Phi Beta Kappa
























































The Phi Beta Kappa Society

ΦΒΚ

Phi Beta Kappa Key.png
Founded
December 5, 1776; 241 years ago (1776-12-05)
The College of William and Mary
Type
Honor Society
Emphasis
Liberal arts and sciences
Mission statement
To celebrate and advocate excellence in the liberal arts and sciences.
Motto
Φιλοσοφία Βίου Κυβερνήτης
Love of learning is the guide of life
Colors
     Pink and      Sky blue
Publication
The American Scholar
Chapters
286
Members
500,000+ collegiate
Factoid
The first collegiate Greek-letter fraternity and the oldest honor society for the liberal arts and sciences.
Headquarters
1606 New Hampshire Ave. NW
Washington, D.C.
U.S.
Website
pbk.org

The Phi Beta Kappa Society (ΦΒΚ) is the oldest academic honor society in the United States, and is often described as its most prestigious honor society,[1][2][3] due to its long history and academic selectivity.[4][5][6] Phi Beta Kappa aims to promote and advocate excellence in the liberal arts and sciences and to induct the most outstanding students of arts and sciences at American colleges and universities.[7] It was founded at the College of William and Mary on December 5, 1776 as the first collegiate Greek-letter fraternity and was among the earliest collegiate fraternal societies.[8]


Phi Beta Kappa (ΦΒΚ) stands for Φιλοσοφία Βίου Κυβερνήτης (Philosophia Biou Kybernētēs), which means "Love of wisdom is the guide of life" or "Philosophy is the governor of one's life."




Contents






  • 1 Membership


  • 2 History


  • 3 Key


  • 4 Activities and publications


  • 5 Chapters


  • 6 Notable members


  • 7 Awards


  • 8 See also


  • 9 References


  • 10 External links





Membership


According to Phi Beta Kappa, the organization has chapters in about 10% of American higher learning institutions, and about 10% of these schools' Arts and Sciences graduates are invited to join the society.[9] Although most students are elected in their senior year, many colleges elect a very limited number of extremely select students in their junior year, generally less than 2% of the class.[10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Each chapter sets its own academic standards, but all inductees must have studied the liberal arts and sciences (Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree candidates), demonstrated "good moral character", and, usually, earned grades placing them in the top tenth of their class.[17] (However, at least one school, Princeton University, includes Bachelor of Science in Engineering (BSE) students in Phi Beta Kappa.[18]) There is a mandatory initiation fee (between US$50 and US$90, as of 2005), which is sometimes covered by the inductee's university.[17]


Membership in Phi Beta Kappa is limited to undergraduates with very high GPAs, typically at least 3.8 or 3.9 out of a 4.0 scale. In 2001, a quorum of PBK alumni voted to raise the GPA cutoff: though all chapters set their own standards for induction, they were now instructed to be much more selective in terms of GPA. The higher cutoff was justified in reference to the historical phenomenon of grade inflation since the 1950s and 1960s.[citation needed]



History





Present day Phi Beta Kappa Memorial Hall entrance at The College of William & Mary.


The Phi Beta Kappa Society was founded on December 5, 1776 at the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia by five students, with John Heath as its first President. The society established the precedent for naming American college societies after the initial letters of a secret Greek motto.[19][20]


The group consisted of students who frequented the Raleigh Tavern as a common meeting area off the college campus (a persistent story maintains that a Masonic lodge also met at this tavern, but the Freemasons actually gathered at a different building in Williamsburg;[21] ten of the original members later did become Freemasons).[22]:5 Whether the students organized to meet more freely and discuss non-academic topics, or to discuss politics in a Revolutionary society is unknown; the earliest records indicate only that the students met to debate and engage in oratory, and on topics that would have been not far removed from the curriculum.[22]:83–85[23] In the Phi Beta Kappa Initiation of 1779, the new member was informed, "here then you may for a while disengage yourself from scholastic cares and communicate without reserve whatever reflections you have made upon various objects; remembering that every thing transacted within this room is transacted sub rosa, ...here, too, you are to indulge in matters of speculation that freedom of enquiry which ever dispels the clouds of falsehood by the radiant sunshine of truth...".[22]:5


