ITV Digital




For the current portfolio of digital channels owned by ITV plc, see ITV Digital Channels Ltd.








































ITV Digital plc
Former type
Carlton Communications plc and Granada plc joint venture
Industry
Media
Fate
Liquidated
Predecessor
ONdigital plc
Founded
15 January 1997
Defunct
1 May 2002
Headquarters
Marco Polo House, Battersea, London, United Kingdom
Products
Pay TV services and programming

ITV Digital was a British digital terrestrial television broadcaster which launched a pay-TV service on the world's first digital terrestrial television network. Its main shareholders were Carlton Communications and Granada plc, two franchises of the ITV network. Starting as ONdigital in 1998, the service was re-branded as ITV Digital in July 2001. Low audience figures, piracy issues and an ultimately unaffordable multimillion-pound deal with the Football League led to the broadcaster suffering massive losses, forcing it to enter administration in March 2002. The service ceased permanently in May 2002, with the terrestrial multiplexes subsequently taken over by Crown Castle and the BBC to create Freeview in October 2002.




Contents






  • 1 History


    • 1.1 Launch


    • 1.2 Problems


    • 1.3 Rebranding


    • 1.4 Downfall


    • 1.5 Administration


    • 1.6 Post-collapse


      • 1.6.1 Effect on football clubs


      • 1.6.2 News Corporation hacking allegations






  • 2 Marketing


  • 3 Set top boxes


  • 4 iDTVs


  • 5 Carlton/Granada digital television channels


  • 6 See also


  • 7 References


  • 8 External links





History




British Digital Broadcasting logo (1997–1998)


See also: Digital terrestrial television in the United Kingdom § History

On 31 January 1997, Carlton Television, Granada Television and satellite company British Sky Broadcasting (BSkyB), together created British Digital Broadcasting (BDB) as a joint venture and applied to operate three digital terrestrial television (DTT) licenses.[1] They faced competition from a rival, Digital Television Network (DTN), a company created by cable operator CableTel (later known as NTL).[2] On 25 June 1997, BDB won the auction and the Independent Television Commission (ITC) awarded the sole broadcast licence for DTT to them. Then on 20 December 1997, the ITC awarded three pay-TV digital multiplex licences to BDB.


That same year, however, the ITC forced BSkyB out of the consortium on competition grounds; this effectively placed Sky in direct competition with the new service (Sky would also launch its digital satellite service in 1998), although Sky was still required to provide key channels such as Sky Movies and Sky Sports to ONdigital.[3] With Sky part of the consortium, ONdigital would have paid discounted rates to carry Sky's television channels. Instead, with its positioning as a competitor, Sky charged the full market rates for the channels, at an extra cost of around £60million a year to ONdigital.[4] On 28 July 1998, BDB announced the service would be called ONdigital,[5] and claimed it would be the biggest television brand launch in history.[6] The company would be based in Marco Polo House (now demolished), in Battersea, south London.


Six multiplexes were set up, with three of them allocated to the existing analogue broadcasters. The other three multiplexes were auctioned off. ONdigital was given one year from the award of the licence to launch the first DTT service. In addition to launching audio and video services, they also led the specification of an industry-wide advanced interactive engine (based on MHEG-5). This was an open standard that was then used by all broadcasters on DTT.



Launch




ONdigital logo from 1998 until 2001


ONdigital was officially launched on 15 November 1998 amid a large public ceremony featuring celebrity Ulrika Jonsson and fireworks around the Crystal Palace transmitting station.[7] Its competitor Sky Digital had already debuted on 1 October.[8] The service launched with 12 primary channels, which included the new BBC Choice and ITV2 channels; a subscription package featuring channels such as Sky One, Cartoon Network, E4, UKTV channels and many developed in-house by Carlton and Granada such as Carlton World; and premium channels Sky Sports 1, 2, 3, Sky Premier and Sky MovieMax; and the newly-launched FilmFour and MUTV.[9][10][11]


