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Coordinates: 40°58′53″N 47°50′45″E / 40.98139°N 47.84583°E / 40.98139; 47.84583

Gabala Qəbələ
City & Municipality
From top: Qafqaz Riverside Resort Center; II left: The ruins of Qabala Fortress, right: A medieval Juma Mosque in Imam Baba Tomb; III left: Statue of Ismayil Bey Gutqashenli, right: Gabala International Music Festival; Bottom: Qabaland amusement park
Gabala
Coordinates: 40°58′53″N 47°50′45″E / 40.98139°N 47.84583°E / 40.98139; 47.84583
Country	Azerbaijan
Rayon	Gabala
Established	1973
Area
• Total	1,548 km2 (598 sq mi)
Elevation	783 m (2,569 ft)
Population (2011)[1]
• Total	12,808
Time zone	UTC+4 (AZT)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+5 (AZT)
Area code(s)	+994 160
Climate	Cfa
Website	www.qebele-ih.gov.az

Gabala (Azerbaijani: Qəbələ, Гәбәлә; Lezgian: Кьвепеле, Q̇wepele, قوه‌په‌له‌, Armenian: Կուտկաշեն), also known as Qabala, is a city in the Republic of Azerbaijan and the capital of the Qabala Rayon.^[2] The municipality consists of the city of Gabala and the village of Küsnat.^[3] Before 1991 the city was known as Kutkashen, but after the Republic of Azerbaijan's independence the town was renamed in honour of the much older city of Gabala, the former capital of Caucasian Albania, the archaeological site of which is about 20 km southwest.

History

Antiquity

Gabala is the ancient capital of Caucasian Albania. Archeological evidence indicates that the city functioned as the capital of Caucasian Albania as early as the 4th century BC.^[4] Up to the present time there are the ruins of the ancient city and the main gate of Caucasian Albania. Ongoing excavations near the village Chukhur show that Gabala from 4th – 3rd centuries BC and up to the 18th century was one of the main cities with developed trade and crafts.The ruins of the ancient town are situated 15 km from the regional center, allocated on the territory between Garachay and Jourluchay rivers.^[5][6] Gabala was located in the middle of the 2,500-year-old Silk Road, and was mentioned by Pliny the Younger as "Kabalaka", Greek geographer Ptolemy as "Khabala", Arabic historian Ahmad ibn Yahya al-Baladhuri as "Khazar". In the 19th century, the Azerbaijani historian Abbasgulu Bakikhanov mentioned in his book Gulistani Irem that Kbala or Khabala were in fact Gabala.

In the 60s BC, Roman troops attacked Caucasian Albania, but did not succeed in capturing the Qabala territory. In 262 AD, Caucasian Albania was occupied by the Sassanid Empire, but preserved its political and economic status. In 464, it lost its independence due to years of invasions from the northern nomadic tribes and had to move its capital city to Partava (currently Barda in Azerbaijan).

Feudal era

Gabala was occupied by Shirvanshah Fariburz, King David IV of Georgia in 1120, Mongol khan Timurleng in 1386, Safavid shah Tahmasib I in 1538, Persian Nader Shah in 1734 but was able to preserve its culture and identity. After the death of Nader Shah in 1747, the region split into independent khanates and sultanates and Gabala became a Qutqashen Sultanate. It was also called Gabala Mahali. After what is today referred to as The Republic of Azerbaijan was annexed from the Persian Empire, under the Qamar dynasty, by the Russian Empire in 1813 through the consequences of the Russo-Persian War (1804-1813) and the resulting Treaty of Gulistan of 1813, it conducted administrative reforms and in 1841 the khanates of this region were terminated and the territories were incorporated into governorates. Gabala area was added to Nukha uyezd of Elisabethpol Governorate. Due to archeological finds in Gabala, it was declared a National State Reserve in 1985.^[7]

Republic era

The ruins of the gates of Albanian capital Gabala in Azerbaijan

Nature of Qabala

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Gabala embarked on a process of restructuring on a scale unseen in its history.^[8] Thousands of buildings from the Soviet period were demolished to make way for a green belt on its shores; parks and gardens were built on the land reclaimed by filling up the foothill of Gabala.^[9] Improvements were made in the general cleaning, maintenance, and garbage collection, and these services are now at Western European standards. The city is growing dynamically and developing at full speed on a north axis along the shores of the Caspian Sea.

As of the 2010s, Gabala is emerging as a magnet for events, such as the summit of Turkic Council in 2013.^[10] In 2013, the city was declared the Cultural Capital of the Commonwealth of Independent States, in recognition of its long contribution to the history of Azerbaijan and the region.^[11]

Geography

The geographical position and mountainous relief of the city greatly influenced on formation of complex climate conditions in vertical droughty area, as well as on density of river network and richness of soil-vegetation cover.^[12] Relief and humid climate conditions of Gabala region led to formation of a thick river network in the area. The rivers of the city refer to the left branches of Kura basin and runs directly into Kura or the rivers of Shirvan zone.^[12]

The city is rich with chestnut and hazelnut trees.^[2] Flora and Fauna of the district is rich. Deer and mountain tours, wild boar, hare, bears, wolves, foxes and numerous birds – pheasant, grouse, francolin, etc. can be found in the woods. These features actract hunters.^[13]

Economy

The economy of Gabala is partially agricultural, partially tourist based, with some manufacturing industries, mainly for food preserves, tobacco and silkworm cocoon drying.^[14][15] The city's main manufacturing companies are involved in engineering, construction, brewing and distilling and food manufacturing.^[16][17] There is also "Beltmann" piano factory, whose piano-maker is Hans Leferink - the grandson of Johann Beltmann who, in 1901, founded a similar business in the Kingdom of the Netherlands.^[18][19] Various factories operate in the district, such as juice factory and nut factory.

