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Iain Banks
Banks at the Edinburgh International Book Festival, 18 August 2009
Born	16 February 1954 Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland
Died	9 June 2013(2013-06-09) (aged 59) Kirkcaldy, Fife, Scotland
Pen name	Iain M. Banks
Occupation	Writer
Education	University of Stirling (BA)
Genre	Science fiction Literary fiction
Spouse	Annie Blackburn (20 March 1992–2009;[1] divorced) Adele Hartley (29 March 2013 – 9 June 2013; his death)
Iain Banks's voice from the BBC programme Open Book, 23 October 2009[2]
Website
iain-banks.net

Iain Banks (16 February 1954 – 9 June 2013) was a Scottish author. He wrote mainstream fiction under the name Iain Banks and science fiction as Iain M. Banks, including the initial of his adopted middle name Menzies (/ˈmɪŋɪz/ (listen)).

After the publication and success of The Wasp Factory (1984), Banks began to write on a full-time basis. His first science fiction book, Consider Phlebas, was released in 1987, marking the start of the Culture series. His books have been adapted for theatre, radio and television. In 2008, The Times named Banks in their list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945".^[3] In April 2013, Banks announced that he had inoperable cancer and was unlikely to live beyond a year.^[4] He died on 9 June 2013.^[5]

Early life

Banks was born in Dunfermline, Fife, to a mother who was a professional ice skater and a father who was an officer in the Admiralty. An only child, Banks lived in North Queensferry until the age of nine, near the naval dockyards in Rosyth where his father was based.^[6][7] Banks's family then moved to Gourock due to the requirements of his father's work.^[8] When someone introduced him to science fiction by giving him Kemlo and the Zones of Silence, he continued reading the Kemlo series which made him want to write science fiction himself.^[9][10] After attending Gourock and Greenock High Schools, Banks studied English, philosophy and psychology at the University of Stirling (1972–1975).^[8][11]

After graduation Banks chose a succession of jobs that left him free to write in the evenings. These posts supported his writing throughout his twenties and allowed him to take long breaks between contracts, during which time he travelled through Europe and North America. He was an expediter analyser for IBM, a technician for the British Steel Corporation and a costing clerk for a Chancery Lane, London, law firm during this period of his life.^[6]

Career

Writing career

Banks decided to become a writer at the age of 11. He completed his first novel The Hungarian Lift-Jet at 16 and his second novel TTR (aka The Tashkent Rambler) during his first year at Stirling University in 1972.^[6][12] Though he considered himself primarily a science fiction author, his lack of success at being published as such led him to pursue mainstream fiction, resulting in his first published novel The Wasp Factory, which was published in 1984 when he was thirty.^[13] After the publication and success of The Wasp Factory, Banks began to write full-time. His editor at Macmillan, James Hale, advised him to write one book a year and Banks agreed to this schedule.^[6]

His second novel Walking on Glass was published in 1985. The Bridge followed in 1986, and Espedair Street, published in 1987, was later broadcast as a series on BBC Radio 4.^[11] His first published science fiction book Consider Phlebas was released in 1987 and was the first of several novels of the acclaimed Culture series. Banks cited Robert A. Heinlein, Isaac Asimov, Arthur C. Clarke, Brian Aldiss, M. John Harrison and Dan Simmons as literary influences.^[14]The Crow Road, published in 1992, was adapted as a BBC television series.^[15] Banks continued to write both science fiction and mainstream novels, with his final novel The Quarry published in June 2013, the month of his death.

Banks published work under two names. His parents had intended to name him "Iain Menzies Banks", but his father made a mistake when registering the birth and "Iain Banks" became the officially registered name. Despite this error, Banks used the middle name and submitted The Wasp Factory for publication as "Iain M. Banks". Banks's editor inquired about the possibility of omitting the 'M' as it appeared "too fussy" and the potential existed for confusion with Rosie M. Banks, a romantic novelist in the Jeeves novels by P.G. Wodehouse; Banks agreed to the omission. After three mainstream novels, Banks's publishers agreed to publish his first science fiction (SF) novel Consider Phlebas. To create a distinction between the mainstream and SF novels, Banks suggested the return of the 'M' to his name, and it was used in all of his science fiction works.^[7][16]

Banks book signing at the 63rd World Science Fiction Convention in Glasgow, August 2005

By his death in June 2013 Banks had published 26 novels. His twenty-seventh novel The Quarry was published posthumously.^[17] His final work, a collection of poetry, was released in February 2015.^[18] In an interview January 2013, he also mentioned he had the plot idea for another novel in the Culture series, which would most likely be his next book and planned for publication in 2014.^[19]

He wrote in different categories, but enjoyed writing science fiction the most.^[20]

In September 2012 Banks was revealed as one of the Guests of Honour at the 2014 World Science Fiction Convention, Loncon 3.

