Julio-Claudian family tree






The Great Cameo of France, from around 23 AD, pictures several members of the Julio-Claudian dynasty


Around the start of the Common Era, the family trees of the gens Julia and the gens Claudia became intertwined into the Julio-Claudian family tree as a result of marriages and adoptions.




Contents






  • 1 Descendancy of the emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty


    • 1.1 Simplified




  • 2 By generation


    • 2.1 Generation of Julius Caesar's grandfather


    • 2.2 Generation of Julius Caesar's father


    • 2.3 Julius Caesar's generation


    • 2.4 Generation of Julius Caesar's daughter


    • 2.5 Generation of the Octavias


    • 2.6 Antonia Maior's generation


    • 2.7 Antonia Minor's generation


    • 2.8 Agrippina the Elder's generation


    • 2.9 Agrippina the Younger's generation


    • 2.10 Poppaea Sabina's generation




  • 3 References


  • 4 Sources


  • 5 External links





Descendancy of the emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty



The Julio-Claudian dynasty was the first dynasty of Roman emperors. All emperors of that dynasty descended from Julii Caesares and/or from Claudii. Marriages between descendants of Sextus Julius Caesar I and Claudii had occurred from the late stages of the Roman Republic, but the intertwined Julio-Claudian family tree resulted mostly from adoptions and marriages in Imperial Rome's first decades. Note that descendancy of the Julii Caesares before the generation of Julius Caesar's grandfather is in part conjectural, but as presented by scholars.[1]






Julio-Claudian family tree[1][2][3][4][5][6]


















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Sextus Julius Caesar I
Gaius Julius Caesar I
Sextus Julius Caesar II Postumus
Gaius Julius Caesar II Marcia Regia
Gaius Marius Julia Gaius Julius Caesar the Elder Aurelia Cotta Sextus Julius Caesar III

3 Calpurnia
Lucius Julius Caesar II
Julia Minor Marcus Atius Balbus Sextus Julius Caesar

2 Pompeia
Lucius Julius Caesar III
Gaius Julius Caesar
Gaius Octavius Atia Sextus Julius Caesar IV

1 Cornelia (wife of Caesar)
Julia Antonia

2 Pompey
Julia
1 Gaius Claudius Marcellus Minor
Octavia Minor
2 Mark Antony

1 Scribonia
Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus Augustus (Gaius Octavius)
Livia Drusilla Augusta[4][5]

1 Tiberius Claudius Nero

1 Claudius Marcellus

2 Julia the Elder

3 Tiberius Claudius Nero

1 Vipsania Agrippina

Drusus the Elder[4][5]
Antonia Minor

2 Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa

1 Plautia Urgulanilla
Drusus the Younger Livilla
Claudius Drusus
Julia the Younger Gaius Caesar Tiberius Gemellus Julia Livia

2 Aelia Paetina
Agrippa Postumus Lucius Caesar Agrippina the Elder Germanicus
2 Claudius
Claudia Antonia
Lucius Cassius Longinus Julia Drusilla Drusus Caesar Julia Livilla
4 Agrippina the Younger

1 Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 32)

3 Valeria Messalina
Milonia Caesonia Gaius Caesar (Caligula) Nero Julius Caesar

1 Claudia Octavia
Britannicus
Julia Drusilla
1 Otho

2 Poppaea Sabina

2 Nero

3 Statilia Messalina
Claudia Augusta























Legend






descent






adoption



marriage

 1, 2 
spouse order



Simplified





Simplified













































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Sextus Julius Caesar I
Gaius Julius Caesar I
Sextus Julius Caesar II Postumus
Marcia Regia Gaius Julius Caesar II Lucius Julius Caesar II
Aurelia Cotta Gaius Julius Caesar the Elder Lucius Julius Caesar III Fulvia
Gaius Julius Caesar
Marcus Atius Julia Minor Julia Antonia Marcus Antonius Creticus
Atia Balba Caesonia Gaius Octavius Mark Antony
Scribonia Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus Augustus (Gaius Octavius) Livia Drusilla Augusta Tiberius Claudius Nero Octavia Minor
Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa Julia the Elder
Tiberius Claudius Nero
Drusus the Elder Antonia Minor Antonia the Elder Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus
Agrippina the Elder Germanicus Claudius Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus Domitia Lepida the Younger Marcus Valerius Messalla
Milonia Caesonia Gaius Caesar (Caligula) Agrippina the Younger Valeria Messalina
Julia Drusilla Otho Poppaea Sabina Statilia Messalina Nero Claudia Octavia Britannicus
Claudia Augusta



By generation


In the Julio-Claudian dynasty of Roman emperors, the lineage of the Julii Caesares was separated from those of the Claudii up to Augustus' generation. The next generation had both Claudii with a Julia as ancestor, as Claudii adopted into the Julii Caesares family. After Tiberius, the remaining three emperors of the dynasty had, outside adoptions, ancestors both in the Julian as the Claudian families.