There had been an earlier fraternal society established at William & Mary, the well-known F.H.C. Society (nicknamed "the Flat Hat Club"), which was founded in 1750. The F.H.C. Society is the first recorded collegiate secret Society in North America, but unlike Phi Beta Kappa, it was a Latin-letter society. Its name was taken from letters of a secret Latin motto with acronym F.H.C. William & Mary alumnus and third U.S. President Thomas Jefferson was perhaps the most famous member of the F.H.C.;[24] other notable members of the original Society included Col. James Innes, St. George Tucker, and George Wythe.[25] Jefferson noted that "When I was a student of Wm. & Mary college of this state, there existed a society called the F.H.C. society, confined to the number of six students only, of which I was a member, but it had no useful object, nor do I know whether it now exists."[22]:5


A second Latin-letter fraternity at William & Mary was the P.D.A. Society (publicly known as "Please Don't Ask").[26]John Heath, chief organizer of Phi Beta Kappa, according to tradition earlier sought but was refused admission to the P.D.A., though he may instead have disdained to join it (Heath's friend and fellow student William Short later wrote that the P.D.A. "had lost all reputation for letters, and was noted only for the dissipation & conviviality of its members"[22]:84).


The new society was intended to be "purely of domestic manufacture, without any connexion whatever with anything European, either English or German."[22]:84 The founders of Phi Beta Kappa declared that the society was formed for congeniality and to promote good fellowship, with "friendship as its basis and benevolence and literature as its pillars."[22]


Like the older, Latin-letter fraternities, the Phi Beta Kappa was a secret society. To protect its members and to instill a sense of solidarity, each had the essential attributes of most modern fraternities: an oath of secrecy, a badge (or token) and a diploma (or certificate) of membership, mottoes (in the case of the Phi Beta Kappa, in Greek rather than in Latin), a ritual of initiation, a handclasp of recognition; to these, the Phi Beta Kappa would soon add another attribute, branches or "chapters" at other colleges. The new society was given the motto, Φιλοσοφία Βίου Κυβερνήτης or in Latin letters Philosophia Biou Kybernētēs, which means in English The Love for Knowledge be the Guide of Life. Greek was chosen, because Greek was in Roman times the language of science like Latin in medieval times.





The Phi Beta Kappa Society National Headquarters located in the historic Dupont Circle neighborhood of Washington, D.C.



One official historian of the society, William T. Hastings, and some others believe that the "S" and "P" on the badge, which stood for Societas Philosophiae, "Philosophical Society", was the original name of the Society and that "Phi Beta Kappa" came only over time to be taken as the name of the society. The heading on the original list of members states, "A List of the members, who have been initiated into the S.P. alias Phi Beta Kappa Society."[22]:5


Later, in May 1777, a new sign of recognition was devised: "a salutation of the clasp of the hands, together with an immediate stroke across the mouth with the back of the same hand, and a return with the hand used by the saluted". This new complex of gestures was created to allow the mutual recognition of members "in any foreign country or place."[22]:10


Before the British invasion of Virginia forced the temporary closure of the College of William and Mary and disbandment of the Phi Beta Kappa there early in 1781, Elisha Parmelee, an alumnus of Yale College and Harvard College, passed through Williamsburg and took charters from the Phi Beta Kappa to establish branches of the society at these schools. A second chapter was founded at Yale College in late 1780; a third, at Harvard College in 1781; and a fourth, at Dartmouth College in 1787. From these new chapters, the Phi Beta Kappa evolved from a fraternity with principally academic and some social purposes to an entirely honorary organization recognizing scholastic achievement. While the Phi Beta Kappa developed some of the characteristics which still distinguish Greek-letter fraternities, it was left to other students to fill the natural human need for fellowship with kindred students by extension of fraternity to a purely social context.


