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Pro-Life movements, are involved in the abortion debate advocating against the practice of abortion and its legality. Many anti-abortion movements began as countermovements in response to the legalization of elective abortions. Abortion is the termination of a human pregnancy accompanied by the death of the embryo or fetus^[1].

Terminology

By some, especially in the media, the terms used in the debate are seen as political framing: they are terms used to validate one stance while invalidating the opposition's. For example, the labels "pro-choice" and "pro-life" imply endorsement of widely held values such as liberty and freedom, while suggesting that the opposition must be "anti-choice"^[2] or "anti-life" (alternatively "pro-coercion" or "pro-death").^[3] The AP Stylebook (Associated Press) favors the terms "abortion rights" and "anti-abortion" instead.^{[4][non-primary source needed][who else?]}

However, some in the "pro-life" movement view the term "anti-abortion" as an inaccurate media label as well.^[5] For example: no public figures who describe themselves as "pro-life" are legally opposed to abortion if the life of the mother is in certain danger. Also, for many in the "pro-life" movement, the word "life" reflects the core value and truth for which they sincerely believe their cause represents.^[6] This view is heavily influenced by religious belief in many, but not all cases. There is significant philosophical debate regarding whether human embryos acquire personhood and human rights upon genetic formation or upon fetal viability.

Philosophical and legal arguments

Anti-abortion activists cite moral and philosophical arguments against both the acceptability or legality of abortion. Activists may also hold religious objections to abortion.

Movements by country

Europe

Each Life Matters demonstration in Madrid, Spain, on 17 October 2009

In Europe, abortion law varies by country, and has been legalized through parliamentary acts in some countries, and constitutionally banned (or heavily restricted) in others. In Western Europe this has had the effect at once of both more closely regulating the use of abortion, and at the same time mediating and reducing the impact anti-abortion campaigns have had on the law.^[7]

France

The first specifically anti-abortion organization in France, Laissez-les-vivre-SOS futures mères, was created in 1971 during the debate that was to lead to the Veil Law in 1975. Its main spokesman was the geneticist Jérôme Lejeune. Since 2005, the French anti-abortion movement has organized an annual March for Life.^[8]

Ireland

There are several major anti-abortion groups in the Republic of Ireland, Pro Life Campaign, Youth Defence and Iona Institute.

Liechtenstein

In Liechtenstein, an application to legalize abortions was rejected by a slim majority in a referendum in 2011. The opponents, which included Prince Alois, got 500 votes more and eventually settled at 52.3 percent compared with 47.7 percent.^[9]

Prince Alois had announced the use of his veto in advance if necessary to prevent the introduction of abortion.^[10]

Spain

In Spain, over one million demonstrators took part in a march in Madrid in October 2009 to protest plans by the government of José Luis Zapatero to legalize elective abortions and eliminate parental consent restrictions.^[11]

In 2010 1,067,315 Spaniards signed a petition against the liberal abortion policy of the government. The petition was launched by the organizations "Derecho a vivir" (right to life) and "Hazteoir" (make yourself heard).^[12]

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, the most prominent anti-abortion organization is the Society for the Protection of Unborn Children. It was formed to "uphold the principle of respect for human life, in particular the life of the unborn child" at the time of the passage of the 1967 Abortion Act which liberalized abortion law. It was the first such organization in the world.^[13]

Middle East and North Africa

Israel

In Israel, the major anti-abortion organization is Efrat.^[14] Efrat activists primarily raise funds to relieve the "financial and social pressures" on pregnant women so that they will not terminate their pregnancies. However, this activity is only carried out in the Jewish sector in Israeli society, as Efrat officially views abortion among Jews as a demographic threat to the Jewish people.^[15]

Americas

Canada

In Canada, the American-based organization Silent No More advocates legislation prohibiting late-term and partial birth abortions.^{[16][better source needed]}

Chile

The Chilean movement is called Siempre por la Vida (always for the life).^[17]

United States

The United States anti-abortion movement formed as a response to the landmark 1973 Roe v. Wade and Doe v. Bolton Supreme Court decisions, with many anti-abortion organizations having emerged since then. There is also a smaller consistent life ethic movement, favoring a philosophy which opposes all forms of killing, including abortion, war, euthanasia, and capital punishment.

The current movement is in part a continuation of previous debates on abortion that led to the practice being banned in all states in the late 19th century. The initial movement was led by physicians, but also included politicians and feminists. Among physicians, advances in medical knowledge played a significant role in influencing anti-abortion opinion. Quickening, which had previously been thought to be the point at which the soul entered a human was discovered to be a relatively unimportant step in fetal development, causing them to rethink their position of early term abortions.^[18] Ideologically, the Hippocratic Oath and the medical mentality of that age to defend the value of human life as an absolute, also played a significant role in molding opinions about abortion.^[18]

Meanwhile, feminists tended to regard abortion as an undesirable necessity forced upon women by thoughtless men.^[19] Even the "free love" wing of the feminist movement refused to advocate abortion and treated the practice as an example of the hideous extremes to which modern marriage was driving women.^[20]Marital rape and the seduction of unmarried women were societal ills which feminists believed caused the need to abort, as men did not respect women's right to abstinence.^[20]

Africa

"In Africa, according to the most recent estimates, at least 9% of maternal deaths (16,000) annually were due to unsafe abortion."^[21][22] "About 1.6 million women in the region are treated annually for complications from unsafe abortion."^[21][23]

South Africa

In South Africa, an anti-abortion organization is called Pro-Life Generation.^[24]

Australia

In Australia, the anti-abortion movement is represented by a number of organizations including Cherish Life, Right to Life Australia, and Australian Christian Lobby. These organizations undertake various campaigning actions including political campaign fundraising,^[25] lobbying, and traditional protesting and campaigning.

See also

• Anti-abortion violence


• Crisis pregnancy center


• Fetal rights


• 
  Mildred Fay Jefferson (founder of National Right to Life PAC)


• History of abortion law debate


• Pregnancy from rape § Opposition to legal abortion

References

External links

• List of international anti-abortion organizations