Generation of Julius Caesar's grandfather


Gaius Julius Caesar II and Lucius Julius Caesar II may have had Sextus Julius Caesar, the military tribune of 181 BC, as a common ancestor.[1]





Family of Julio-Claudian family tree




































































































































Julii Caesares Marcia Reges Julii Caesares Popilii Laenates
Gaius Julius Caesar II Marcia Regia Lucius Julius Caesar II Poppilia
Gaius Julius Caesar the Elder Julia Sextus Julius Caesar III Lucius Julius Caesar III Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo Vopiscus Julia



Generation of Julius Caesar's father


This generation of Julii Caesares has two consuls: Sextus Julius Caesar III in 91 BC, and Lucius Julius Caesar III the next year.[1] This generation has also two female descendants very close to the centers of power by their marriages: Julia, the daughter of Gaius Julius Caesar II was married to seven-times consul Gaius Marius, while Julia, the daughter of Lucius Julius Caesar II was married to the two-times consul and Roman dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who had successfully challenged Marius' power.[7] For ensuing generations, Gaius Julius Caesar the Elder, married to a consul's daughter, and Lucius Julius Caesar III proved to be quintessential ancestors of those who held Imperial power in the Julio-Claudian dynasty.[1]





Generation of Julius Caesar's father














































































































































































































































Gaius Julius Caesar II Lucius Aurelius Cotta Gaius Julius Caesar II Marii Gaius Julius Caesar II Lucius Julius Caesar II Fulvii Flacci Lucius Julius Caesar II Lucius Julius Caesar II Cornelii Sullae Lucius Caecilius Metellus Dalmaticus
Gaius Julius Caesar the Elder Aurelia Cotta Julia Gaius Marius Sextus Julius Caesar III Lucius Julius Caesar III Fulvia Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo Vopiscus Julia possibly identical to Ilia a.k.a. Julia Cornelia 1
Sulla
4 Caecilia Metella Dalmatica
Julia Major Julia Minor Julius Caesar Gaius Marius the Younger Sextus Julius Caesar Lucius Julius Caesar IV Julia Antonia Cornelia Lucius Cornelius Faustus Cornelius Sulla Fausta



Julius Caesar's generation


Following Sulla's example Julius Caesar's and Pompey's first marriages were with women of their own generation, later marrying women of a younger generation. After being betrothed to Cossutia, Julius Caesar's first wife was Cornelia, the mother of Julia.[2] The younger of Caesar's two sisters married Marcus Atius: they were ancestors of all the Julio-Claudian emperors, apart from Tiberius.[1][4][5]


This is also the generation of Mark Antony's parents. Mark Antony's mother Julia Antonia was the daughter of Lucius Julius Caesar III: she was an ancestor of the last three emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty.[4][5]





Generation of Julius Caesar












































































































































































































































































































Gaius Julius Caesar the Elder Marcus Atius Balbus Gaius Julius Caesar the Elder Lucius Cornelius Cinna Gaius Marius Quintus Mucius Scaevola Pontifex Pompeius Strabo
Sextus Julius Caesar III (or his son)
Lucius Julius Caesar III Marcus Antonius Lucius Julius Caesar III Cornelii Lentuli Sulla Quintus Pompeius Rufus
Julia Minor Marcus Atius Julius Caesar
1 Cornelia

Gaius Marius the Younger 1

Mucia Tertia 3

2 Pompey
Sextus Julius Caesar IV Lucius Julius Caesar IV
Marcus Antonius Creticus 1
Julia Antonia
2 Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura
Cornelia Quintus Pompeius Rufus
Atia Balba Prima Atia Balba Caesonia Atia Balba Tertia Julia Gnaeus Pompeius Pompeia Magna Sextus Pompey Lucius Julius Caesar V Mark Antony Gaius Antonius Lucius Antonius Pompeia Quintus Pompeius Rufus



