Dimethylacetamide
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| Names | |
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Preferred IUPAC name N,N-Dimethylacetamide | |
| Identifiers | |
CAS Number |
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3D model (JSmol) |
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| Abbreviations | DMA, DMAC, DMAc[1] |
Beilstein Reference | 1737614 |
ChEBI |
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ChEMBL |
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ChemSpider |
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ECHA InfoCard | 100.004.389 |
EC Number | 204-826-4 |
MeSH | dimethylacetamide |
PubChem CID |
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RTECS number | AB7700000 |
UNII |
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InChI
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SMILES
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| Properties | |
Chemical formula | C4H9NO |
Molar mass | 7001871220000000000♠87.122 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | Colorless liquid |
Odor | Ammoniacal |
Density | 0.937 g mL−1 |
Melting point | −20 °C (−4 °F; 253 K) |
Boiling point | 165.1 °C; 329.1 °F; 438.2 K |
Solubility in water | Miscible |
log P | −0.253 |
Vapor pressure | 300 Pa |
UV-vis (λmax) | 270 nm |
Refractive index (nD) | 1.4375 |
Viscosity | 0.945 mPa s [2] |
| Thermochemistry | |
Heat capacity (C) | 178.2 J K−1 mol−1 |
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH | −300.1 kJ mol−1 |
Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH | −2.5835–−2.5805 MJ mol−1 |
| Hazards | |
GHS pictograms |   |
GHS signal word | DANGER |
GHS hazard statements | H312, H319, H332, H360 |
GHS precautionary statements | P280, P308+313 |
NFPA 704 |  2 2 0 |
Flash point | 63 °C (145 °F; 336 K) |
Autoignition temperature | 490 °C (914 °F; 763 K) |
Explosive limits | 1.8–11.5% |
| Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |
LD50 (median dose) | 2.24 g kg−1(dermal, rabbit) 4.3 g kg−1(oral, rat) 4.8 g/kg (oral, rat) 4.62 g/kg (oral, mouse)[4] |
LC50 (median concentration) | 2475 ppm (rat, 1 hr)[4] |
| US health exposure limits (NIOSH): | |
PEL (Permissible) | TWA 10 ppm (35 mg/m3) [skin][3] |
REL (Recommended) | TWA 10 ppm (35 mg/m3) [skin][3] |
IDLH (Immediate danger) | 300 ppm[3] |
| Related compounds | |
Related compounds |
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Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). | |
 N verify (what is  Y N ?) | |
Infobox references | |
Dimethylacetamide (DMAc or DMA) is the organic compound with the formula CH3C(O)N(CH3)2. This colorless, water-miscible, high boiling liquid is commonly used as a polar solvent in organic synthesis. DMA is miscible with most other solvents, although it is poorly soluble in aliphatic hydrocarbons.
Contents
1 Synthesis, reactions, applications
2 Toxicity
3 Regulation
4 References
5 External links
Synthesis, reactions, applications
DMA is prepared by the reaction of dimethylamine with acetic anhydride or esters of acetic acid. Dehydration of the salt of dimethylamine and acetic acid also furnishes this compound:[5]
- CH3CO2H·HN(CH3)2 → H2O + CH3CON(CH3)2
The chemical reactions of dimethylacetamide are typical of N,N-disubstituted amides. It will hydrolyze in the presence of acids:
- CH3CON(CH3)2 + H2O + HCl → CH3COOH + (CH3)2NH2+Cl−
It is however resistant to bases. For this reason DMA is useful solvent for reactions involving strong bases such as sodium hydroxide.[6]
Dimethylacetamide is commonly used as a solvent for fibers (e.g., polyacrylonitrile, spandex) or in the adhesive industry.[5] It is also employed in the production of pharmaceuticals and plasticizers as a reaction medium. It is an important Lewis base used to establish the ECW model.
Dimethylacetamide is also used as an excipient in drugs, e.g. in Vumon (teniposide), Busulfex (busulfan) or Amsidine (amsacrine).
Toxicity
Dimethylacetamide is a medium potency reproductive toxicant (toxic for reproduction, category 1B)[7] and may damage fertility or the unborn child. It is harmful in contact with skin or if inhaled, and causes serious eye irritation.