From the beginning, however, the service was quickly losing money. Supply problems with set-top boxes meant that the company missed Christmas sales. Meanwhile, aggressive marketing by BSkyB for Sky Digital made the ONdigital offer look unattractive. The new digital satellite service provided a dish, digibox, installation and around 200 channels for £159, a lower price than ONdigital at £199. ONdigital's subscription pricing had been set to compare with the older Sky analogue service of 20 channels.[12] In 1999, digital cable services were launched by NTL, Telewest and Cable & Wireless.[13]


In February 1999, ITV secured the rights for UEFA Champions League football matches for four years,[14] which would partly be broadcast through ONdigital and two new sports channels on the platform, Champions ON 28 and Champions ON 99 (later renamed ONsport 1 and ONsport 2 when it secured the rights to ATP tennis games), the latter of which timeshared with Carlton Cinema.[15] Throughout 1999, channels including MTV and British Eurosport launched on the platform.[16] The exclusive Carlton Kids and Carlton World channels closed in 2000 to make way for two Discovery channels.[17]


ONdigital reported in April 1999 that it had 110,000 subscribers. Sky Digital, however, had over 350,000 by this time.[13]


The first interactive digital service was launched in mid-1999, called ONgames. On 7 March 2000, ONmail was launched which provided an interactive e-mail service.[18] A deal with multiplex operator SDN led to the launch of pay-per-view service ONrequest on 1 May 2000. In June 2000, ONoffer was launched. On 18 September 2000, the internet TV service ONnet was launched.[19] In March 2000 there were 673,000 ONdigital customers.[20]


On 17 June 2000, ONdigital agreed to a major £315 million three-year deal with the Football League to broadcast 88 live Nationwide League and Worthington Cup matches from the 2001-02 season.[21]



Problems


ONdigital's growth slowed throughout 2000 and by the start of 2001, the number of subscribers stopped increasing; meanwhile, its competitor Sky Digital was still growing. The ONdigital management team hoped to obtain the upper hand by a series of 'free set top box' promotions (initially at retailers such as Currys and Dixons) when ONdigital receiving equipment was purchased at the same time as a television set or similarly priced piece of equipment. These offers eventually became permanent, with the set-top box 'loaned' to the customer at no charge for as long as they continued to subscribe to ONdigital. The offer was matched by Sky. ONdigital's churn rate, a measure of the number of subscribers leaving the service, reached 28% during 2001.[22]


Additional problems for ONdigital were the choice of 64QAM broadcast mode, which when coupled with far weaker than expected broadcast power, meant that the signal was weak in many areas; complex pricing structure, comprising many menu options; a poor-quality subscriber management system (badly adapted from Canal+); a paper magazine TV guide whereas BSkyB had an electronic programme guide (EPG); insufficient technical customer services; and much signal piracy. While there was a limited return path provided via an in-built 2400 baud modem, there was no requirement (as with BSkyB) to connect the set-top box's modem to a phone line.


Later problems occurred when ONdigital began to sell prepaid set-top boxes (under the name ONprepaid) from November 1999. This bundle sold in high street stores and supermarkets at a price that included – in theory – the set-top box on loan and the first year's subscription package.[23] These prepaid boxes amounted to 50% of sales in December 1999.[24] Thousands of these packages were also sold at well below retail price on auction sites such as the then-popular QXL. As the call to activate the viewing card did not require any bank details, many ONdigital boxes which were technically on loan were at unverifiable addresses. This was later changed so a customer could not walk away with a box without ONdigital verifying their address. Many customers did not activate the viewing card at all, although where the viewer's address was known, ONdigital would write informing them that they must activate before a certain deadline.[citation needed]


The ONdigital pay-per-view channels had been encrypted using a system – SECA MediaGuard – which had subsequently been cracked. ONdigital did not update this system, therefore it was possible to produce and sell counterfeit subscription cards which would give access to all the channels.[25] About 100,000 pirate cards were in circulation by 2002, and these played a role in the demise of the broadcaster that year.[26] In 2012, News Corporation, largest shareholder of Sky, was alleged to have leaked ITV Digital card codes on the internet (see section below).



