State Council of the People's Republic of China
中华人民共和国国务院 Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Guówùyuàn | |
 Emblem of the People's Republic of China | |
| Agency overview | |
|---|---|
| Formed | 27 September 1954 |
| Preceding agency |
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| Type | Executive branch of the central government Executive body of the National People's Congress[1] Highest organ of State administration[1] |
| Jurisdiction | Government of the People's Republic of China |
| Headquarters | State Council Hall, Zhongnanhai, Beijing |
| Motto | "Serve the People" |
| Agency executives |
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| Child agencies |
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| Website | English.gov.cn |
| State Council of the People's Republic of China | |||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 中华人民共和国国务院 | ||||||||
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| Traditional Chinese | 中華人民共和國國務院 | ||||||||
| Literal meaning | "Chinese People('s) Republic State Affair(s) Court" | ||||||||
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| State Council (commonly used abbreviation) | |||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 国务院 | ||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 國務院 | ||||||||
| Literal meaning | "The Court of State Affairs" | ||||||||
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| Central People's Government (Constitutional synonym[1]) | |||||||||
| Chinese | 中央人民政府 | ||||||||
| Literal meaning | Central People('s) Government | ||||||||
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China |
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This article is part of a series on the politics and government of China |
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People's Liberation Army
People's Armed Police
China Coast GuardThe State Council, constitutionally[1] synonymous with the Central People's Government since 1954 (particularly in relation to local governments), is the chief administrative authority of the People's Republic of China.[2] It is chaired by the premier and includes the heads of each of the cabinet-level executive departments.[3] Currently, the council has 35 members: the premier, one executive vice premier, three other vice premiers, five state councilors (of whom two are also ministers), and 25 additional ministers and chairs of major agencies.[4] In the politics of the People's Republic of China, the Central People's Government forms one of three interlocking branches of power, the others being the Communist Party of China and the People's Liberation Army. The State Council directly oversees the various subordinate People's Governments in the provinces, and in practice maintains membership with the top levels of the Communist Party of China.
Contents
1 Organization
2 Principal officers
3 Organizational structure
3.1 General Office of the State Council
3.2 Cabinet-level Departments Constituting the State Council
3.3 Special Organization directly under the State Council
3.4 Organizations directly under the State Council
3.5 Administrative Offices under the State Council
3.6 Institutions directly under the State Council
3.7 State Administrations and Bureaus administrated by ministry-level agencies
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Organization
The State Council meets every six months. Between meetings it is guided by a Standing Committee that meets weekly. The standing committee includes the premier, one executive vice premier, three vice premiers, and five other state councilors (normally one of whom serves as Secretary-General of the State Council, and two of whom concurrently serve as ministers).
The vice-premiers and state councilors are nominated by the premier, and appointed by the president with National People's Congress' (NPC) approval. Incumbents may serve two successive five-year terms.
Each vice premier oversees certain areas of administration. Each State Councilor performs duties as designated by the Premier. The secretary-general heads the General Office which handles the day-to-day work of the State Council. The secretary-general has relatively little power and should not be confused with the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China.
Each ministry supervises one sector. Commissions outrank ministries and set policies for and coordinate the related activities of different administrative organs. Offices deal with matters of ongoing concern. Bureaus and administrations rank below ministries.
In addition to the 25 ministries, there are 38 centrally administered government organizations that report directly to the state council. The heads of these organizations attend full meetings of the state committee on an irregular basis.
The State Council is formally responsible to the NPC and its Standing Committee in conducting a wide range of government functions both at the national and at the local levels, and nominally acts by virtue of the NPC's authority. There has been at least one case where the NPC has outright rejected an initiative of the State Council and a few cases where the State Council has withdrawn or greatly modified a proposal in response to NPC opposition.
The State Council and the Communist Party of China are also tightly interlocked. With rare exceptions, State Councilors are high-ranking members of the CPC. Although, as Party members, they are supposed to follow Party instructions, because they tend to be senior members of the Party they also have substantial influence over what those instructions are. This results in a system which is unlike the Soviet practice in which the Party effectively controlled the State. Rather, the Party and State are fused at this level of government. The members of the State Council derive their authority from being members of the state, while as members of the Party they coordinate their activities and determine key decisions such as the naming of personnel.
