The Great Cameo of France, from around 23 AD, pictures several members of the Julio-Claudian dynasty
Around the start of the Common Era, the family trees of the gens Julia and the gens Claudia became intertwined into the Julio-Claudian family tree as a result of marriages and adoptions.
Contents
1Descendancy of the emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty
1.1Simplified
2By generation
2.1Generation of Julius Caesar's grandfather
2.2Generation of Julius Caesar's father
2.3Julius Caesar's generation
2.4Generation of Julius Caesar's daughter
2.5Generation of the Octavias
2.6Antonia Maior's generation
2.7Antonia Minor's generation
2.8Agrippina the Elder's generation
2.9Agrippina the Younger's generation
2.10Poppaea Sabina's generation
3References
4Sources
5External links
Descendancy of the emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty
See also: Julii Caesares § Descendancy, and Family tree of Roman emperors § 27 BC – AD 192
The Julio-Claudian dynasty was the first dynasty of Roman emperors. All emperors of that dynasty descended from Julii Caesares and/or from Claudii. Marriages between descendants of Sextus Julius Caesar I and Claudii had occurred from the late stages of the Roman Republic, but the intertwined Julio-Claudian family tree resulted mostly from adoptions and marriages in Imperial Rome's first decades. Note that descendancy of the Julii Caesares before the generation of Julius Caesar's grandfather is in part conjectural, but as presented by scholars.[1]
Julio-Claudian family tree[1][2][3][4][5][6]
Sextus Julius Caesar I
Gaius Julius Caesar I
Sextus Julius Caesar II Postumus
Gaius Julius Caesar II
Marcia Regia
Gaius Marius
Julia
Gaius Julius Caesar the Elder
Aurelia Cotta
Sextus Julius Caesar III
3 Calpurnia
Lucius Julius Caesar II
Julia Minor
Marcus Atius Balbus
Sextus Julius Caesar
2 Pompeia
Lucius Julius Caesar III
Gaius Julius Caesar
Gaius Octavius
Atia
Sextus Julius Caesar IV
1 Cornelia (wife of Caesar)
Julia Antonia
2 Pompey
Julia
1 Gaius Claudius Marcellus Minor
Octavia Minor
2 Mark Antony
1 Scribonia
Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus Augustus (Gaius Octavius)
Livia Drusilla Augusta[4][5]
1 Tiberius Claudius Nero
1 Claudius Marcellus
2 Julia the Elder
3 Tiberius Claudius Nero
1 Vipsania Agrippina
Drusus the Elder[4][5]
Antonia Minor
2 Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
1 Plautia Urgulanilla
Drusus the Younger
Livilla
Claudius Drusus
Julia the Younger
Gaius Caesar
Tiberius Gemellus
Julia Livia
2 Aelia Paetina
Agrippa Postumus
Lucius Caesar
Agrippina the Elder
Germanicus
2 Claudius
Claudia Antonia
Lucius Cassius Longinus
Julia Drusilla
Drusus Caesar
Julia Livilla
4 Agrippina the Younger
1 Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 32)
3 Valeria Messalina
Milonia Caesonia
Gaius Caesar (Caligula)
Nero Julius Caesar
1 Claudia Octavia
Britannicus
Julia Drusilla
1 Otho
2 Poppaea Sabina
2 Nero
3 Statilia Messalina
Claudia Augusta
Legend
descent
adoption
marriage
1, 2
spouse order
Simplified
Simplified
Sextus Julius Caesar I
Gaius Julius Caesar I
Sextus Julius Caesar II Postumus
Marcia Regia
Gaius Julius Caesar II
Lucius Julius Caesar II
Aurelia Cotta
Gaius Julius Caesar the Elder
Lucius Julius Caesar III
Fulvia
Gaius Julius Caesar
Marcus Atius
Julia Minor
Julia Antonia
Marcus Antonius Creticus
Atia Balba Caesonia
Gaius Octavius
Mark Antony
Scribonia
Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus Augustus (Gaius Octavius)
Livia Drusilla Augusta
Tiberius Claudius Nero
Octavia Minor
Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
Julia the Elder
Tiberius Claudius Nero
Drusus the Elder
Antonia Minor
Antonia the Elder
Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus
Agrippina the Elder
Germanicus
Claudius
Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus
Domitia Lepida the Younger
Marcus Valerius Messalla
Milonia Caesonia
Gaius Caesar (Caligula)
Agrippina the Younger
Valeria Messalina
Julia Drusilla
Otho
Poppaea Sabina
Statilia Messalina
Nero
Claudia Octavia
Britannicus
Claudia Augusta
By generation
In the Julio-Claudian dynasty of Roman emperors, the lineage of the Julii Caesares was separated from those of the Claudii up to Augustus' generation. The next generation had both Claudii with a Julia as ancestor, as Claudii adopted into the Julii Caesares family. After Tiberius, the remaining three emperors of the dynasty had, outside adoptions, ancestors both in the Julian as the Claudian families.