Further chapters appeared at Union College in 1817, Bowdoin College in 1825, and Brown University in 1830. The original chapter at William & Mary was re-established. In 1831, the Harvard chapter publicly disclosed the fraternity's secrets during a period of strong anti-Masonic sentiment. The first chapter established after the Phi Beta Kappa became an "open" society was that at Trinity College (Connecticut), in 1845.


In the pre-Civil War period Society chapters frequently sponsored addresses by distinguished speakers. Ralph Waldo Emerson's 1837 address at Harvard, "The American Scholar" is the best-known of those addresses, but there were dozens of others at schools such as Bowdoin, Brown, Harvard, Union, and Yale.[27]


As the first collegiate organization of its type to adopt a Greek-letter name, the Phi Beta Kappa is generally considered a forerunner of modern college fraternities as well as the model for later collegiate honorary societies. Ironically, it was partly the rise of true "social" fraternities modelled after Phi Beta Kappa later in the nineteenth century which obviated the social aspects of membership in the organization, transforming it into the honorary society it is today.


By 1883, when the United Chapters of Phi Beta Kappa was established, there were 25 chapters. The first women were elected to the society at the University of Vermont in 1875, and the first African-American member was elected at the same institution two years later. In 1885, however, Phi Beta Kappa eliminated those majoring in engineering from eligibility. This practice continues today.


Each chapter is designated by its state and a Greek letter indicating its position in the order in which that state's chapters were founded. For example, Alpha of Pennsylvania refers to the chapter at Dickinson College, founded in 1887; Beta of Pennsylvania, the chapter at Lehigh University (founded later that same year); Gamma of Pennsylvania, the chapter at Lafayette College (1890); and Delta of Pennsylvania, the chapter at the University of Pennsylvania (1892).


By 1920, a total of 89 chapters existed at a variety of schools. New chapters are continually added; as of 2007 there were 276.[28]


In the 1960s, Vanderbilt University professor Donald Davidson claimed that Phi Beta Kappa was under the influence of Communists.[29]


In 1988, the United Chapters of Phi Beta Kappa officially changed its name to The Phi Beta Kappa Society, recalling the name under which the organization had been established in 1776.[citation needed]



Key


The symbol of the Phi Beta Kappa Society is a golden key engraved on the obverse with the image of a pointing finger, three stars, and the Greek letters from which the society takes its name. The stars are said today to show the ambition of young pupils and the three distinguishing principles of the Society: friendship, morality, and learning. On the reverse are found the initials "SP" in script, which stand for the Latin words Societas Philosophiae, or "Philosophical Society".


The "key" of Phi Beta Kappa did not begin as a copy of a watchkey. The first insignia was in fact a larger, cut-and-engraved silver medallion, essentially a square of metal with a loop cut integrally with the body of the square from the same sheet of silver, in order to allow for suspension from one or two ribbons worn around the member's neck in the manner in which the older fraternities (and the Freemasonic bodies on which the collegiate societies were in part patterned) wore their own insignia.[26] Later, the size of the medallion was reduced and men took to wearing the insignia on their watch chains as fobs. The post or stem, designed for the winding of pocket-watches, did not appear on fobs until the beginning of the 19th century. The fobs were not even gold at first; the earliest extant 18th-century models were made of silver or pewter, and again it was not until the first quarter of the 19th century that gold largely supplanted the use of silver or pewter. Some notable exceptions did occur, as at Harvard, which until the first decade of the twentieth century continued the use of silver or pewter for some of its keys.


Though several stylistic details have survived since the earliest days—the use of the stars, pointing hand, and Greek letters on the obverse, for example—notable differences exist between older keys and current examples. The name of the recipient was not engraved on the earliest fobs or keys, and was not until the first decade of the nineteenth century. The name of the school from which the fob or key came was also not routinely included on the earliest models, and sometimes the only way to trace a key to a particular school's chapter is by researching the name of the recipient against surviving class records. The number of stars on the obverse has also changed over the years, with never fewer than three, but on some known examples with as many as a dozen (the explanation as to the meaning of the stars in these early cases varies from chapter to chapter). Also, the date of the awarding of the honor is only seen on keys from the second quarter of the nineteenth century onward (some people mistake the date that appears on the fob or key—December 5, 1776—as the date that a particular fob or key was awarded, when in fact it is merely the date of the founding of the society). Only in 1912 was the key made to a uniform standard of size, golden appearance (some are plated), and engraving with the school's name, recipient's name, and date of the award.



