Qigong




For the artist, see Qigong (artist).








































Qigong

World Tai Chi & Qigong Day event (Manhattan).jpg
Qigong practitioners at World Tai Chi and Qigong Day event in Manhattan.

Chinese name
Traditional Chinese 氣功
Simplified Chinese 气功














































Korean name
Hangul 기공
Hanja 氣功










Japanese name
Hiragana きこう
Kyūjitai 氣功
Shinjitai 気功



































Part of a series on
Chinese martial arts (Wushu)
Shi DeRu and Shi DeYang.jpg



  • Styles of Chinese martial arts


  • List of Chinese martial arts

Wushu in the world

Wushu athletes/practitioners





Wushu influence

  • v

  • t

  • e


Qigong (/ˈtʃiːˈɡɒŋ/),[1]qi gong, chi kung, or chi gung (simplified Chinese: 气功; traditional Chinese: 氣功; pinyin: qìgōng; Wade–Giles: ch‘i kung; literally: "Life Energy Cultivation") is a holistic system of coordinated body posture and movement, breathing, and meditation used for the purposes of health, spirituality, and martial arts training.[2] With roots in Chinese medicine, philosophy, and martial arts, qigong is traditionally viewed as a practice to cultivate and balance qi (chi), translated as "life energy".[3]


According to Taoist, Buddhist, and Confucian philosophy, qigong allows access to higher realms of awareness, awakens one's "true nature", and helps develop human potential.[4]


Qigong practice typically involves moving meditation, coordinating slow flowing movement, deep rhythmic breathing, and calm meditative state of mind. Qigong is now practiced throughout China and worldwide for recreation, exercise and relaxation, preventive medicine and self-healing, alternative medicine, meditation and self-cultivation, and training for martial arts.


Research concerning qigong has been conducted for a wide range of medical conditions, including hypertension, pain, and cancer, and with respect to quality of life.[2] Most research concerning health benefits of qigong has been of poor quality, such that it would be unwise to draw firm conclusions at this stage.[5]




Contents






  • 1 Etymology


  • 2 History and origins


  • 3 Overview


    • 3.1 Practices


    • 3.2 Forms


    • 3.3 Techniques




  • 4 Traditional and classical theory


    • 4.1 Traditional Chinese medicine


    • 4.2 Daoism


    • 4.3 Buddhism


    • 4.4 Confucianism




  • 5 Contemporary qigong


    • 5.1 Contemporary Chinese medical qigong


    • 5.2 Conventional medicine


    • 5.3 Integrative, complementary, and alternative medicine


    • 5.4 Scientific basis




  • 6 Health applications


    • 6.1 Recreation and popular use


    • 6.2 Therapeutic use


    • 6.3 Safety and cost




  • 7 Clinical research


    • 7.1 Overview


    • 7.2 Systematic reviews


    • 7.3 Mental health


    • 7.4 China


    • 7.5 Challenges




  • 8 Meditation and self-cultivation applications


  • 9 Martial arts applications


    • 9.1 T'ai Chi Ch'uan and Qigong




  • 10 See also


  • 11 References


  • 12 External links





Etymology


Main articles: Qi and Chinese martial arts

Qigong (Pinyin), ch'i kung (Wade-Giles), and chi gung (Yale) are English words for two Chinese characters: qì (气／氣) and gōng (功).


Qi (or chi) is often translated as life energy,[3] referring to energy circulating through the body; though a more general definition is universal energy, including heat, light, and electromagnetic energy;[6] and definitions often involve breath, air, gas, or the relationship between matter, energy, and spirit.[7] Qi is the central underlying principle in traditional Chinese medicine and martial arts. Gong (or kung) is often translated as cultivation or work, and definitions include practice, skill, mastery, merit, achievement, service, result, or accomplishment, and is often used to mean gongfu (kung fu) in the traditional sense of achievement through great effort.[8] The two words are combined to describe systems to cultivate and balance life energy, especially for health.[3]


Although the term qigong (氣功) has been traced back to Daoist literature of the early Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD), the term qigong as currently used was promoted in the late 1940s through the 1950s to refer to a broad range of Chinese self-cultivation exercises, and to emphasize health and scientific approaches, while de-emphasizing spiritual practices, mysticism, and elite lineages.[9][10][11]



History and origins


Main article: Qigong history



The physical exercise chart; a painting on silk depicting the practice of Qigong Taiji; unearthed in 1973 in Hunan Province, China, from the 2nd-century BC Western Han burial site of Mawangdui Han tombs site, Tomb Number 3.