Generation of Julius Caesar's grandfather
Gaius Julius Caesar II and Lucius Julius Caesar II may have had Sextus Julius Caesar, the military tribune of 181 BC, as a common ancestor.[1]
Family of Julio-Claudian family tree
Julii Caesares
Marcia Reges
Julii Caesares
Popilii Laenates
Gaius Julius Caesar II
Marcia Regia
Lucius Julius Caesar II
Poppilia
Gaius Julius Caesar the Elder
Julia
Sextus Julius Caesar III
Lucius Julius Caesar III
Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo Vopiscus
Julia
Generation of Julius Caesar's father
This generation of Julii Caesares has two consuls: Sextus Julius Caesar III in 91 BC, and Lucius Julius Caesar III the next year.[1] This generation has also two female descendants very close to the centers of power by their marriages: Julia, the daughter of Gaius Julius Caesar II was married to seven-times consul Gaius Marius, while Julia, the daughter of Lucius Julius Caesar II was married to the two-times consul and Roman dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who had successfully challenged Marius' power.[7] For ensuing generations, Gaius Julius Caesar the Elder, married to a consul's daughter, and Lucius Julius Caesar III proved to be quintessential ancestors of those who held Imperial power in the Julio-Claudian dynasty.[1]
Generation of Julius Caesar's father
Gaius Julius Caesar II
Lucius Aurelius Cotta
Gaius Julius Caesar II
Marii
Gaius Julius Caesar II
Lucius Julius Caesar II
Fulvii Flacci
Lucius Julius Caesar II
Lucius Julius Caesar II
Cornelii Sullae
Lucius Caecilius Metellus Dalmaticus
Gaius Julius Caesar the Elder
Aurelia Cotta
Julia
Gaius Marius
Sextus Julius Caesar III
Lucius Julius Caesar III
Fulvia
Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo Vopiscus
Julia possibly identical to Ilia a.k.a. Julia Cornelia 1
Sulla
4 Caecilia Metella Dalmatica
Julia Major
Julia Minor
Julius Caesar
Gaius Marius the Younger
Sextus Julius Caesar
Lucius Julius Caesar IV
Julia Antonia
Cornelia
Lucius Cornelius
Faustus Cornelius Sulla
Fausta
Julius Caesar's generation
Following Sulla's example Julius Caesar's and Pompey's first marriages were with women of their own generation, later marrying women of a younger generation. After being betrothed to Cossutia, Julius Caesar's first wife was Cornelia, the mother of Julia.[2] The younger of Caesar's two sisters married Marcus Atius: they were ancestors of all the Julio-Claudian emperors, apart from Tiberius.[1][4][5]
This is also the generation of Mark Antony's parents. Mark Antony's mother Julia Antonia was the daughter of Lucius Julius Caesar III: she was an ancestor of the last three emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty.[4][5]
Generation of Julius Caesar
Gaius Julius Caesar the Elder
Marcus Atius Balbus
Gaius Julius Caesar the Elder
Lucius Cornelius Cinna
Gaius Marius
Quintus Mucius Scaevola Pontifex
Pompeius Strabo
Sextus Julius Caesar III (or his son)
Lucius Julius Caesar III
Marcus Antonius
Lucius Julius Caesar III
Cornelii Lentuli
Sulla
Quintus Pompeius Rufus
Julia Minor
Marcus Atius
Julius Caesar
1 Cornelia
Gaius Marius the Younger 1
Mucia Tertia 3
2 Pompey
Sextus Julius Caesar IV
Lucius Julius Caesar IV
Marcus Antonius Creticus 1
Julia Antonia
2 Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura
Cornelia
Quintus Pompeius Rufus
Atia Balba Prima
Atia Balba Caesonia
Atia Balba Tertia
Julia
Gnaeus Pompeius
Pompeia Magna
Sextus Pompey
Lucius Julius Caesar V
Mark Antony
Gaius Antonius
Lucius Antonius
Pompeia
Quintus Pompeius Rufus
Generation of Julius Caesar's daughter
By this time marriages with a political agenda among the powerful families were in full swing, however not yet between Julii Caesares and Claudii. Pompey married Julius Caesar's daughter Julia. Julius Caesar's second wife Pompeia, possibly a great-granddaughter of Lucius Julius Caesar II, was a granddaughter of Sulla. His third wife Calpurnia is said to be younger than his daughter. His son Caesarion resulted from his relation with Cleopatra.[1]