Activities and publications


The Phi Beta Kappa Society publishes The Key Reporter,[30] a newsletter distributed quarterly to all contributing members and biannually to all other members, and The American Scholar, a quarterly subscription-based journal that accepts essays on literature, history, science, public affairs, and culture.[31]


Phi Beta Kappa also funds a number of awards, fellowships, and programs.


The Phi Beta Kappa Book Awards are the Ralph Waldo Emerson Award, the Christian Gauss Award, and the Phi Beta Kappa Award in Science.[32] The Book Awards are given annually to outstanding scholarly books published in the United States. Winning works, which are drawn from the fields of the humanities, the social sciences, the natural sciences and mathematics, must be of broad interest and accessible to the general reader. Each award carries a $10,000 prize. The winners were selected from five short listed titles in each category.[33]


The Mary Isabel Sibley Fellowship is awarded annually, alternating in the fields of Greek and French. The award may be used for the study of Greek language, literature, history, or archaeology, or the study of French language or literature. Established in 1934 by Isabelle Stone (ΦΒΚ, Wellesley College) in honor of her mother, Mary Isabel Sibley, the fellowship was designed to reward the women in these two fields of study with the experience of studying and living abroad, which Miss Stone did in Greece during her studies. The fellowship carries a stipend of $20,000.[34]


The Walter J. Jensen Fellowship for French Language, Literature, and Culture aims to help educators and researchers improve education in standard French language, literature and culture and in the study of standard French in the United States. Established in 2001 by Professor Walter J. Jensen (ΦΒΚ, UCLA), the fellowship is awarded for at least six continuous months of study in France and carries a stipend originally set in 1995 at $10,000, to be adjusted for inflation. The stipend for 2016 was $15,500.[35]


The Dr. Martin R. Lebowitz and Eve Lewellis Lebowitz Prize for Philosophical Achievement and Contribution is awarded by the Phi Beta Kappa Society in conjunction with the American Philosophical Association. The associated Lebowitz Symposium is presented annually at a divisional meeting of the American Philosophical Association. The prize was established in 2013 by Eve Lewellis Lebowitz in honor of her late husband, Martin R. Lebowitz, to provide a significant, tangible recognition for excellence in philosophical thought. The Symposium program consists of a pair of lectures to be delivered at an annual APA division meeting and a Phi Beta Kappa event. The topic of the lectures should be an important philosophical issue of current interest, and the lectures should offer contrasting (not necessarily opposing) views on that topic. Honoraria for the symposiasts are funded at an adjusted rate based on the current size of the endowment. Previous winners have won as much as $25,000 each.[36]


The Romanell-Phi Beta Kappa Professorship is awarded annually to scholars in the field of philosophy, without restriction to any one school of philosophical thought. The professorship recognizes not only distinguished achievement but also the recipient’s contribution or potential contribution to public understanding of philosophy.[37]


Since 1956, the Phi Beta Kappa Visiting Scholar Program has offered undergraduates the opportunity to spend time with some of America's most distinguished scholars. The purpose of the program is to contribute to the intellectual life of the campus by making possible an exchange of ideas between the Visiting Scholars and the resident faculty and students.[38]


Phi Beta Kappa also sponsors a National Arts & Sciences Initiative, which taps into its cross-country network of members, chapters, and associations to connect with leaders, shares the value of the arts and sciences through all of life, and advocates for policies that strengthen an arts and sciences education.[39]



Chapters


Phi Beta Kappa has 286 chapters. Chapters are approved at the Triennial Conventions.