There were attempts to separate the party and state in the late 1980s under Zhao Ziyang and have the Party in charge of formulating policy and the State Council executing policy, but these efforts were largely abandoned in the early 1990s.
As the chief administrative organ of government, its main functions are to formulate administrative measures, issue decisions and orders, and monitor their implementation; draft legislative bills for submission to the NPC or its Standing Committee; and prepare the economic plan and the state budget for deliberation and approval by the NPC. The State Council is the functional center of state power and clearinghouse for government initiatives at all levels. With the government's emphasis on economic modernization, the State Council clearly acquired additional importance and influence.
The State Council controls the Ministry for National Defense but does not control the People's Liberation Army, which is instead controlled by the Central Military Commission.
Principal officers
# | Portrait Name | Birth year | Government posts | Duties | Party | Party positions | Functional roles | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  Li Keqiang 李克强 | 1955 | Premier of the State Council | Overall work of the State Council | CPC | Member, 19th Politburo Standing Committee Secretary, Leading Party Members' Group of the State Council | Deputy Chairman, Central National Security Commission Director, Central Institutional Organization Commission Director, National Defense Mobilization Commission Director, National Energy Commission | |
| 2 |  Han Zheng 韩正 | 1954 | Vice Premier of the State Council (first-ranked) | Develop & reform, institutional reform, etc. | CPC | Member, 19th Politburo Standing Committee Deputy Secretary, Leading Party Members' Group of the State Council | ||
| 3 |  Sun Chunlan 孙春兰 (female) | 1950 | Vice Premier of the State Council | Education, health, sport, etc. | CPC | Member, 19th Politburo Member, Leading Party Members' Group of the State Council | 国家科技教育领导小组副组长 国务院深化医药卫生体制改革领导小组组长 国务院防治艾滋病工作委员会主任 国务院学位委员会主任 国务院妇女儿童工作委员会主任 中国足球改革领导小组组长 | |
| 4 |  Hu Chunhua 胡春华 | 1963 | Vice Premier of the State Council | Agricultural and rural affairs, anti-poverty, water resources, foreign trade | CPC | Member, 19th Politburo Member, Leading Party Members' Group of the State Council | 国家防汛抗旱总指挥部总指挥 国务院抗震救灾指挥部指挥长 国务院扶贫开发领导小组组长 | |
| 5 | Liu He 刘鹤 | 1952 | Vice Premier of the State Council | Finance, science and technology, industry and transport | CPC | Member, 19th Politburo Member, Leading Party Members' Group of the State Council | Director of the Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission Office | |
| 6 |  General Wei Fenghe 魏凤和 | 1954 | State Councilor and Minister of National Defense Member of the PRC Central Military Commission | National defense mobilization, etc. | CPC | Member, 19th Central Committee Member, Leading Party Members' Group of the State Council Member, CPC Central Military Commission | Member, Central Foreign Affairs Commission Director, 国家边海防委员会 | |
| 7 | Wang Yong 王勇 | 1955 | State Councilor | Emergency management, etc. | CPC | Member, 19th Central Committee Member, Leading Party Members' Group of the State Council | 中央财经领导小组成员 国务院安全生产委员会副主任 国家减灾委员会主任 国务院残疾人工作委员会主任 全国老龄工作委员会主任 | |
| 8 |  Wang Yi 王毅 | 1953 | State Councilor and Minister of Foreign Affairs | Foreign affairs | CPC | Member, 19th Central Committee Member, Leading Party Members' Group of the State Council | Member, Central Foreign Affairs Commission | |
| 9 |  Xiao Jie 肖捷 | 1957 | State Councillor and Secretary-General of the State Council | In charge of the State Council General Office | CPC | Member, 19th Central Committee Member, Leading Party Members' Group of the State Council Secretary, Leading Party Members' Group Under the State Council | ||
| 10 |  Police Commissioner-General Zhao Kezhi 赵克志 | 1953 | State Councillor and Minister of Public Security | Public security, etc. | CPC | Member, 19th Central Committee Member, Leading Party Members' Group of the State Council | Member, Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission Member, Central National Security Commission 国家禁毒委员会主任 国家反恐怖工作领导小组组长 国务院安全生产委员会副主任 | |
Organizational structure
General Office of the State Council
Secretary-General of the State Council
- Deputy Secretary-Generals of the State Council
Cabinet-level Departments Constituting the State Council