Atia Balba Caesonia, the daughter of Julius Caesar's sister, married Gaius Octavius: they became the parents of the first emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, then still called Octavianus. Their daughter Octavia the Younger became an ancestor to the last three emperors of that dynasty. In this generation Mark Antony had children by, among others, Antonia Hybrida Minor, and Fulvia.[4][5]
Generation of Julius Caesar's daughter
Ancharii
Octavii
Marcus Atius
Sulla
Pompey
Gaius Antonius Hybrida
Marcus Antonius Creticus
Marcus Fulvius Bambalio
Appius Claudius Pulcher
Quintus Pompeius Rufus
Gaius Julius Caesar the Elder
Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus
Ancharia 1
Gaius Octavius
2 Atia Balba Caesonia
Faustus Cornelius Sulla 1
Pompeia Magna
Antonia Hybrida Minor 2
Mark Antony 3
3 Fulvia
1 Publius Clodius Pulcher
Pompeia 2
Julius Caesar
3 Calpurnia
Octavia the Elder
Octavia the Younger
Octavianus
Faustus Cornelius Sulla
Cornelia Sulla
Antonia
Marcus Antonius Antyllus
Iullus Antonius
Publius Clodius Pulcher
Clodia Pulchra
(by Cleopatra:) Caesarion
Generation of Julius Caesar's daughter (2)
Julius Caesar
Pompeius Strabo
Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica
Julia 4
Pompey 2
5 Cornelia Metella
Generation of the Octavias
The Claudii were a powerful gens with consuls and other high ranking politicians in several of its families across several generations. In this generation the first marriages between Claudii and descendants of the Julii Caesares took place. This however didn't mean yet that the dynastic family trees of both gentes got merged into a single one: that didn't happen until the adoption of Claudii by (adopted) Julii Caesares in the generations to come.
Octavia the Younger's first husband was a Claudius from the Marcelli family. Clodia Pulchra, descending from Claudii, became the first wife of Octavian, who by then was adopted in the Julii Caesares family by the testament of his uncle Julius Caesar. After her first husband's death, Octavia married Mark Antony, who besides the offspring of his first three marriages had had children by Cleopatra.
Generation of the Octavias
Gaius Octavius
Appuleii
Claudii Marcelli
Gaius Octavius
Marcus Antonius Creticus
Julius Caesar
Gaius Octavius
Publius Clodius Pulcher
Faustus Cornelius Sulla
Scribonii
Pompey
Lucius Cornelius Cinna
Octavia the Elder
Sextus Appuleius
Gaius Claudius Marcellus Minor 1
Octavia the Younger
Mark Antony
Octavianus
1 Clodia Pulchra
Cornelia Sulla
Lucius Scribonius Libo
Pompeia Magna
2 Lucius Cornelius Cinna
Sextus Appuleius
Marcus Claudius Marcellus
Claudia Marcella Major
Claudia Marcella Minor
(by Cleopatra:) Alexander Helios
(by Cleopatra:) Cleopatra Selene II
(by Cleopatra:) Ptolemy Philadelphus
Scribonia
Lucius Scribonius Libo
Gnaeus Cornelius Cinna Magnus
Cornelia Pompeia
Generation of the Octavias (2)
Cornelii Scipiones
Lucius Scribonius Libo
Julius Caesar
Gaius Octavius
Marcus Antonius Creticus
Quintus Caecilius Pomponianus Atticus
Vipsanii
Gaius Claudius Marcellus Minor
Mark Antony
Sextus Appuleius
Publius Quinctilius Varus
Publius Cornelius Scipio 2
Scribonia
3 Augustus
Octavia the Younger 4
2 Mark Antony
Pomponia Caecilia Attica 1
Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa 1
2 Claudia Marcella Major
2 Iullus Antonius
Sextus Appuleius
Quinctilia
Publius Cornelius Scipio
Cornelia
Julia the Elder
Antonia Maior
Antonia Minor
Vipsania Agrippina
Vipsania Marcella
Lucius Antonius
Gaius Antonius
Iulla Antonia
Sextus Appuleius
Antonia Maior's generation
Octavianus, becoming Augustus the first Roman emperor, married Scribonia who gave him a daughter (Julia the Elder). His last marriage was with Livia, a Claudia who had been married to a Claudius. Their son Tiberius, by birth a Claudius, was later adopted by Augustus, thus, like his stepfather Augustus, becoming one of the Julii Caesares by adoption.
