0.65 square miles (1.7 km²).^[14] Copco Reservoir is about 5.4 miles (8.7 km) long and is 1 square mile (2.6 km²) in area.^[15] Iron Gate Reservoir covers 1.4 square miles (3.6 km²) and is about 6.8 miles (10.9 km) long.^[16] Together, the four lower mainstem reservoirs total just 6.85 square miles (17.7 km²), or 0.04% of the Klamath River watershed.

Trinity Lake, on the mainstem of the Trinity River, is the largest tributary reservoir in the Klamath River watershed. At 25 square miles (65 km²) in size, it is larger than all four mainstem Klamath reservoirs combined (excluding Upper Klamath Lake).^[17]

Landscape of the basin

Watershed

According to the USGS watershed classification system, the Klamath Watershed is a 6-digit, level 3 Accounting Unit within Region 18, known as the California watershed region.^[18] The accounting unit of the Klamath Watershed is 180102 and includes twelve 8-digit Hydrologic Units (HUCs) covering 9.4 million acres.^[19] In the 2000 census, about 114,000 people were estimated to be living within the Klamath Watershed. The largest population centers include Klamath Falls, Oregon (19,462) and Yreka, California (7,290).^[20] Land ownership within the basin breaks down into the following: about 90,000 acres are controlled by tribal reservations, 6.2 million acres are managed by public agencies (including the Bureau of Land Management, National Forests, National Wildlife Refuges, and National Park Service), and 3.7 million is privately owned.^[21] Of the privately owned land, 557,000 acres are used for farming 80% of which is irrigated farmland. Nearly half of irrigated land utilizes water from the Bureau of Land Management’s Klamath Project. The vast majority of privately owned agriculture and rangeland occurs in the Lost River and Shasta River sub-basins.^[22]

The Klamath Basin watershed includes:

These three rivers are located above (north) of the Klamath Lake basin:

• 
  Sprague River, Oregon


• 
  Williamson River, Oregon


• 
  Sycan River, Oregon

These features are inside or near the Klamath Lake basin:

• 
  Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon


• 
  Link River, Oregon


• 
  Agency Lake, Oregon


• 
  Lost River, Oregon, California


• 
  Clear Lake Reservoir, California


• 
  Tule Lake, California


• 
  Lower Klamath Lake, California

These are the major downstream tributaries of the Klamath River:

• 
  Butte Creek, California, Oregon


• 
  Shasta River, California


• 
  Scott River, California


• 
  Salmon River, California


• 
  Trinity River, California

Communities

Communities in the Klamath Basin include:

• Merrill, Oregon


• Bly, Oregon


• Beatty, Oregon


• Bonanza, Oregon


• Chiloquin, Oregon


• Klamath Falls, Oregon


• Sprague River, Oregon


• Weaverville, California


• Yreka, California

See also

• Crater Lake


• Klamath Basin National Wildlife Refuges Complex


• Klamath National Forest


• Klamath Reclamation Project


• Modoc National Forest


• Shasta-Trinity National Forest

References

External links

• 
  Klamath Waters Digital Library from Oregon Institute of Technology
  


• 
  Map of Klamath Basin from The Wilderness Society
  

Coordinates: 42°N 122°W / 42°N 122°W / 42; -122

• Klamath River Restoration

Congressional hearings

• The Klamath River Basin: Hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session ... June 20, 2013


• Klamath Basin: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Water and Power of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, Second Session, to Hear Testimony on S. 2379, the "Klamath Basin Water Recovery and Economic Restoration Act of 2014," June 3, 2014