Generation of Julius Caesar's daughter


By this time marriages with a political agenda among the powerful families were in full swing, however not yet between Julii Caesares and Claudii. Pompey married Julius Caesar's daughter Julia. Julius Caesar's second wife Pompeia, possibly a great-granddaughter of Lucius Julius Caesar II, was a granddaughter of Sulla. His third wife Calpurnia is said to be younger than his daughter. His son Caesarion resulted from his relation with Cleopatra.[1]


Atia Balba Caesonia, the daughter of Julius Caesar's sister, married Gaius Octavius: they became the parents of the first emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, then still called Octavianus. Their daughter Octavia the Younger became an ancestor to the last three emperors of that dynasty. In this generation Mark Antony had children by, among others, Antonia Hybrida Minor, and Fulvia.[4][5]





Generation of Julius Caesar's daughter


























































































































































































































































Ancharii Octavii Marcus Atius Sulla Pompey Gaius Antonius Hybrida Marcus Antonius Creticus Marcus Fulvius Bambalio Appius Claudius Pulcher Quintus Pompeius Rufus Gaius Julius Caesar the Elder Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus

Ancharia 1
Gaius Octavius
2 Atia Balba Caesonia

Faustus Cornelius Sulla 1
Pompeia Magna Antonia Hybrida Minor 2

Mark Antony 3

3 Fulvia

1 Publius Clodius Pulcher

Pompeia 2
Julius Caesar
3 Calpurnia
Octavia the Elder Octavia the Younger Octavianus Faustus Cornelius Sulla Cornelia Sulla Antonia Marcus Antonius Antyllus Iullus Antonius Publius Clodius Pulcher Clodia Pulchra
(by Cleopatra:)
Caesarion





Generation of Julius Caesar's daughter (2)







































Julius Caesar Pompeius Strabo Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica

Julia 4

Pompey 2

5 Cornelia Metella



Generation of the Octavias


The Claudii were a powerful gens with consuls and other high ranking politicians in several of its families across several generations. In this generation the first marriages between Claudii and descendants of the Julii Caesares took place. This however didn't mean yet that the dynastic family trees of both gentes got merged into a single one: that didn't happen until the adoption of Claudii by (adopted) Julii Caesares in the generations to come.


Octavia the Younger's first husband was a Claudius from the Marcelli family. Clodia Pulchra, descending from Claudii, became the first wife of Octavian, who by then was adopted in the Julii Caesares family by the testament of his uncle Julius Caesar. After her first husband's death, Octavia married Mark Antony, who besides the offspring of his first three marriages had had children by Cleopatra.





Generation of the Octavias































































































































































































































































Gaius Octavius Appuleii Claudii Marcelli Gaius Octavius Marcus Antonius Creticus Julius Caesar Gaius Octavius Publius Clodius Pulcher Faustus Cornelius Sulla Scribonii Pompey Lucius Cornelius Cinna
Octavia the Elder Sextus Appuleius
Gaius Claudius Marcellus Minor 1
Octavia the Younger Mark Antony Octavianus
1 Clodia Pulchra
Cornelia Sulla Lucius Scribonius Libo Pompeia Magna
2 Lucius Cornelius Cinna
Sextus Appuleius Marcus Claudius Marcellus Claudia Marcella Major Claudia Marcella Minor
(by Cleopatra:)
Alexander Helios

(by Cleopatra:)
Cleopatra Selene II

(by Cleopatra:)
Ptolemy Philadelphus
Scribonia Lucius Scribonius Libo Gnaeus Cornelius Cinna Magnus Cornelia Pompeia





Generation of the Octavias (2)





































































































































































































































































Cornelii Scipiones Lucius Scribonius Libo Julius Caesar Gaius Octavius Marcus Antonius Creticus Quintus Caecilius Pomponianus Atticus Vipsanii Gaius Claudius Marcellus Minor Mark Antony Sextus Appuleius Publius Quinctilius Varus
Publius Cornelius Scipio 2
Scribonia
3 Augustus

Octavia the Younger 4

2 Mark Antony

Pomponia Caecilia Attica 1

Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa 1

2 Claudia Marcella Major

2 Iullus Antonius
Sextus Appuleius Quinctilia
Publius Cornelius Scipio Cornelia Julia the Elder Antonia Maior Antonia Minor Vipsania Agrippina Vipsania Marcella Lucius Antonius Gaius Antonius Iulla Antonia Sextus Appuleius



Antonia Maior's generation


Octavianus, becoming Augustus the first Roman emperor, married Scribonia who gave him a daughter (Julia the Elder). His last marriage was with Livia, a Claudia who had been married to a Claudius. Their son Tiberius, by birth a Claudius, was later adopted by Augustus, thus, like his stepfather Augustus, becoming one of the Julii Caesares by adoption.