Antonia Maior's generation
Fabii
Sextus Appuleius
Gaius Claudius Marcellus Minor
Publius Cornelius Scipio
Aemilii Lepidi
Gaius Claudius Marcellus Minor
Appius Claudius Pulcher
Marcus Valerius Messalla
Drusus Claudius Nero I
Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus
Octavii (by birth) - Julii Caesares (by adoption)
Mark Antony
Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus
Fabia Numantina 1
2 Sextus Appuleius 3
2 Claudia Marcella Major
Cornelia 1
Lucius Aemilius Lepidus Paullus 1
2 Claudia Marcella Minor
2 Marcus Valerius Messalla Appianus
Tiberius Claudius Nero 1
Livia 3
2 Augustus
Antonia Maior
Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus
Sextus Appuleius
Appuleia Varilla
Lucius Aemilius Paullus
Marcus Aemilius Lepidus
Aemilia Paulla
Paullus Aemilius Regulus
Claudia Pulchra
Marcus Valerius Messalla Barbatus
Tiberius
Drusus the Elder
Domitia Lepida the Elder
Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus
Domitia Lepida the Younger
Antonia Minor's generation
Antonia Minor's husband Nero Claudius Drusus, a.k.a. Drusus the Elder, was a Claudian like his brother emperor Tiberius: they were the sons of Tiberius Claudius Nero, the praetor of 42 BC.
Antonia Minor's generation
Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
Augustus
Tiberius Claudius Nero
Mark Antony
Gaius Claudius Marcellus Minor
Augustus
Vipsanii
Marcus Valerius Messalla Appianus
Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus
Quintus Haterius
Vipsania Agrippina 1
1 Tiberius
Drusus the Elder
Antonia Minor
Marcus Claudius Marcellus 1
Julia the Elder 3
2 Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
Marcus Valerius Messalla Barbatus 1
Domitia Lepida the Younger
Domitia Lepida the Elder
1 Decimus Haterius Agrippa
Drusus the Younger
Germanicus
Livilla
Claudius
Gaius Caesar
Julia the Younger
Lucius Caesar
Agrippina the Elder
Agrippa Postumus
Messalina
Quintus Haterius Antoninus
Agrippina the Elder's generation
Without son, Augustus had adopted his grandsons (by his only daughter Julia) Gaius, Lucius and Postumus, and his stepson Tiberius, in order to ensure an heir and successor. Around the time of his death only Tiberius remained and he became the next emperor. Tiberius, a Claudius by birth had become one of the Julii Caesares by adoption: from this moment this first dynasty of Roman emperors was both Julian and Claudian. The further emperors of this dynasty had both Julian and Claudian ancestors.
Agrippina the Elder's generation
Tiberius Claudius Nero
Augustus
Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
Drusus the Elder
Tiberius
Drusus the Elder
Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
Lucius Aemilius Lepidus Paullus
(grandmother: Urgulania)
Drusus the Elder
Sextus Aelius Catus
Tiberius 3
2 Julia the Elder
Gaius Caesar 1
Livilla
2 Drusus the Younger
Germanicus
Agrippina the Elder
Julia the Younger
Lucius Aemilius Paullus
Plautia Urgulanilla 1
Claudius
2 Aelia Paetina
Tiberillus
Julia Livia
Germanicus Gemellus
Tiberius Gemellus
Nero Julius Caesar
Drusus Caesar
Caligula
Agrippina the Younger
Julia Drusilla
Julia Livilla
Aemilia Lepida
Claudius Drusus
Claudia Antonia
Agrippina the Younger's generation
Caligula was the last emperor adopted into the family of the Julii Caesares. He was a Claudius by descendance, although he had Julii Caesares among his ancestors, from both his mother's and his father's side.