Rebranding




Screenshot from one of ITV Digital's adverts, featuring Johnny Vegas and the "ITV Digital Monkey"


In April 2001 it was said that ONdigital will be 'relaunched' to bring it closer to the ITV network and to better compete with Sky.[27] On 11 July 2001 Carlton and Granada rebranded ONdigital as ITV Digital.[28]


Other services were also rebranded, such as ONnet to ITV Active.[29] A re-branding campaign was launched to support the new naming, with customers being sent ITV Digital stickers to place over the existing ONdigital logos on their remote controls and set top boxes. The software running on the receivers was not changed though, and always displayed 'ON' on nearly every screen. A plan to change the onscreen software was planned along with a change to a stronger encryption system in Autumn 2002,[citation needed] however this never happened due to ITV Digital's collapse by that time.


The rebrand was not without controversy as SMG plc (owner of Scottish Television and Grampian Television), UTV and Channel Television all pointed out that the ITV brand did not belong solely to Carlton and Granada. SMG and UTV initially refused to carry the advertising campaign for ITV Digital and did not allow the ITV Sport Channel space on their multiplex, meaning that it was not available at launch in most of Scotland and Northern Ireland. The case was resolved in Scotland,[30] and the Channel Islands and later still in Northern Ireland, allowing the ITV Sport channel to launch in the non-Carlton and Granada regions (although it was never made available in the Channel Islands, as the islands did not have DTT or cable)[citation needed] and it never appeared on Sky Digital.


Later in 2001, ITV Sport Channel was announced. This would be a premium sport channel, and would broadcast English football games as per the company's deal with the Football League in 2000, as well as ATP tennis games and Champions League games previously covered by ONsport 1 and ONsport 2. The channel launched on 11 August that year.[31]



Downfall


By June 2001, it was clear to most that ONdigital had lost the fight against Sky and the cable operators. The service just passed 1 million subscribers by January, whereas Sky Digital had 5.7 million. Granada reported £69 million in losses in the first six months of 2001, leading to some investors urging them to close or sell ONdigital/ITV Digital.[32] ITV Digital was unable to make a deal to put ITV Sport Channel on Sky, which could have given the channel access to millions of Sky customers and generated income. The channel was only licensed to cable company NTL. Subcriptions for ONnet/ITV Active, its internet service, peaked at around 100,000 customers.[33] ITV Digital had just 12% of the share of digital subscribers as of December 2001.[34] ITV Digital and Granada were also forced to cut jobs that month.[35][36] By 2002, the company was thought to be losing up to £1 million per day.[37]


In February 2002, Carlton and Granada said that ITV Digital needed an urgent "fundamental restructuring".[38] The biggest cost the company faced was its three-year deal with the Football League,[39][40] which was already deemed too expensive by critics when agreed, as it was "inferior" to the top-flight Premiership coverage from Sky Sports.[41] It was reported on 21 March 2002 that ITV Digital had proposed paying only £50 million for its remaining two years in the Football League deal, a cut of £129m. Chiefs from the League said that any reduction in the payment could threaten the existence of many football clubs, who had budgeted for large incomes from the television contract.[42]



Administration


On 27 March 2002, ITV Digital was placed under administration as it was unable to pay the full sum to the Football League.[43] Later, as chances of its survival remained bleak, the Football League sued Carlton and Granada, claiming that the firms had breached their contract in failing to deliver the guaranteed income. However on 1 August the League lost the case, with the judge ruling that it had "failed to extract sufficient written guarantees".[44] The League then filed a negligence claim against its lawyers for failing to press for a written guarantee at the time of the deal with ITV Digital. This time, in June 2006, it was awarded a paltry £4 in damages of the £150m it was seeking.[45] In addition, its collapse put the government's ambition to switch-off analogue terrestrial signals by 2010 into doubt.[46]