Radio and television

Banks was the subject of The Strange Worlds of Iain Banks South Bank Show (1997), a television documentary that examined his mainstream writing, and was also an in-studio guest for the final episode of Marc Riley's Rocket Science radio show, broadcast on BBC Radio 6 Music.^[21]

An audio version of The Business, set to contemporary music, arranged by Paul Oakenfold, was broadcast in October 1999 on Galaxy Fm as the tenth Urban Soundtracks.

A radio adaptation of Banks's The State of the Art was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 2009; the adaptation was written by Paul Cornell and the production was directed/produced by Nadia Molinari.^[22][23] In 1998 Espedair Street was dramatised as a serial for Radio 4, presented by Paul Gambaccini in the style of a Radio 1 documentary.

In 2011 Banks was featured on the BBC Radio 4 programme Saturday Live. Banks reaffirmed his atheism during his Saturday Live appearance, whereby he explained that death is an important "part of the totality of life" and should be treated realistically, instead of feared.^[24][25]

Banks appeared on the BBC television programme Question Time, a show that features political discussion. In 2006 Banks captained a team of writers to victory in a special series of BBC Two's University Challenge. Banks also won a 2006 edition of BBC One's Celebrity Mastermind; the author selected "Malt whisky and the distilleries of Scotland" as his specialist subject.^[21][26]

His final interview was with Kirsty Wark and was broadcast as Iain Banks: Raw Spirit on BBC2 Scotland on Wednesday 12 June 2013.^[27]

BBC One Scotland and BBC2 broadcast an adaptation of his novel Stonemouth in June 2015.

Theatre

Banks was involved in the theatre production The Curse of Iain Banks that was written by Maxton Walker^[28] and was performed at the Edinburgh Fringe festival in 1999. Banks collaborated with the play's soundtrack composer Gary Lloyd frequently, including on a collection of songs they co-composed in tribute to the fictional band 'Frozen Gold' from Banks's novel 'Espedair Street'. Lloyd also composed the score for a spoken word and musical production of the Banks novel The Bridge^[29] which Banks himself voiced and featured a cast of forty musicians (released on cd by Codex Records in 1996). Lloyd recorded Banks for inclusion in the play as a disembodied voice appearing as himself in one of the cast member's dreams. Lloyd explained his collaboration with Banks on their first versions of 'Espedair Street' (subsequent versions are dated from between 2005 and 2013) in a Guardian article prior to the opening of The Curse of Iain Banks:

When he [Banks] first played them to me, I think he was worried that they might not be up to scratch (some of them dated back to 1973 and had never been heard). He needn't have worried. They're fantastic. We're slaving away to get the songs to the stage where we can go into the studio and make a demo. Iain bashes out melodies on his state-of-the-art Apple Mac in Edinburgh and sends them down to me in Chester where I put them onto my Atari.^[29]

Politics

Banks's political position has been described as "left of centre",^[30] and he was an Honorary Associate of the National Secular Society and a Distinguished Supporter of the Humanist Society Scotland. As a signatory to the Declaration of Calton Hill,^[31] he was an open supporter of Scottish independence.^[32] In November 2012, Banks supported the campaign group that emerged from the Radical Independence Conference that was held during that month. Banks explained that the Scottish independence movement was motivated by co-operation and "just seem to be more communitarian than the consensus expressed by the UK population as a whole".^[33]

In late 2004, Banks was a member of a group of British politicians and media figures who campaigned to have Prime Minister Tony Blair impeached following the 2003 invasion of Iraq. In protest he cut up his passport and posted it to 10 Downing Street—in a Socialist Review interview, Banks explained that his passport protest occurred after he "abandoned the idea of crashing my Land Rover through the gates of Fife dockyard, after spotting the guys armed with machine guns."^[26][34] Banks relayed his concerns about the invasion of Iraq in his book Raw Spirit, and the principal protagonist (Alban McGill) in the novel The Steep Approach to Garbadale confronts another character with arguments of a similar nature.^[26][34]