With roots in ancient Chinese culture dating back more than 4,000 years,[citation needed] a wide variety of qigong forms have developed within different segments of Chinese society:[12] in traditional Chinese medicine for preventive and curative functions;[13] in Confucianism to promote longevity and improve moral character;[3] in Daoism and Buddhism as part of meditative practice;[4] and in Chinese martial arts to enhance fighting abilities.[10][14] Contemporary qigong blends diverse and sometimes disparate traditions, in particular the Daoist meditative practice of "internal alchemy" (Neidan 內丹術), the ancient meditative practices of "circulating qi" (Xing qi 行氣) and "standing meditation" (Zhan zhuang 站桩), and the slow gymnastic breathing exercise of "guiding and pulling" (Dao yin 導引). Traditionally, knowledge about qigong was passed from adept master to student in elite unbroken lineages, typically with secretive and esoteric traditions of training and oral transmission,[15] and with an emphasis on meditative practice by scholars and gymnastic or dynamic practice by the working masses.[16]


Starting in the late 1940s and the 1950s, the mainland Chinese government tried to integrate disparate qigong approaches into one coherent system, with the intention of establishing a firm scientific basis for qigong practice. In 1949, Liu Guizhen established the name "Qigong" to refer to the system of life preserving practices that he and his associates developed based on Dao yin and other philosophical traditions.[17] This attempt is considered by some sinologists as the start of the modern or scientific interpretation of qigong.[18][19][20] During the Great Leap Forward (1958–1963) and the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976), qigong, along with other traditional Chinese medicine, was under tight control with limited access among the general public, but was encouraged in state-run rehabilitation centers and spread to universities and hospitals. After the Cultural Revolution, qigong, along with t'ai chi, was popularized as daily morning exercise practiced en masse throughout China.


Popularity of qigong grew rapidly during the Deng and Jiang eras after Mao Zedong's death in 1976 through the 1990s, with estimates of between 60 and 200 million practitioners throughout China. Along with popularity and state sanction came controversy and problems: claims of extraordinary abilities bordering on the supernatural, pseudoscience explanations to build credibility,[21] a mental condition labeled qigong deviation,[20] formation of cults, and exaggeration of claims by masters for personal benefit.[9][22] In 1985, the state-run "National Qigong Science and Research Organization" was established to regulate the nation's qigong denominations.[23] In 1999, in response to widespread revival of old traditions of spirituality, morality, and mysticism, and perceived challenges to State control, the Chinese government took measures to enforce control of public qigong practice, including shutting down qigong clinics and hospitals, and banning groups such as Zhong Gong and Falun Gong.[11]:161–174[24]
Since the 1999 crackdown, qigong research and practice have only been officially supported in the context of health and traditional Chinese medicine. The Chinese Health Qigong Association, established in 2000, strictly regulates public qigong practice, with limitation of public gatherings, requirement of state approved training and certification of instructors, and restriction of practice to state-approved forms.[25][26]


Through the forces of migration of the Chinese diaspora, tourism in China, and globalization, the practice of qigong spread from the Chinese community to the world. Today, millions of people around the world practice qigong and believe in the benefits of qigong to varying degrees. Similar to its historical origin, those interested in qigong come from diverse backgrounds and practice it for different reasons, including for recreation, exercise, relaxation, preventive medicine, self-healing, alternative medicine, self-cultivation, meditation, spirituality, and martial arts training.



Overview



Practices


Qigong comprises a diverse set of practices that coordinate body (調身), breath (調息), and mind (調心) based on Chinese philosophy.[27][28] Practices include moving and still meditation, massage, chanting, sound meditation, and non-contact treatments, performed in a broad array of body postures. Qigong is commonly classified into two foundational categories: 1) dynamic or active qigong (dong gong), with slow flowing movement; and 2) meditative or passive qigong (jing gong), with still positions and inner movement of the breath.[29]:21770–21772 From a therapeutic perspective, qigong can be classified into two systems:
1) internal qigong, which focuses on self-care and self-cultivation, and;
2) external qigong, which involves treatment by a therapist who directs or transmits qi.[29]:21777–21781


As moving meditation, qigong practice typically coordinates slow stylized movement, deep diaphragmatic breathing, and calm mental focus, with visualization of guiding qi through the body. While implementation details vary, generally qigong forms can be characterized as a mix of four types of practice: dynamic, static, meditative, and activities requiring external aids.