Despite several interested parties, the administrators were unable to find a buyer for the company and effectively put it into liquidation on 26 April 2002.[47] Most subscription channels stopped broadcasting on ITV Digital on 1 May 2002 at 7 am, with only free-to-air services continuing.[48][49] The next day, ITV chief executive Stuart Prebble quit.[50] On 5 July, the Football League agreed to a £95 million four-year deal with Sky for broadcasting rights, which helped to offset the potential financial crisis at many football clubs.[51] In all, 1,500 jobs were lost by ITV Digital's collapse.[52]



Post-collapse


By 30 April 2002, the Independent Television Commission (ITC) had revoked ITV Digital's broadcasting license and started looking for a buyer. A consortium made up of the BBC and Crown Castle submitted an application on 13 June,[53] later joined by BSkyB, and were awarded the license on 4 July.[54] They launched the Freeview service on 30 October 2002, offering 30 free-to-air TV channels and 20 free-to-air radio channels including several interactive channels such as BBC Red Button and Teletext, but no subscription or premium services.[55] Those followed on 31 March 2004 when Top Up TV began broadcasting 11 pay TV channels in timeshared broadcast slots.


From 10 December 2002, ITV Digital's liquidators started to ask customers to return their set top boxes or pay a £39.99 fee.[56] Had this been successful, it could have threatened to undermine the fledgling Freeview service, since at the time most digital terrestrial receivers in households were ONdigital and ITV Digital legacy hardware. In January 2003, Carlton and Granada stepped in and paid £2.8m to the liquidators to allow the boxes to stay with their customers, because at the time the ITV companies received a discount on their broadcasting licence payments based on the number of homes they had converted to digital television. It was also likely done to avoid further negativity towards the two companies.[57]


During the time under administration, Carlton and Granada were in talks regarding a merger, which was eventually cleared in 2004.[58]



Effect on football clubs




ITV Digital's collapse significantly contributed to Bradford City F.C. being put into administration


ITV Digital's collapse had a large effect on many football clubs. Bradford City F.C. was one of the affected, and its debt forced it into administration in May 2002.[59][60]Barnsley F.C. also entered administration in October 2002.[61] Clubs were forced to slash staff, and some players were forced to be sold as they were unable to pay them. Some clubs increased ticket prices for fans to offset the losses.[62]



News Corporation hacking allegations


On 31 March 2002, French cable company Canal+ accused Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation in the United States of extracting the UserROM code from its MediaGuard encryption cards and leaking it onto the internet.[63] Canal+ brought a lawsuit against News Corporation alleging that it, through its subsidiary NDS (which provides encryption technology for Sky and other TV services from Murdoch), had been working on breaking the MediaGuard smartcards used by Canal+, ITV Digital and other non-Murdoch-owned TV companies throughout Europe.[64][65] The action was later partially dropped after News Corporation agreed to buy Canal+'s struggling Italian operation Telepiu, a direct rival to a Murdoch-owned company in that country.[66][67]


Other legal action by EchoStar/NagraStar was being pursued as late as August 2005, accusing NDS of the same wrongdoing.[68] In 2008, NDS was found to have broken piracy laws by hacking EchoStar Communications' smart card system, however only $1,500 in statutory damages was awarded.[69]




Rupert Murdoch possibly used hacking to indirectly weaken ITV Digital


On 26 March 2012, an investigation from BBC's Panorama found evidence that one of News Corporations' subsidiaries sabotaged ITV Digital. It found that NDS hacked ONdigital/ITV Digital smartcard data and leaked them through a pirate website under Murdoch's control – actions which enabled pirated cards to flood the market.[70][71] The accusations arose from emails obtained by the BBC, and an interview with Lee Gibling, the operator of a hacking website, who claimed he was paid up to £60,000 per year by Ray Adams, NDS's head of security.[72] This would mean that Murdoch used computer hacking to directly undermine rival ITV Digital. Lawyers for News Corporation claimed that these accusations of illegal activities against a rival business are "false and libellous".[73] In June 2013 the Metropolitan Police decided to look into these allegations following a request by Labour MP Tom Watson.[74]