Dimethylacetamide can cause hepatotoxicity, including occupational dimethylacetamide exposure-induced hepatotoxicity.[8][9][10][11] At high doses (400 mg/kg bodyweight daily), dimethylacetamide causes effects on the central nervous system (e.g. depression, hallucinations and delusion).[8][12][13]
Dimethylacetamide may be incompatible with polycarbonate or ABS. Devices (e.g. syringes) that contain polycarbonate or ABS can dissolve when coming into contact with dimethylacetamide.[14]
Regulation
In 2011, dimethylacetamide was identified in the EU as a Substance of very high concern (SVHC) because of its reproductive toxicity.[15] In 2014, the European Commission has started an investigation to restrict the use of dimethylacetamide in the EU according to REACH.[16]
In 2015, the CNESST (Committee on Standards, Equity, Health and Safety at Work in Quebec) has adopted a tightened classification of dimethylacetamide:[17]
| Description | Category | GHS hazard statement |
|---|---|---|
| Reproductive toxicity | 2 | Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child (H361) |
| Specific target organ toxicity - repeated exposure | 2 | May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure (H373) |
| Serious eye damage/eye irritation | 2 | Causes serious eye irritation (H319) |
| Acute toxicity - inhalation | 3 | Toxic if inhaled (H331) |
| Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure - narcotic effects | 3 | May cause drowsiness or dizziness (H336) |
| Flammable liquid | 4 | Combustible liquid (H227) |
References
^ Munro, D. D.; Stoughton, R. B. (1965). "Dimethylacetamide (DMAC) and Dimethylformamide (DMFA). Effect on Percutaneous Absorption". Archives of Dermatology. 92 (5): 585–586. doi:10.1001/archderm.1965.01600170101020. PMID 5844405..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ Iloukhani, H., and K. Khanlarzadeh. "Densities, viscosities, and refractive indices for binary and ternary mixtures of N, N-dimethylacetamide (1)+ 2-methylbutan-2-ol (2)+ ethyl acetate (3) at 298.15 K for m liquid region and at ambient pressure." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 51.4 (2006): 1226-1231. doi:10.1021/je050538q
^ abc "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards #0218". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^ ab "Dimethyl acetamide". Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^ ab Cheung, H.; Tanke, R. S.; Torrence, G. P., "Acetic Acid", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, doi:10.1002/14356007.a01_045.pub2CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Zen, S.; Kaji, E. (1977). "Dimethyl nitrosuccinate". Organic Syntheses. 57: 60.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link); Collective Volume, 6, p. 503
^ European Chemicals Agency, Opinion on N,N-Dimethylacetamide (DMAC), 12 September 2014
^ ab U.S. Department of Health and Human Services & U.S. Department of Labor (1978) Occupational Health Guideline for Dimethyl Acetamide. Now: Occupational Health Guideline for Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication Number 81-123. January 1981. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^ Baum, S. L.; Suruda, A. J. (1997). "Toxic Hepatitis from Dimethylacetamide". International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health. 3 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1179/oeh.1997.3.1.1. PMID 9891094.
^ Lee, C.-Y.; Jung, S.-J.; Kim, S.-A.; Park, K.-S.; Ha, B.-G. (2006). "Incidence of dimethylacetamide induced hepatic injury among new employees in a cohort of elastane fibre workers". Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 63 (10): 688–693. doi:10.1136/oem.2005.023580. PMC 2078052. PMID 16728503.
^ Gong, W.; Liu, X.; Zhu, B. (2016). "Dimethylacetamide-induced occupational toxic hepatitis with a short term recurrence: a rare case report". Journal of Thoracic Disease. 8 (6): E408–E411. doi:10.21037/jtd.2016.04.44. PMC 4885965. PMID 27293868.
^ Weiss, A. J.; Jackson, L. G.; Carabasi, R. A.; Mancall, E. L.; White, J. C. (1962). "A Phase I Study of Dimethylacetamide". Cancer Chemotherapy Reports. 16 (February 1962): 477–485. PMID 14005853.
^ Weiss, A. J.; Mancall, E. L.; Koltes, J. A.; White, J. C.; Jackson, L. G. (1962). "Dimethylacetamide: A Hitherto Unrecognized Hallucinogenic Agent". Science. 136 (3511): 151–152. doi:10.1126/science.136.3511.151. PMID 14005854.
^ FDA warns health care professionals not to use Treanda Injection (solution) with closed system transfer devices, adapters, and syringes containing polycarbonate or acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene – 10 March 2015
^ Agreement of the Member State Committee on the Identification of N,N-Dimethylacetamide (DMAC) as a Substance of Very High Concern – Adopted on 24 November 2011
^ Official Journal of the European Union, 19.8.2014, Commission Regulation (EU) No 895/2014
^ Commission des normes, de l'équité, de la santé et de la sécurité du travail (CNESST), Quebec, Canada: WHMIS 2015 classification of N,N-Dimethylacetamide
External links
- Process flowsheet of Dimethylacetamide Production from Acetic Acid and Dimethylamine
- CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