Main article: List of Phi Beta Kappa chapters


Notable members


Since inception, 17 U.S. Presidents, 40 U.S. Supreme Court Justices,[40] and 136 Nobel Laureates have been inducted members.[41]


Main article: List of Phi Beta Kappa members by year of admission


Awards


In 2008, the Phi Beta Kappa Society was awarded the Arts and Sciences Advocacy Award from the Council of Colleges of Arts and Sciences (CCAS). CCAS bestows this award upon an individual or organization demonstrating exemplary advocacy for the arts and sciences, flowing from a deep commitment to the intrinsic worth of liberal arts education.[42]



See also



  • Phi Beta Kappa Award in Science

  • Phi Kappa Phi

  • Phi Theta Kappa



References





  1. ^ "Phi Beta Kappa". University of Virginia - The College of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved May 15, 2018. Phi Beta Kappa is the nation’s oldest and most prestigious undergraduate honors organization. For more than 200 years, the Society has pursued its mission of celebrating and advocating excellence in the liberal arts and sciences, and its distinctive emblem, a golden key, is widely recognized as a symbol of academic distinction..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ "Phi Beta Kappa". Boston College - Morrissey College of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved May 15, 2018. Phi Beta Kappa is the most prestigious academic honorary society in the United States. Founded in 1776 at the College of William and Mary in Virginia, and nurtured early on at Harvard and Yale, the Society is currently established at 262 of the foremost colleges and universities in the nation.


  3. ^ Bernstein, Emily. "Phi Beta Kappa Key Being Turned Down By Many Honorees". New York Times. Retrieved May 15, 2018. The upshot is that Phi Beta Kappa, the nation's most prestigious honor society, has an image problem.


  4. ^ "About the Phi Beta Kappa Society". USC Dornsife - College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences. Retrieved May 24, 2018. The selectivity of membership, as well as the society’s rich history, is the reason that Phi Beta Kappa is considered among the most prestigious American college honor societies.


  5. ^ "Phi Beta Kappa". Honor Society. Retrieved May 15, 2018. Widely considered to be the nation's most prestigious honor society, Phi Beta Kappa aims to promote and advocate excellence in the liberal arts and sciences and to induct the most outstanding students of arts and sciences at American colleges and universities.


  6. ^ "What is Phi Beta Kappa?". Occidental College. Retrieved May 15, 2018. Phi Beta Kappa (ΦΒΚ) is the most prestigious and best known academic honor society in the United States ... Phi Beta Kappa celebrates excellence in the liberal arts and sciences by offering membership to the most outstanding arts and sciences students at the country’s leading colleges and universities.


  7. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-11-06. Retrieved 2015-03-17.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)


  8. ^ Warren, John (2000). "Historical Information". Association of College Honor Societies. Retrieved 2009-03-10.


  9. ^ "About Us". Phi Beta Kappa. Retrieved 22 January 2012.


  10. ^ "Columbia University".


  11. ^ "Wellesley".


  12. ^ "Stanford".


  13. ^ "University of Pennsylvania".


  14. ^ "Harvard". Archived from the original on 2012-03-17.


  15. ^ "Santa Clara".


  16. ^ "U.C. Riverside".


  17. ^ ab Nancy Keates (4 Nov 2005). "Phi Beta What?". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 7 September 2014.


  18. ^ "Graduation and Honors | Undergraduate Announcement". ua.princeton.edu. Retrieved 2018-07-03. The Phi Beta Kappa Society, founded in 1776 and the oldest of all national honorary scholastic societies, has a chapter at Princeton. Election to this chapter is based on scholastic standing and is open to candidates for the A.B. and B.S.E. degrees in their senior year.


  19. ^ Bernstein, Emily M. (1996-05-26). "Phi Beta Kappa Key Being Turned Down By Many Honorees". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-06-22.


  20. ^ Society, Phi Beta Kappa. "PBK_History". www.pbk.org. Retrieved 2017-06-22.