Antonia Maior's generation














































































































































































































































































































































Fabii Sextus Appuleius Gaius Claudius Marcellus Minor Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilii Lepidi Gaius Claudius Marcellus Minor Appius Claudius Pulcher Marcus Valerius Messalla Drusus Claudius Nero I Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus
Octavii (by birth) - Julii Caesares (by adoption)
Mark Antony Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus

Fabia Numantina 1

2 Sextus Appuleius 3

2 Claudia Marcella Major

Cornelia 1

Lucius Aemilius Lepidus Paullus 1

2 Claudia Marcella Minor

2 Marcus Valerius Messalla Appianus

Tiberius Claudius Nero 1

Livia 3

2 Augustus
Antonia Maior Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus
Sextus Appuleius Appuleia Varilla Lucius Aemilius Paullus Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Aemilia Paulla Paullus Aemilius Regulus Claudia Pulchra Marcus Valerius Messalla Barbatus Tiberius Drusus the Elder Domitia Lepida the Elder Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus Domitia Lepida the Younger



Antonia Minor's generation


Antonia Minor's husband Nero Claudius Drusus, a.k.a. Drusus the Elder, was a Claudian like his brother emperor Tiberius: they were the sons of Tiberius Claudius Nero, the praetor of 42 BC.





Antonia Minor's generation






























































































































































































































































































































Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa Augustus Tiberius Claudius Nero Mark Antony Gaius Claudius Marcellus Minor Augustus Vipsanii Marcus Valerius Messalla Appianus Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus Quintus Haterius

Vipsania Agrippina 1

1 Tiberius
Drusus the Elder Antonia Minor
Marcus Claudius Marcellus 1

Julia the Elder 3

2 Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa

Marcus Valerius Messalla Barbatus 1
Domitia Lepida the Younger Domitia Lepida the Elder
1 Decimus Haterius Agrippa
Drusus the Younger Germanicus Livilla Claudius Gaius Caesar Julia the Younger Lucius Caesar Agrippina the Elder Agrippa Postumus Messalina Quintus Haterius Antoninus



Agrippina the Elder's generation


Without son, Augustus had adopted his grandsons (by his only daughter Julia) Gaius, Lucius and Postumus, and his stepson Tiberius, in order to ensure an heir and successor. Around the time of his death only Tiberius remained and he became the next emperor. Tiberius, a Claudius by birth had become one of the Julii Caesares by adoption: from this moment this first dynasty of Roman emperors was both Julian and Claudian. The further emperors of this dynasty had both Julian and Claudian ancestors.





Agrippina the Elder's generation





































































































































































































































































































































Tiberius Claudius Nero Augustus Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa Drusus the Elder Tiberius Drusus the Elder Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa Lucius Aemilius Lepidus Paullus (grandmother: Urgulania) Drusus the Elder Sextus Aelius Catus

Tiberius 3

2 Julia the Elder

Gaius Caesar 1
Livilla
2 Drusus the Younger
Germanicus Agrippina the Elder Julia the Younger Lucius Aemilius Paullus
Plautia Urgulanilla 1
Claudius
2 Aelia Paetina
Tiberillus Julia Livia Germanicus Gemellus Tiberius Gemellus Nero Julius Caesar Drusus Caesar Caligula Agrippina the Younger Julia Drusilla Julia Livilla Aemilia Lepida Claudius Drusus Claudia Antonia



Agrippina the Younger's generation


Caligula was the last emperor adopted into the family of the Julii Caesares. He was a Claudius by descendance, although he had Julii Caesares among his ancestors, from both his mother's and his father's side.