Tourism and shopping

Gabala is considered a popular tourist destination due to the combination of a very good spring climate, mountainous landscape, and diverse fauna.^[20] There are many world class hotels and resorts, most part of the Qafqaz chain.^[21] Natural climatic conditions of the region create opportunities for the development of both summer and winter tourism in the region. The northern side of Gabala belongs to the southern slopes of the Greater Caucasus mountain range, the central part to Alazan-Haftaran valley, the southern part to Ajinohur upland. Furthermore, the highest mountain peak of the republic- Mount Bazarduzu (4466 meters) is situated in this region.^[22]

Another scenic highlight of Gabala is Yeddi Gozel Waterfall. The name means 'seven beauties' due to the seven stages of the falls but also reflecting a classic Nizami Ganjavi story. The waterfall, situated in woodlands west of Vandam, is climbed by thousands of people each year - the lower levels being accessible by stairways.^[23]

The city contains "Gabaland" amusement park, an ice skating rink and a Greek-style theatre, built especially for outside concerts.^[24] The Gabaland is a leading theme park in the Caucasus region with interesting rides and endless fun and Gabala Resort fantastical hotel. Visitors may enjoy comfortable and wide parking area, amazing mounting view, fresh air, delicious foods in a cafe, beautiful Flower Garden – and all this in Gabaland with area of 16 hectares .Gabala has several shopping malls. Gabala mall is the most famous center for shopping.^[25]

Gabala is home to the Tufandag Ski Complex, rated the best ski resort in Azerbaijan^[26] and one of the foremost in the Caucasus.^[27] The complex serves up to 3,000 people a day.^[28]

Culture

Gabala International Music Festival.

Since 2009, city has been home of Gabala International Music Festival, which included performances from classical and jazz performers such as Al Jarreau and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra.^[29][30]

Gabala also boasts many museums such as Historical Ethnography Museum of Gabala and Gabala Cultural Centre, most notably featuring Folk Theatre named after Jalil Mammadguluzadeh.^[31]

Landmarks

A 1984 artist's concept of a Daryal-type (Pechora) bistatic phased-array early warning radar similar to the one deployed at Gabala.

Gabala is renowned for the ruins of an ancient walled city, Chukhur Gabala, dating back to the 4th century BC.^[32] The city has a large war memorial, numerous ancient stone houses and the Rashidbek monument, which is shaped as a huge book.^[2]

Another landmark is the large Qabala Radar station, on the southern horizon as seen from Gabala, is one of only two Daryal-type missile early warning stations in the former USSR.^[33][34]

Parks and gardens

Gabala has large sections of greenery either preserved by the National Government or designated as green zones. The city includes "Gabaland", which is the largest amusement park in Azerbaijan.^[35]

Sports

The city has one professional football team competing in the top-flight of Azerbaijani football – Gabala, currently playing in the Azerbaijan Premier League. The team was managed by former England and Arsenal player Tony Adams in 2010-11 season.^[36] The clubs holds its home games in the Gabala City Stadium. The Gabala Horse Racing Complex is used for horse-racing tournaments.^[37] As of 2013, there is Gabala Shooting Club functions in the city.^[38]

Cuisine

The district has rich cuisine as other Azerbaijani regions. The following dishes are famous in Gabala:

• Gabala plov (rice)


• Dolma with nut


• Dovga


• Uchgulag^[39]
  

Transport

Public transport

Qabala is linked by regular bus and minibus to Baku, and less frequently to other regional centres. Within the city there are three numbered minibus routes running once or twice an hour.

Air

Qabala Airport is around 20 km south of the city. There are twice weekly flights to Baku and international connections to Dubai and Russia.^[40]

Education

There are 4 primary schools, 4 secondary schools and 4 special schools in the town.^[41]

Healthcare

Gabala Central Regional Hospital is the largest hospital in the city, Gabala Children's Hospital and Gabala Treatment and Diagnostic Center, which specialises in rehabilitation and long term illnesses and conditions.^[42]

Regional media

During the USSR period, "Galibiyyat" newspaper was published in Gabala.

Currently, a group of young people created Gabalacity.net website which gives information about Gabala aiming to develop the tourism potential of the district. www.gabalacity.net

Today "Gabala" newspaper are being published in the region which was first published on 15 October 1933 as "Bolshevik Mubarizi". Gabala Region Executive Power manages the publication of "Gabala" newspaper. Nadir Atakishiyev is leading the newspaper.^[39]

Climate

Qabala has a humid continental climate (Dfa) close to the borderline of the humid subtropical climate (Cfa). Climate of Gabala is warm-temperate with dry winters in low areas, cold and damp in high mountains and the annual precipitation is 500–600 mm in the south, and up to 1600 mm in the northern high mountains.^[22]

Picture gallery

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  Gabaland amusement park
  

  
  

  
  


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  Ancient Gabala fortress
  

  
  

  
  


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  Archeological site of Gabala fortress
  

  
  

  
  


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  Archeological excavations
  

  
  

  
  


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  Archeological excavations in Gabala
  

  
  

  
  


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  Ceramic finds
  

  
  

  
  


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  Gabala lake
  

  
  

  
  


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  Handcraft birds
  

  
  

  
  


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  Handcrafting is a special form of art in Gabala
  

  
  

  
  


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  Waterfall in Gabala
  

  
  

  
  

See also

• Shaki


• Lankaran


• Nakchivan


• Mingachevir

References

External links

• 
  Qabala at GEOnet Names Server
  


• Site of Executive Power of Qabala


• 
  Introducing Gabala presented by Mark Elliott