In 2010 Banks called for a cultural and educational boycott of Israel after the Gaza flotilla raid incident. In a letter to The Guardian newspaper, Banks stated that he had instructed his agent to turn down any further book translation deals with Israeli publishers:

Appeals to reason, international law, U.N. resolutions and simple human decency mean—it is now obvious—nothing to Israel ... I would urge all writers, artists and others in the creative arts, as well as those academics engaging in joint educational projects with Israeli institutions, to consider doing everything they can to convince Israel of its moral degradation and ethical isolation, preferably by simply having nothing more to do with this outlaw state.^[35]

An extract from Banks's contribution to the written collection Generation Palestine: Voices from the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions Movement, entitled "Our People", was published in The Guardian in the wake of the author's cancer revelation. The extract relays the author's support for the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) campaign that was issued by a Palestinian civil society against Israel until the country complies with what they hold are international law and Palestinian rights, that commenced in 2005 and applies the lessons from Banks's experience with South Africa's apartheid era. The continuation of Banks's boycott of Israeli publishers for the sale of the rights to his novels was also confirmed in the extract and Banks further explained, "I don't buy Israeli-sourced products or food, and my partner and I try to support Palestinian-sourced products wherever possible."^[36]

In 2002, Banks endorsed the Scottish Socialist Party.^[37]

Personal life

Banks met his first wife, Annie, in London before the 1984 release of his first book.^[26] The couple lived in Faversham in the south of England, then split up in 1988. Banks returned to Edinburgh and dated another woman for two years until she left him. Iain and Annie reconciled a year later and moved to Fife.^[38] They got married in Hawaii in 1992;^[26] in 2007, after 15 years of marriage, they announced their separation.^[39]

In 1998 Banks was in a near-fatal accident when his car rolled off the road.^[6] In February 2007, Banks sold his extensive car collection, including a 3.2-litre Porsche Boxster, a Porsche 911 Turbo, a 3.8-litre Jaguar Mark II, a 5-litre BMW M5 and a daily use diesel Land Rover Defender whose power he had boosted by about 50%. Banks exchanged all of the vehicles for a Lexus RX 400h hybrid – later replaced by a diesel Toyota Yaris – and said in the future he would fly only in emergencies.^[26][40]

Piccadilly, London, 2012

In April 2012 Banks became the "Acting Honorary Non-Executive Figurehead President Elect pro tem (trainee)" of the Science Fiction Book Club based in London. The title was his own creation and on 3 October 2012 Banks accepted a T-shirt decorated with this title.^[41]

Banks lived in North Queensferry, on the north side of the Firth of Forth, with the author and founder of the Dead by Dawn film festival Adele Hartley.^[26] Banks and Hartley commenced their relationship in 2006, and married on 29 March 2013^[42] after he asked her to "do me the honour of becoming my widow".^[4][43]

Illness and death

On 3 April 2013, Banks announced on his website, and one set up by him and some friends, that he had been diagnosed with terminal cancer of the gallbladder and was unlikely to live beyond a year.^[4] In his announcement, Banks stated that he would be withdrawing from all public engagements and that The Quarry would be his last novel.^[44][45] The dates of publication of The Quarry were brought forward at Banks's request,^[46] to 20 June 2013 in the UK^[47] and 25 June 2013 in the US.^[17][48] Banks died on 9 June 2013.^[46]

Remembrance and tribute

Banks's publisher stated that the author was "an irreplaceable part of the literary world", a sentiment that was reaffirmed by fellow Scottish author and friend since secondary school Ken MacLeod, who observed that Banks's death "left a large gap in the Scottish literary scene as well as the wider English-speaking world."^[46] British author Charles Stross wrote that "One of the giants of 20th and 21st century Scottish literature has left the building."^[49] Authors, including Neil Gaiman, Ian Rankin, Alastair Reynolds, and David Brin also paid tribute to Banks, in their blogs and elsewhere.^{[50][51][52][53]}

The asteroid 5099 Iainbanks was named after him shortly after his death.^[54] On 23 January 2015, SpaceX's CEO and Chief Designer Elon Musk named two of the company's autonomous spaceport drone ships Just Read The Instructions and Of Course I Still Love You, after ships from Banks's novel The Player of Games.^[55] Another, A Shortfall of Gravitas, began construction in 2018. The name is a reference to the ship Experiencing A Significant Gravitas Shortfall, first mentioned in Look to Windward.^[56]

On 20 July 2017, Jeph Jacques completed his Alice Grove series, and dedicated it to the memory of Iain Banks.