# | Logo | Name of Department | Year Established | Current Chief | Party | Reports To | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  | Ministry of Foreign Affairs 外交部 | 1949 (of CPG) 1954 (of PRC) | Wang Yi 王毅 State Councilor and Minister of Foreign Affairs | CPC | General Secretary Xi Jinping (Director of the Central Foreign Affairs Commission) ∟ Yang Jiechi (Director of the CFAC Office) | |
| 2 | | Ministry of National Defense 国防部 | 1954 (of PRC) | General Wei Fenghe 魏凤和 (Member of the Central Military Commission) State Councilor and Minister of National Defense | CPC | General Secretary Xi Jinping (Chairman of the Central Military Commission) | |
| 3 | | National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) 国家发展和改革委员会 | 2003 | He Lifeng 何立峰 (Vice-Chairman of the CPPCC National Committee) Minister in charge of the National Development and Reform Commission | CPC | Vice-Premier Han Zheng | |
| 4 | | Ministry of Education (MOE) 教育部 | 1949 (of CPG) 1954 (of PRC) | Chen Baosheng 陈宝生 Minister of Education | CPC | Vice-Premier Sun Chunlan | |
| 5 | | Ministry of Science and Technology 科学技术部 | 1998 | Wang Zhigang 王志刚 Minister of Science and Technology | CPC | Vice-Premier Liu He | |
| 6 |  | Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) 工业和信息化部 | 2008 | Miao Wei 苗圩 Minister of Industry and Information Technology | CPC | ||
| 7 | | State Ethnic Affairs Commission (SEAC) 国家民族事务委员会 | 1949 (of CPG) 1954 (of PRC) | Bagatur (Mongol) .mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White"} ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ 巴特尔 (Vice-Chairman of the CPPCC National Committee) Minister in charge of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission | CPC | You Quan (Head of the CPC Central Committee United Front Work Department) | |
| 8 |  | Ministry of Public Security (MPS) 公安部 | 1949 (of CPG) 1954 (of PRC) | Police Commissioner-General Zhao Kezhi 赵克志 State Councilor and Minister of Public Security | CPC | Guo Shengkun (Secretary of the CPC Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission) | |
| 9 |  | Ministry of State Security (MSS) 国家安全部 | 1983 | Chen Wenqing 陈文清 Minister of State Security | CPC | ||
| 10 | | Ministry of Civil Affairs (MCA) 民政部 | 1978 | Huang Shuxian 黄树贤 Minister of Civil Affairs | CPC | ||
| 11 |  | Ministry of Justice 司法部 | 1979 (re-established) 1954 (of PRC) 1949 (of CPG) | Fu Zhenghua 傅政华 Minister of Justice | CPC | Guo Shengkun (Secretary of the CPC Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission) | |
| 12 | | Ministry of Finance 财政部 | 1949 (of CPG) 1954 (of PRC) | Liu Kun 刘昆Minister of Finance | CPC | Vice-Premier Han Zheng | |
| 13 | | Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security (MOHRSS) 人力资源和社会保障部 | 2008 | Zhang Jinan 张纪南 Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security | CPC | Vice-Premier Hu Chunhua | |
| 14 | | Ministry Natural Resources 自然资源部 | 2018 | Lu Hao 陆昊 Minister of Natural Resources | CPC | Vice-Premier Han Zheng | |
| 15 | | Ministry of Ecology and Environment 生态环境部 | 2018 | Li Ganjie 李干杰 Minister of Ecology and Environment | CPC | ||
| 16 | | Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development 住房和城乡建设部 | 2008 | Wang Menghui 王蒙徽 Minister of Housing and Urban-Rural Development | CPC | ||
| 17 |  | Ministry of Transport (MOT) 交通运输部 | 2008 | Li Xiaopeng 李小鹏 Minister of Transport | CPC | Vice-Premier Liu He | |
| 18 | | Ministry of Water Resources 水利部 | 1949 (of CPG) 1954 (of PRC) | E Jingping 鄂竟平 Minister of Water Resources | CPC | Vice-Premier Hu Chunhua | |
| 19 | | Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs 农业农村部 | 2018 | Han Changfu 韩长赋 Minister of Agriculture and Rural Affairs | CPC | ||
| 20 |  | Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) 商务部 | 2003 | Zhong Shan 钟山 Minister of Commerce | CPC | ||
| 21 | | Ministry of Culture and Tourism 文化和旅游部 | 2018 | Luo Shugang 雒树刚 Minister of Culture and Tourism | CPC | Huang Kunming (Head of the CPC Central Committee Publicity Department) | |
| 22 | | National Health Commission 国家卫生健康委员会 | 2018 | Ma Xiaowei 马晓伟 Minister in charge of the National Health Commission | CPC | Vice-Premier Sun Chunlan | |
| 23 | | Ministry of Veterans Affairs 退役军人事务部 | 2018 | Sun Shaocheng 孙绍骋 Minister of Veterans Affairs | CPC | ||
| 24 | | Ministry of Emergency Management 应急管理部 | 2018 | Wang Yupu 王玉普 Minister of Emergency Management | CPC | State Councilor Wang Yong | |
| 25 | People's Bank of China (PBC) 中国人民银行 | 1948 | Yi Gang 易纲 Governor of the People’s Bank of China | CPC | Vice-Premier Liu He (Director of the Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission Office) | ||