Marketing


ITV Digital ran an advertising campaign involving the comedian Johnny Vegas as Al and a knitted monkey simply called Monkey, voiced by Ben Miller. A knitted replica of Monkey could be obtained by signing up to ITV Digital. Because the monkey could not be obtained without signing up to the service, a market for second-hand monkeys developed. At one time, original ITV Digital Monkeys were fetching several hundred pounds on eBay,[75] and knitting patterns delivered by email were sold for several pounds. The campaign was created by the advertising agency Mother.[76] In August 2002, following ITV Digital's collapse, Vegas claimed that he was owed money for the advertisements.[77] In early 2007, Monkey and Al reappeared in an advert for PG Tips tea, which at first included a reference to ITV Digital's downfall.



Set top boxes




ONdigital viewing card


This is a list of ex-ITV and ONdigital set-top boxes. All boxes used similar software, with the design of the user interface common to all models. Top Up TV provided a small update in 2004 which upgraded minor technicalities with encryption services.




  • Nokia Mediamaster 9850T


  • Pace Micro Technology DTR-730, DTR-735


  • Philips DTX 6370, DTX 6371, DTX 6372


  • Pioneer DBR-T200, DBR-T210


  • Sony VTX-D500U


  • Toshiba DTB2000


All these set top boxes (and some ONdigital-branded integrated TVs) become obsolete after the digital switchover, completed in 2012, as post-switchover broadcasts utilised a newer 8k modulation scheme with which this earlier equipment was not compatible.[citation needed]



iDTVs


ONdigital and ITV Digital could also be received with an Integrated Digital Television (iDTV) receiver. They used a conditional-access module (CAM) with a smart card, plugged into a DVB Common Interface slot in the back of the set.


Purchasers of iDTVs were given a substantially discounted price on using the ONdigital service, as there was no cost for a set-top box.


Some of the original iDTVs needed firmware upgrades to work with the CAM. For example, Sony sent technicians out to homes to make the necessary updates free of charge.



Carlton/Granada digital television channels


Carlton and Granada (later ITV Digital Channels Ltd) created a selection of channels which formed some of the core content of channels available via the service, which were:



























































































































Channel name
 Channel no.
 Year removed
 Reason/Notes

Carlton Kids
 34
 2000
 Timeshared with Carlton World. Replaced by a timeshare of Discovery Kids and Discovery Wings.

Carlton Select
 35
 2000

Carlton World
 34
 2000
 Timeshared with Carlton Kids. Replaced by a timeshare of Discovery Kids and Discovery Wings.
First ONdigital
 20
 2000
ONsport 1
 99
 2001
 Originally known as Champions ON 99. Replaced by ITV Sport Channel, ITV Sport Extra and ITV Sport Select.
ONsport 2
 28/98
 2001
 Originally known as Champions ON 28, then Champions ON 98. Timeshared with Carlton Cinema. Replaced by ITV Sport Channel, ITV Sport Extra and ITV Sport Select.

Taste CFN
 35
 2001
 Known as Carlton Food Network until 1 May 2001. Timeshared with Carlton Select.

Granada Breeze
 31
 2002
 Known as Granada Good Life until 1 May 1998. Timesharing with Men & Motors.

ITV Select
 50
 2002
 Known as ONrequest until 22 August 2001.

ITV Sport Channel
 20
 2002
ITV Sport Extra
 99
 2002
ITV Sport Select
 98
 2002
Shop!
 19
 2002
 Joint venture between Granada and Littlewoods.
Wellbeing
 47
 2002
 Joint venture between Granada and Boots. Replaced ONoffer service.

Carlton Cinema
 28
 2003
 Timeshared with Champions ON 28/98, then timeshared with ONsport 2.

Plus
 30
 2004
 Known as Granada Plus until 1998, then G Plus until 2002. Closed due to launch of ITV3.