Awards and nominations

Iain Banks received the following literary awards and nominations:^[57][58]

• 1988: British Science Fiction Association Award for The Player of Games (nomination)


• 1990: British Science Fiction Association Award for Use of Weapons (nomination)


• 
  1991: Arthur C. Clarke Award for Use of Weapons (nomination)^[59]
  


• 
  1991: Kurd-Laßwitz-Preis for Foreign Novel The Bridge (winner)^[60]
  


• 
  1992: Kurd-Laßwitz-Preis for Foreign Novel The Wasp Factory (winner)^[60]
  


• 
  1993: Kurd-Laßwitz-Preis for Foreign Novel Use of Weapons (winner)^[60]
  


• 1994: British Science Fiction Association Award for Feersum Endjinn (winner)


• 1994: Locus Poll Award for Against a Dark Background (nomination)


• 1996: British Science Fiction Association Award for Excession (winner)


• 
  1997: University of St Andrews honorary degree^[61]
  


• 
  1997: University of Stirling honorary doctorate^[62]
  


• 1997: British Fantasy Award for Excession (nomination)


• 
  1998: British Science Fiction Award for Inversions (nomination)^[63]
  


• 
  1998: Kurd-Laßwitz-Preis for Foreign Novel Excession (winner)^[60]
  


• 2001: Locus Poll Award for Look to Windward (nomination)


• 2004: Premio Italia Science Fiction Award in the Best International Novel category for Inversions (winner)


• 
  2005: Hugo Award for The Algebraist (nomination)^[64]
  


• 2005: Locus Poll Award for The Algebraist (nomination)


• 2009: Locus Poll Award for Matter (second place)


• 
  2009: Prometheus Award for Matter (nomination)^[65]
  


• 
  2010: Open University honorary doctorate^[66]
  

• 2010: John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Transition (finalist)


• 2010: Locus Poll Award for Transition (nomination)


• 2011: Locus Poll Award for Surface Detail (nomination)


• 
  2013: Honorary Fellow of the Association for Scottish Literary Studies^[67]
  

Bibliography

Non-SF works

Banks' non-SF work comprises fourteen novels and one non-fiction book. Many of his novels contain elements of autobiography,^[68] and feature various locations in his native Scotland.^[69]Raw Spirit (subtitled In Search of the Perfect Dram) is a travel book of Banks' visits to the distilleries of Scotland in search of the finest whisky, including his musings on other subjects such as cars and politics.^[70]

Fiction

• 
  The Wasp Factory (1984). London: Macmillan. .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
  ISBN 0-333-36380-9
  


• 
  Walking on Glass (1985). London: Macmillan.
  ISBN 0-333-37986-1
  


• 
  The Bridge (1986). London: Macmillan.
  ISBN 0-333-41285-0
  


• 
  Espedair Street (1987). London: Macmillan.
  ISBN 0-333-44916-9. Adapted for BBC radio in 1998 (directed by Dave Batchelor).


• 
  Canal Dreams (1989). London: Macmillan.
  ISBN 0-333-51768-7
  


• 
  The Crow Road (1992). London: Scribners.
  ISBN 0-356-20652-1. Adapted for BBC TV in 1996 (directed by Gavin Millar).


• 
  Complicity (1993). London: Little, Brown Book Group.
  ISBN 0-316-90688-3. Filmed in 2000 (directed by Gavin Millar); retitled Retribution for its US DVD/video release.


• 
  Whit (1995). London: Little, Brown Book Group.
  ISBN 0-316-91436-3
  


• 
  A Song of Stone (1997). London: Abacus.
  ISBN 0-316-64016-6
  


• 
  The Business (1999). London: Little, Brown Book Group.
  ISBN 0-316-64844-2.


• 
  Dead Air (2002). London: Little, Brown Book Group.
  ISBN 0-316-86054-9
  


• 
  The Steep Approach to Garbadale (2007). London: Little, Brown Book Group.
  ISBN 978-0-316-73105-8
  


• 
  Stonemouth (2012). London: Little, Brown Book Group.
  ISBN 978-1-4087-0250-5. Adapted for BBC TV for broadcast in 2015 (directed by Charles Martin.)^[71]
  


• 
  The Quarry (2013). London: Little, Brown Book Group.
  ISBN 978-1-4087-0394-6
  

Non-fiction

• 
  Raw Spirit (2003). London: Century.
  ISBN 1-84413-195-5 – a travelogue of Scotland and its whisky distilleries.