Agrippina the Younger's generation













































































































































Drusus the Younger Germanicus Tiberius Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Marcus Junius Silanus Germanicus Lucius Calpurnius Piso Cassii Germanicus Lucius Aemilius Paullus Germanicus Publius Vinicius
Julia Livia Nero Julius Caesar Drusus Caesar Aemilia Lepida
Junia Claudilla 1

Caligula 2

2 Livia Orestilla 1

1 Gaius Calpurnius Piso

Lucius Cassius Longinus 1
Julia Drusilla
2 Marcus Aemilius Lepidus
Julia Livilla Marcus Vinicius


Most marriages remained childless and many potential successors in the dynasty were eliminated after rampant accusations.
























































































































































































































































Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus Germanicus Lucius Aemilius Paullus Junii Silani Marcus Licinius Crassus Frugi Claudius Faustus Cornelius Sulla Lucullus III Memmii Marcus Lollius Drusus the Younger Germanicus

Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus 1
Agrippina the Younger Aemilia Lepida Marcus Junius Silanus Torquatus
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus 1
Claudia Antonia
2 Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix

Publius Memmius Regulus 1

Lollia Paulina 3

2 Caligula

4 Milonia Caesonia
Nero Marcus Junius Silanus Torquatus Junia Calvina Decimus Junius Silanus Torquatus Lucius Junius Silanus Torquatus Junia Lepida unnamed son Gaius Memmius Regulus Tiberius Gemellus Julia Drusilla


Claudius, the fourth emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, was a brother to Caligula's father Germanicus. He belonged to the gens Claudia with, from his mother's side, Julian ancestors.





Claudius, the fourth emperor


















































































































Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus Sallustii Germanicus Drusus the Elder Marcus Valerius Messalla Barbatus

Domitia Lepida the Elder 1

2 Gaius Sallustius Crispus Passienus 2

2 Agrippina the Younger 4

3 Claudius

3 Messalina
Nero
1 Claudia Octavia
Britannicus



Poppaea Sabina's generation


Nero, the last emperor of the dynasty, was by birth a Domitius with as well Julian ancestors (from both his mother's as his father's side), as Claudian (from his mother's side). He became a Claudian himself, by adoption by his stepfather emperor Claudius, a brother to his grandfather from his mother's side, or, from his father's side, a son of his grandmother's sister.





Poppaea Sabina's generation

























































































Lucius Otho Titus Ollius Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus Claudius Statilii

Otho 2

Poppaea Sabina 2

3 Nero 2

3 Statilia Messalina
Claudia Augusta



References




  1. ^ abcdefg Smith 1870, Vol. 1 p. 536 ff.


  2. ^ ab Napoleon III 1865, Vol. 1 p. 253


  3. ^ Wurts 1945, Vol. 4 p. 627


  4. ^ abcdef Meijer 1990, pp. 511/532/576-577


  5. ^ abcdef Kamm 2006, pp. 156-157


  6. ^ Griffin 2009, p. 13 ff.


  7. ^ Plutarch. "Life of Sulla" in Parallel Lives



Sources



  • Miriam Griffin. A Companion to Julius Caesar, p. 13 ff. John Wiley & Sons, 2009. .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
    ISBN 1444308459
    ISBN 9781444308457 (Julius Caesar's descendancy)

  • Antony Kamm Julius Caesar: A Life, pp. 156 (Genealogical chart of the family of Julius Caesar) and 157 (Simplified genealogical chart of the emperors from Augustus to Nero). Routledge, 2006.
    ISBN 1134220332
    ISBN 9781134220335

  • J. W. Meijer (translator) Tacitus: Jaarboeken (Ab excessu divi Augusti Annales). Ambo, 1990.
    ISBN 902631065X
    ISBN 9789026310652 – pp. 511 (Julia the Elder's family tree), 532 (Tiberius' family tree), 576–577 (from Gaius Julius Caesar the Elder to Nero)


  • Napoleon III. Histoire de Jules César Volume 1, p. 253 Paris: H. Plon 1865 (Julius Caesar's family tree)


  • William Smith. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. 1870. Volume 1 p. 536 ff. (Julii Caesares up to the generation before the adoptions started)

  • John S. Wurts. Magna Charta. Brookfield Publishing Company, 1945. Vol. 4 p. 627 (ordinals for the Julii Caesares with the same praenomen)



External links




  • Sextus Julius I Caesar Proconsul of Sicily (and subsequent pages) at homepages.rpi.edu/~holmes/


  • "The Stemma of the Julio-Claudian Emperors" by R. Scott Moore at www.roman-emperors.org









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