  • Dynamic practice

involves fluid movement, usually carefully choreographed, coordinated with breath and awareness. Examples include the slow stylized movements of T'ai chi ch'uan, Baguazhang, and Xing Yi Quan.[30] Other examples include graceful movement that mimics the motion of animals in Five Animals (Wu Qin Xi qigong),[31] White Crane,[32] and Wild Goose (Dayan) Qigong.[33][34] As a form of gentle exercise, qigong is composed of movements that are typically repeated, strengthening and stretching the body, increasing fluid movement (blood, synovial, and lymph), enhancing balance and proprioception, and improving the awareness of how the body moves through space.[35]

  • Static practice

involves holding postures for sustained periods of time.[36] In some cases this bears resemblance to the practice of Yoga and its continuation in the Buddhist tradition.[37] For example Yiquan, a Chinese martial art derived from xingyiquan, emphasizes static stance training.[38] In another example, the healing form Eight Pieces of Brocade (Baduanjin qigong) is based on a series of static postures.[39]

  • Meditative practice

utilizes breath awareness, visualization, mantra, chanting, sound, and focus on philosophical concepts such as qi circulation, aesthetics, or moral values.[40] In traditional Chinese medicine and Daoist practice, the meditative focus is commonly on cultivating qi in dantian energy centers and balancing qi flow in meridian and other pathways. In various Buddhist traditions, the aim is to still the mind, either through outward focus, for example on a place, or through inward focus on the breath, a mantra, a koan, emptiness, or the idea of the eternal. In the Confucius scholar tradition, meditation is focused on humanity and virtue, with the aim of self-enlightenment.[12]

  • Use of external agents

Many systems of qigong practice include the use of external agents such as ingestion of herbs, massage, physical manipulation, or interaction with other living organisms.[4] For example, specialized food and drinks are used in some medical and Daoist forms, whereas massage and body manipulation are sometimes used in martial arts forms. In some medical systems a qigong master uses non-contact treatment, purportedly guiding qi through his or her own body into the body of another person.[41]


Forms


There are numerous qigong forms. 75 ancient forms that can be found in ancient literature and also 56 common or contemporary forms have been described in a qigong compendium.[42]:203–433 The list is by no means exhaustive. Many contemporary forms were developed by people who had recovered from their illness after qigong practice.


In 2003, the Chinese Health Qigong Association officially recognized four health qigong forms:[43]




  • Muscle-Tendon Change Classic (Yì Jīn Jīng 易筋經).[44][45]


  • Five Animals (Wu Qin Xi 五禽戲).[46]


  • Six Healing Sounds (Liu Zi Jue 六字訣).[47]


  • Eight Pieces of Brocade (Ba Duan Jin 八段錦).[48]


In 2010, the Chinese Health Qigong Association officially recognized five additional health qigong forms:[49]



  • Tai Chi Yang Sheng Zhang (太極養生杖): a tai chi form from the stick tradition.

  • Shi Er Duan Jin (十二段錦): seated exercises to strengthen the neck, shoulders, waist, and legs.

  • Daoyin Yang Sheng Gong Shi Er Fa (導引養生功十二法): 12 routines from Daoyin tradition of guiding and pulling qi.

  • Mawangdui Daoyin (馬王堆導引术): guiding qi along the meridians with synchronous movement and awareness.

  • Da Wu (大舞): choreographed exercises to lubricate joints and guide qi.


Other commonly practised qigong styles and forms include:



  • Soaring Crane Qigong[50]


  • Wisdom Healing Qigong[51]

  • Pan Gu Mystical Qigong[52]

  • Wild Goose (Dayan) Qigong[53]

  • Dragon and Tiger Qigong[54]


  • Primordial Qigong (Wujigong)[55][56]

  • Chilel Qigong [57]

  • Phoenix Qigong[58]

  • Yuan Qigong[59]



Techniques


Whether viewed from the perspective of exercise, health, philosophy, or martial arts training, several main principles emerge concerning the practice of qigong:[3][35][60][61]




  • Intentional movement: careful, flowing balanced style


  • Rhythmic breathing: slow, deep, coordinated with fluid movement


  • Awareness: calm, focused meditative state


  • Visualization: of qi flow, philosophical tenets, aesthetics


  • Chanting/Sound: use of sound as a focal point


Additional principles:




  • Softness: soft gaze, expressionless face


  • Solid Stance: firm footing, erect spine


  • Relaxation: relaxed muscles, slightly bent joints


  • Balance and Counterbalance: motion over the center of gravity


Advanced goals:




  • Equanimity: more fluid, more relaxed


  • Tranquility: empty mind, high awareness


  • Stillness: smaller and smaller movements, eventually to complete stillness


The most advanced practice is generally considered to be with little or no motion.