Agrippina the Younger's generation
Drusus the Younger
Germanicus
Tiberius
Marcus Aemilius Lepidus
Marcus Junius Silanus
Germanicus
Lucius Calpurnius Piso
Cassii
Germanicus
Lucius Aemilius Paullus
Germanicus
Publius Vinicius
Julia Livia
Nero Julius Caesar
Drusus Caesar
Aemilia Lepida
Junia Claudilla 1
Caligula 2
2 Livia Orestilla 1
1 Gaius Calpurnius Piso
Lucius Cassius Longinus 1
Julia Drusilla
2 Marcus Aemilius Lepidus
Julia Livilla
Marcus Vinicius
Most marriages remained childless and many potential successors in the dynasty were eliminated after rampant accusations.
Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus
Germanicus
Lucius Aemilius Paullus
Junii Silani
Marcus Licinius Crassus Frugi
Claudius
Faustus Cornelius Sulla Lucullus III
Memmii
Marcus Lollius
Drusus the Younger
Germanicus
Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus 1
Agrippina the Younger
Aemilia Lepida
Marcus Junius Silanus Torquatus
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus 1
Claudia Antonia
2 Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix
Publius Memmius Regulus 1
Lollia Paulina 3
2 Caligula
4 Milonia Caesonia
Nero
Marcus Junius Silanus Torquatus
Junia Calvina
Decimus Junius Silanus Torquatus
Lucius Junius Silanus Torquatus
Junia Lepida
unnamed son
Gaius Memmius Regulus
Tiberius Gemellus
Julia Drusilla
Claudius, the fourth emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, was a brother to Caligula's father Germanicus. He belonged to the gens Claudia with, from his mother's side, Julian ancestors.
Claudius, the fourth emperor
Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus
Sallustii
Germanicus
Drusus the Elder
Marcus Valerius Messalla Barbatus
Domitia Lepida the Elder 1
2 Gaius Sallustius Crispus Passienus 2
2 Agrippina the Younger 4
3 Claudius
3 Messalina
Nero
1 Claudia Octavia
Britannicus
Poppaea Sabina's generation
Nero, the last emperor of the dynasty, was by birth a Domitius with as well Julian ancestors (from both his mother's as his father's side), as Claudian (from his mother's side). He became a Claudian himself, by adoption by his stepfather emperor Claudius, a brother to his grandfather from his mother's side, or, from his father's side, a son of his grandmother's sister.
Poppaea Sabina's generation
Lucius Otho
Titus Ollius
Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus
Claudius
Statilii
Otho 2
Poppaea Sabina 2
3 Nero 2
3 Statilia Messalina
Claudia Augusta
References
^ abcdefgSmith 1870, Vol. 1 p. 536 ff.
^ abNapoleon III 1865, Vol. 1 p. 253
^Wurts 1945, Vol. 4 p. 627
^ abcdefMeijer 1990, pp. 511/532/576-577
^ abcdefKamm 2006, pp. 156-157
^Griffin 2009, p. 13 ff.
^Plutarch. "Life of Sulla" in Parallel Lives
Sources
Miriam Griffin. A Companion to Julius Caesar, p. 13 ff. John Wiley & Sons, 2009. .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
ISBN 1444308459
ISBN 9781444308457 (Julius Caesar's descendancy)
Antony Kamm Julius Caesar: A Life, pp. 156 (Genealogical chart of the family of Julius Caesar) and 157 (Simplified genealogical chart of the emperors from Augustus to Nero). Routledge, 2006.
ISBN 1134220332
ISBN 9781134220335
J. W. Meijer (translator) Tacitus: Jaarboeken (Ab excessu divi Augusti Annales). Ambo, 1990.
ISBN 902631065X
ISBN 9789026310652 – pp. 511 (Julia the Elder's family tree), 532 (Tiberius' family tree), 576–577 (from Gaius Julius Caesar the Elder to Nero)
Napoleon III. Histoire de Jules César Volume 1, p. 253 Paris: H. Plon 1865 (Julius Caesar's family tree)
William Smith. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. 1870. Volume 1 p. 536 ff. (Julii Caesares up to the generation before the adoptions started)
John S. Wurts. Magna Charta. Brookfield Publishing Company, 1945. Vol. 4 p. 627 (ordinals for the Julii Caesares with the same praenomen)
External links
Sextus Julius I Caesar Proconsul of Sicily (and subsequent pages) at homepages.rpi.edu/~holmes/
"The Stemma of the Julio-Claudian Emperors" by R. Scott Moore at www.roman-emperors.org
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