| 26 | | National Audit Office 审计署 | 1983 | Hu Zejun (female) 胡泽君 Auditor-General of the National Audit Office | CPC | Premier Li Keqiang ∟ Vice-Premier Han Zheng | |
Special Organization directly under the State Council
State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC) (国务院国有资产监督管理委员会), established in 2003
Organizations directly under the State Council
General Administration of Customs of the People's Republic of China (中华人民共和国海关总署)
State Administration of Taxation (国家税务总局)
State Administration for Market Regulation (国家市场监督管理总局)
National Radio and Television Administration (国家广播电影总局)
General Administration of Sport (国家体育总局)
National Bureau of Statistics (国家统计局)
China International Development Cooperation Agency (国家国际发展合作署)
National Healthcare Security Administration (国家医疗保障局)
Counselor's Office of the State Council (国务院参事室)
National Government Offices Administration (国家机关事务管理局), formerly the "Government Offices Administration of the State Council" (国务院机关事务管理局)
National Press and Publication Administration (国家新闻出版署), additional name "National Copyright Administration" (国家版权局), a name reserved by the Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China
National Religious Affairs Administration (国家宗教事务局), a name reserved by the United Front Work Department of the Communist Party of China
Administrative Offices under the State Council
Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office of the State Council (国务院港澳事务办公室)
State Council Research Office (国务院研究室)
Overseas Chinese Affairs Office of the State Council (国务院侨务办公室), a name reserved by the United Front Work Department of the Communist Party of China
Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council (国务院台湾事务办公室), under the CPC Central Committee
Cyberspace Administration of China (国家互联网信息办公室), under the CPC Central Committee
State Council Information Office (国务院新闻办公室), a name reserved by the Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China
Institutions directly under the State Council
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State Administrations and Bureaus administrated by ministry-level agencies
National Public Complaints and Proposals Administration (国家信访局), administrated by the State Council General Office
National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration (国家粮食和物资储备局), administrated by the National Development and Reform Commission
National Energy Administration (国家能源局), administrated by the National Development and Reform Commission
State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence (国家国防科技工业局), administrated by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology
State Tobacco Monopoly Administration (国家烟草专卖局) (officially sharing its office with China National Tobacco Corporation), administrated by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology
National Immigration Administration (国家移民管理局), administrated by the Ministry of Public Security
National Forestry and Grassland Administration (国家林业和草原局), administrated by the Ministry of Natural Resources
National Railway Administration (国家铁路局), administrated by the Ministry of Transport
Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) (中国民用航空局), administrated by the Ministry of Transport
State Post Bureau (国家邮政局), administrated by the Ministry of Transport, officially sharing its office with China Post Group Corporation
National Cultural Heritage Administration (国家文物局), administrated by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism
National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (国家中医药管理局), administrated by the National Health Commission
National Coal Mine Safety Administration (国家煤矿安全监察局), administrated by the Ministry of Emergency Management
State Administration of Foreign Exchange (国家外汇管理局), administrated by the People's Bank of China
National Medical Products Administration (国家药品监督管理局), formerly China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) (国家食品药品监督管理总局), now administrated by the State Administration of Market Regulation
National Intellectual Property Administration (国家知识产权局), administrated by the State Administration for Market Regulation
National Civil Service Administration (国家公务员局), a name reserved by the Organization Department of the Communist Party of China
National Archives Administration (国家档案局), i.e. the Central Archives (中央档案馆) (of the CPC), under the General Office of the CPC Central Committee