• 
  Poems (with Ken MacLeod) (2015). London: Little, Brown Group.
  ISBN 978-1408705872
  

Science fiction

Banks wrote thirteen SF novels, nine of which were part of the Culture series; and a short story collection called The State of the Art (1991) includes some stories set in the same universe. These works focus upon characters that are usually on the margins of the Culture, a post-scarcity anarchist utopia;^[72] in the same universe are other civilizations, with which the Culture sometimes enters into conflict,^[73] and sentient artificial intelligences.^[72]

The Culture novels

1. 
   Consider Phlebas (1987). London: Macmillan.
   ISBN 0-333-44138-9
   


2. 
   The Player of Games (1988). London: Macmillan.
   ISBN 0-333-47110-5
   


3. 
   Use of Weapons (1990). London: Orbit.
   ISBN 0-356-19160-5
   


4. 
   Excession (1996). London: Orbit.
   ISBN 1-85723-394-8
   


5. 
   Inversions (1998). London: Orbit.
   ISBN 1-85723-626-2
   


6. 
   Look to Windward (2000). London: Orbit.
   ISBN 1-85723-969-5
   


7. 
   Matter (2008). London: Orbit.
   ISBN 978-1-84149-417-3
   


8. 
   Surface Detail (2010). London: Orbit.
   ISBN 978-1-84149-893-5
   


9. 
   The Hydrogen Sonata (2012). London: Orbit.
   ISBN 978-0-356-50150-5
   

Other novels

• 
  Against a Dark Background (1993). London: Orbit.
  ISBN 1-85723-031-0
  


• 
  Feersum Endjinn (1994). London: Orbit.
  ISBN 1-85723-235-6
  


• 
  The Algebraist (2004). London: Orbit.
  ISBN 1-84149-155-1
  


• 
  Transition (2009). London: Little, Brown Book Group.
  ISBN 978-0-316-73107-2. (Published in the United States as Iain M. Banks.)

Short fiction collections

• 
  The State of the Art (1991). London: Orbit.
  ISBN 0-356-19669-0
  
  • Includes three short works set in the Culture universe. It also includes works of fiction more characteristic of Banks's writing published as Iain Banks. A radio version of the title story was transmitted by Radio 4 in 2009.^[74]
    
  
  


• 
  The Spheres (Birmingham Science Fiction Group, 2010)
  
  • Includes 'The Spheres', excised from the original draft of Transition; and 'The Secret Courtyard', excised from Matter. Limited edition of 500, to mark Novacon 40.
  
  

Introductions

Banks wrote introductions for works by other writers including:

• 
  Viriconium (1988) by M. John Harrison, the Unwin edition,
  ISBN 0-04-440245-7.


• 
  The Adventures of Luther Arkwright: Book 3, Götterdämmerung (1989) by Bryan Talbot from Proutt Publishing,
  ISBN 0-907865-03-8.


• 
  The Orbit Science Fiction Yearbook Three (1990) edited by David S. Garnett,
  ISBN 0-07-088833-7.


• 
  The Human Front (2001) by Ken MacLeod, the PS Publishing edition,
  ISBN 1-902880-30-7 (hbk) and
  ISBN 1-902880-31-5 (pbk).

Further reading

• Nick Hubble, Esther MacCallum-Stewart and Joseph Norman (eds):The Science Fiction of Iain M. Banks, Gylphi Limited, January 2018,
  ISBN 978-1-78024-054-1
  


• 
  Paul Kincaid: Iain M. Banks, University of Illinois Press, May 2017,
  ISBN 978-0-252-04101-3
  


• Simone Caroti: The Culture Series of Iain M. Banks: A Critical Introduction, McFarland, April 2015,
  ISBN 978-0786494477
  

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iain Banks.

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Iain Banks

• 
  Official website
  


• 
  Iain Banks at British Council: Literature


• 
  Iain Banks at the Internet Book List


• 
  Iain Banks discography at Discogs
  


• 
  Iain Banks on IMDb


• 
  Iain Banks at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database