ITV News Channel
 48
 2005
 Known as ITN News Channel until after the collapse of ITV Digital.

Men & Motors
 31
 2010
 Known as Granada Men & Motors until 2001. Timeshared with Granada Breeze.

ITV2
 6
 N/A
 Still broadcasting.


See also



  • Sky UK

  • Top Up TV

  • Freeview

  • NDS Group



References





  1. ^ "Carlton, Granada, and BSkyB form British Digital Broadcasting"..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


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  73. ^ Leigh, David (26 March 2012). "Questions for News Corp over rival's collapse". the Guardian.


  74. ^ Sweney, Mark (7 June 2013). "Met looks into claims ex-News Corp subsidiary aided attack on pay-TV rival". the Guardian.


  75. ^ ITV Monkey funds TV shopping start-up Archived 9 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine. silicon.com, 11 July 2002


  76. ^ Cassy, John (2002-05-02). "ITV Monkey in custody battle". guardian.co.uk.


  77. ^ "Vegas 'owed money for Monkey ads'". 19 August 2002 – via news.bbc.co.uk.




External links




  • ONdigital in liquidation Information for subscribers

  • ONdigital history site


  • ITV Digital / PG Tips Monkey Mavis, 8 March 2009 – Knitting kit for Monkey


  • ITV Digital goes broke BBC News, 27 March 2002


  • Set-top box offers low-cost digital BBC News, 29 March 2002










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Italian cuisine

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"Italian restaurant" redirects here. For the television series, see Italian Restaurant. Some typical Italian gastronomic products in a window display in Imola Pizza is one of the world's most popular foods and a common fast food item Part of a series on the Culture of Italy History People Languages Traditions Mythology and folklore Mythology folklore Cuisine Festivals Religion Art Literature Music and performing arts Music Media Television Cinema Sport Monuments World Heritage Sites Symbols Flag Coat of arms Italy portal v t e Italian cuisine History Ancient Roman cuisine Medieval cuisine Early modern cuisine Contemporary cuisine Regional cuisines Apulian cuisine Lombard cuisine Neapolitan cuisine Roman cuisine Sicilian cuisine Venetian cuisine Cuisine of Abruzzo Cuisine of Sardinia Lists Chefs Dishes Pas...
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Bulgarian cuisine

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Part of a series on Bulgarians .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} българи Culture Literature Music Art Cinema Names Cuisine Dances Costume Sport Public holidays in Bulgaria By country Albania Australia Canada Czechoslovakia Greece New Zealand Romania Serbia South America Turkey Ukraine United States Bulgarian citizens France Germany Hungary Italy Lebanon Lithuania Macedonia Spain United Kingdom Subgroups Anatolian Balkanian Banat Bulgarians Bessarabian Bulgarian Dobrujans Macedonian Ruptsi Balkandzhii Pomaks (Bulgarian Muslims) Thracian Shopi/Torlaks Şchei Religion Bulgarian Orthodox Church Islam Catholic Church Protestant denominations Language Bulgarian Dialects Banat Bulgarian Other List of Bulgarians People of Bulgarian descent v t e Tarator is a cold soup made of yogurt, water, minced cucumber, dill, garlic, and sunflower or olive oil (Chips are...
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Carrot

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Root vegetable, usually orange in color This article is about the cultivated vegetable. For other uses, see Carrot (disambiguation). Carrot Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Eudicots Clade : Asterids Order: Apiales Family: Apiaceae Genus: Daucus Species: D. carota Subspecies: D. c. subsp. sativus Trinomial name Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Schübl. & G. Martens The carrot ( Daucus carota subsp. sativus ) is a root vegetable, usually orange in colour, though purple, black, red, white, and yellow cultivars exist. [1] Carrots are a domesticated form of the wild carrot, Daucus carota , native to Europe and southwestern Asia. The plant probably originated in Persia and was originally cultivated for its leaves and seeds. The most commonly eaten part of the plant is the taproot, although the stems and leaves are eaten as well. The domestic carrot ha...
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