National Administration of State Secrets Protection (国家保密局), i.e. the Office of the Central Secrecy Commission (中央保密委员会办公室) (of the CPC), under the General Office of the CPC Central Committee
National Cryptography Administration (国家密码管理局), i.e. the Office of the Central Leading Group for Cryptography Work (中央密码工作领导小组办公室) (of the CPC), under the General Office of the CPC Central Committee
State Language Commission (国家语言文字工作委员会), a name reserved by the Ministry of Education
State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs (国家外国专家局), a name reserved by the Ministry of Science and Technology
China National Space Administration (国家航天局), a name reserved by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology
China Atomic Energy Authority (国家原子能机构), a name reserved by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology
State Oceanic Administration (国家海洋局), a name reserved by the Ministry of Natural Resources
National Nuclear Safety Administration (国家核安全局), a name reserved by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment
Certification and Accreditation Administration (国家认证认可监督管理委员会), a name reserved by the State Administration of Market Regulation
Standardization Administration (国家标准化管理委员会), a name reserved by the State Administration of Market Regulation
See also
Department of State Affairs in the Three Departments and Six Ministries system
Ming dynasty: Central Secretariat → Grand Secretariat
Qing dynasty: Grand Secretariat → Grand Council → Cabinet
Republic of China: State Council (1912–28) → Executive Yuan (1928–present)
People's Republic of China: Government Administration Council of the Central People's Government (1949–54); Ministries of the PRC
References
^ abcd Article 85 of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China
^ "The State Council". English.peopledaily.com.cn. Retrieved 2018-01-18..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ "The State Council". Gov.cn. Retrieved 2018-01-18.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-24. Retrieved 2011-12-04.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
External links
- Official website
- Organizational structure
 Central state organs of the People's Republic of China | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| State Council of the People's Republic of China | |||
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Incumbent (13th): Li Keqiang Cabinet II | |||
State Council (Cabinet) (Plenary meeting) members |
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| General Office | |||
| Cabinet-level departments constituting the State Council |
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| Special organization | State-owned Assets Supervision & Administration | ||
| Organizations directly under the State Council |
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| Administrative offices |
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| Institutions directly under the State Council |
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| State administrations/bureaus administrated by Ministry-level agencies |
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State Council is one in the same as the Central People's Government (constitutionally since 1954) | |||
13th State Council of the People's Republic of China (2018–2023) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Li Keqiang Cabinet II | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Premier | Li Keqiang (Politburo SC) |  Premier Li Keqiang  1st Vice-Premier Han Zheng | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Secretary-General | Xiao Jie | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ministers |
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Central Bank Governor | Yi Gang | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Auditor-General | Hu Zejun ♀ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
National cabinets of Asia | |
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| Sovereign states |
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| States with limited recognition |
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Dependencies and other territories |
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Book
Category
Asia portalPolitics of China | |||||||||||
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| United Front |
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| State organs |
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| Politics of province-level divisions (current leaders) |
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