  21. ^ Brinkley, M. Kent Brinkley (March 1, 1999). "Freemasonry in Williamsburge: An Overview History of Williamsburg Lodge #6, A.F.& A.M. of Virginia". Williamsburg, Virginia: Acacia Lodge No. 16 A.F.&A.M. Archived from the original on July 23, 2008.


  22. ^ abcdefghi Hastings, William T. (1965). Phi Beta Kappa as a Secret Society with its Relations to Freemasonry and Antimasonry Some Supplementary Documents. Richmond, Virginia: United Chapters of Phi Beta Kappa.


  23. ^ Fleming, Bill (May 6, 1996). "Phi Beta Kappa". Brief History of Fraternities. Sam Houston State University. Retrieved October 26, 2015.


  24. ^ Millfield, Becca (November 2, 2004). "Shhh! The Secret Side to the College's Lesser Known Societies". The DoG Street Journal. The College of William & Mary's daily online. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011.


  25. ^ "F.H.C. Society," University Archives Subject File Collection Archived January 15, 2009, at the Wayback Machine., Special Collections Research Center, Earl Gregg Swem Library, College of William and Mary.


  26. ^ ab Robert W. Storm, "In Token of Friendship: Early Fraternity Medals at the College of William and Mary"; 1973; typescript in university archives, Earl Gregg Swem Library, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia.


  27. ^ Alfred L. Brophy, The Rule of Law in College Literary Addresses: The Case of William Greene, Cumberland Law Review Archived March 29, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. (2001) 32: 231–85.


  28. ^ "About Chapters". The Phi Beta Kappa Society. Archived from the original on 2007-08-08. Retrieved 2013-11-26.


  29. ^ Houston, Benjamin (2011). "Donald Davidson and the Segregationist Intellect". In Tendrich Frank, Lisa; Daniel, Kilbride. Southern Character: Essays in Honor of Bertram Wyatt-Brown. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. p. 177. ISBN 9780813036908. OCLC 949154540.


  30. ^ "The Key Reporter - Welcome!". www.keyreporter.org.


  31. ^ "Phi Beta Kappa". Stanford University. Stanford. Retrieved 15 May 2017.


  32. ^ "Book Awards". The Phi Beta Kappa Society. The PBK Society. Retrieved 15 May 2017.


  33. ^ Society, Phi Beta Kappa. "Book Awards 2016 Winners". www.pbk.org.


  34. ^ Society, Phi Beta Kappa. "Sibley Fellowship". www.pbk.org.


  35. ^ Society, Phi Beta Kappa. "Jensen Fellowship". www.pbk.org.


  36. ^ Society, Phi Beta Kappa. "The Lebowitz Prizes". www.pbk.org.


  37. ^ Society, Phi Beta Kappa. "Romanell Professorship". www.pbk.org.


  38. ^ Society, Phi Beta Kappa. "Visiting Scholars". www.pbk.org.


  39. ^ Society, Phi Beta Kappa. "National Arts and Sciences Initiative". www.pbk.org.


  40. ^ Society, Phi Beta Kappa. "About ΦΒΚ". www.pbk.org.


  41. ^ Phi Beta Kappa Society :: Phi Beta Kappa Society Archived January 13, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.. Pbk.org (2012-10-05). Retrieved on 2013-08-27.


  42. ^ "Arts & Sciences Advocacy Award – Council of Colleges of Arts and Sciences". www.ccas.net. Retrieved 2016-05-02.




External links



  • Official website

  • Phi Beta Kappa on Facebook

  • Phi Beta Kappa on Twitter


  • Texts on Wikisource:


    • Ralph Waldo Emerson, The American Scholar, Phi Beta Kappa oration, delivered 1837


    • William Raimond Baird, “Phi Beta Kappa,” Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities, 1879


    • Carl Schurz, Phi Beta Kappa Oration at Harvard, 1882


    • "Phi Beta Kappa". The New Student's Reference Work. 1914.




Coordinates: 38°54′41″N 77°02′31″W / 38.911454°N 77.042083°W / 38.911454; -77.042083









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