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Neotropical and Afrotropical parrots Temporal range: Eocene-Holocene
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Psittaciformes
Family:	Psittacidae Rafinesque, 1815
Subfamilies
Psittacinae Arinae See text for genera.

The family Psittacidae is one of three families of true parrots. It comprises the rough 10 species of subfamily Psittacinae (the Old World or Afrotropical parrots) and 157 of subfamily Arinae (the New World or Neotropical parrots), as well as several species that have gone extinct in recent centuries.^[1][2] Some of the most iconic birds in the world are represented here, such as the blue-and-gold macaw among the New World parrots and the grey parrot among the Old World parrots.

Distribution

All of the parrot species in this family are found in tropical and subtropical zones and inhabit Mexico, Central and South America, the Caribbean islands, sub-Saharan Africa, the island of Madagascar, and the Arabian Peninsula. Two parrots, one extinct, formerly inhabited North America.^[3]

Evolutionary history

This family probably had its origin early in the Paleogene period (66–23 Mya) after the western half of Gondwana had separated into the continents of Africa and South America, before the divergence of African and New World lineages around 30–35 Mya.^{[citation needed]} The New World parrots, and by implication Old World parrots, last shared a common ancestor with the Australian parrots of Cacatuidae an estimated 59 Mya.^[4]

The data place most of the diversification of psittaciforms around 40 Mya, after the separation of Australia from West Antarctica and South America.^[5][6] Divergence of the Psittacidae from the ancestral parrots resulted from a common radiation event from what was then West Antarctica into South America then Africa via late Cretaceous land bridges that survived through the Paleogene.^[7]

Taxonomy

The family Psittacidae was introduced (as Psittacea) by the French polymath Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1815.^[8][9] The recently revised taxonomy of the family Psittacidae, based on molecular studies, recognizes the sister clade relationship of the Old World Psittacini and New World Arini tribes of subfamily Psittacinae,^[10] which have been raised to subfamily ranking and renamed Psittacinae and Arinae. Subfamily Loriinae and the other tribes of subfamily Psittacinae are now placed in superfamily Psittacoidea of all true parrots which includes family Psittacidae.^[11]

• Subfamily Psittacinae
  
  
  
  • Genus Bavaripsitta†
  
  
  • Genus Psittacus – African grey parrots (two species)
  
  
  • Genus Poicephalus
    
  
  
  
  


• Subfamily Arinae
  
  
  
  • Tribe Arini – macaws and parakeets
    
    
    
    • Genus Anodorhynchus
      
    
    
    • Genus Cyanopsitta
      
    
    
    • Genus Ara
      
    
    
    • Genus Orthopsittaca
      
    
    
    • Genus Primolius
      
    
    
    • Genus Diopsittaca
      
    
    
    • Genus Rhynchopsitta
      
    
    
    • Genus Ognorhynchus
      
    
    
    • Genus Guaruba
      
    
    
    • Genus Leptosittaca
      
    
    
    • Genus Conuropsis
      
    
    
    • Genus Psittacara
      
    
    
    • Genus Aratinga
      
    
    
    • Genus Eupsittula
      
    
    
    • Genus Thectocercus
      
    
    
    • Genus Cyanoliseus
      
    
    
    • Genus Pyrrhura
      
    
    
    • Genus Enicognathus
      
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • Tribe Androglossini – Amazon and related parrots
    
    
    
    • Genus Pyrilia
      
    
    
    • Genus Pionopsitta
      
    
    
    • Genus Graydidascalus
      
    
    
    • Genus Alipiopsitta
      
    
    
    • Genus Pionus
      
    
    
    • Genus Amazona
      
    
    
    • Genus Triclaria
      
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • Clade (proposed tribe Amoropsittacini)
    
    
    
    • Genus Nannopsittaca
      
    
    
    • Genus Psilopsiagon
      
    
    
    • Genus Bolborhynchus
      
    
    
    • Genus Touit
      
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • Clade (proposed tribe Forpini) – parrotlets
    
    • Genus Forpus
      
    
    
  
  
  • Clade including Arini
    
    
    
    • Genus Pionites – caiques (four species)
    
    
    • Genus Deroptyus – red-fan parrot
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • Clade including Androglossini
    
    
    
    • Genus Hapalopsittaca
      
    
    
    • Genus Brotogeris
      
    
    
    • Genus Myiopsitta
      
    
    
    • Genus Eupsittula
      
    
    
    
    
  
  
  
  

References