Traditional and classical theory


Main article: Qi



Qigong practitioners in Brazil


Over time, five distinct traditions or schools of qigong developed in China, each with its own theories and characteristics: Chinese Medical Qigong, Daoist Qigong, Buddhist Qigong, Confucian Qigong, and martial arts qigong.[62]:30–80 All of these qigong traditions include practices intended to cultivate and balance qi.[12][63][64][65]



Traditional Chinese medicine


Main article: Traditional Chinese medicine

The theories of ancient Chinese qigong include the Yin-Yang and Five Phases Theory, Essence-Qi-Spirit Theory, Zang-Xiang Theory, and Meridians and Qi-Blood Theory, which have been synthesized as part of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM).[62]:45–57 TCM focuses on tracing and correcting underlying disharmony, in terms of deficiency and excess, using the complementary and opposing forces of yin and yang (陰陽), to create a balanced flow of qi. Qi is believed to be cultivated and stored in three main dantian energy centers and to travel through the body along twelve main meridians (Jīng Luò 經絡), with numerous smaller branches and tributaries. The main meridians correspond to twelve main organs (Zàng fǔ 臟腑)). Qi is balanced in terms of yin and yang in the context of the traditional system of Five Phases (Wu xing 五行).[12][13] A person is believed to become ill or die when qi becomes diminished or unbalanced. Health is believed to be returned by rebuilding qi, eliminating qi blockages, and correcting qi imbalances. These TCM concepts do not translate readily to modern science and medicine.



Daoism


In Daoism various practices now known as Daoist Qigong are claimed to provide a way to achieve longevity and spiritual enlightenment,[66] as well as a closer connection with the natural world.[67]



Buddhism


In Buddhism meditative practices now known as Buddhist Qigong are part of a spiritual path that leads to spiritual enlightenment or Buddhahood.[68]



Confucianism


In Confucianism practices now known as Confucian Qigong provide a means to become a Junzi (君子) through awareness of morality.[69][70]



Contemporary qigong


In contemporary China, the emphasis of qigong practice has shifted away from traditional philosophy, spiritual attainment, and folklore, and increasingly to health benefits, traditional medicine and martial arts applications, and a scientific perspective.[9][11] Qigong is now practiced by millions worldwide, primarily for its health benefits, though many practitioners have also adopted traditional philosophical, medical, or martial arts perspectives, and even use the long history of qigong as evidence of its effectiveness.[12][60]



Contemporary Chinese medical qigong


Qigong has been recognized as a "standard medical technique" in China since 1989, and is sometimes included in the medical curriculum of major universities in China.[71]:34 The 2013 English translation of the official Chinese Medical Qigong textbook used in China[62]:iv,385 defines CMQ as "the skill of body-mind exercise that integrates body, breath, and mind adjustments into one" and emphasizes that qigong is based on "adjustment" (tiao 調, also translated as “regulation”, “tuning”, or “alignment.”) of body, breath, and mind.[62]:16–18 As such, qigong is viewed by practitioners as being more than common physical exercise, because qigong combines postural, breathing, and mental training in one to produce a particular psychophysiological state of being.[62]:15 While CMQ is still based on traditional and classical theory, modern practitioners also emphasize the importance of a strong scientific basis.[62]:81–89 According to the 2013 CMQ textbook, physiological effects of qigong are numerous, and include improvement of respiratory and cardiovascular function, and possibly neurophysiological function.[62]:89–102



Conventional medicine


Conventional or mainstream medicine includes specific practices and techniques based on the best available evidence demonstrating effectiveness and safety.[72] Qigong is not generally considered to be part of mainstream medicine, because clinical research concerning effectiveness of qigong for specific medical conditions is not supported by Western medicine at this stage, and so, at present, there is no medical interest, or consensus concerning the effectiveness, or even the reality of Qigong.[citation needed]



Integrative, complementary, and alternative medicine


Integrative medicine (IM) refers to "the blending of conventional and complementary medicines and therapies with the aim of using the most appropriate of either or both modalities to care for the patient as a whole",[73]:455–456 whereas complementary generally refers to "using a non-mainstream approach together with conventional medicine", and alternative refers to "using a non-mainstream approach in place of conventional medicine".[74] Qigong is used by integrative medicine practitioners to complement conventional medical treatment, based on complementary and alternative medicine interpretations of the effectiveness and safety of qigong.[2][29]:22278–22306



Scientific basis


Scientists interested in qigong have sought to describe or verify the effects of qigong, to explore mechanisms of effects, to form scientific theory with respect to Qigong, and to identify appropriate research methodology for further study.[62]:81–89 In terms of traditional theory, the existence of qi has not been independently verified in an experimental setting.[75]



Health applications



Recreation and popular use


People practice qigong for many different reasons, including for recreation, exercise and relaxation, preventive medicine and self-healing, meditation and self-cultivation, and training for martial arts. Practitioners range from athletes to the physically challenged. Because it is low impact and can be done lying, sitting, or standing, qigong is accessible for disabled persons, seniors, and people recovering from injuries.[3]



Therapeutic use


Therapeutic use of qigong is directed by TCM, CAM, integrative medicine, and other health practitioners.[2] In China, where it is considered a "standard medical technique",[71]:34 qigong is commonly prescribed to treat a wide variety of conditions, and clinical applications include hypertension, coronary artery disease, peptic ulcers, chronic liver diseases, diabetes mellitus, obesity, menopause syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, insomnia, tumors and cancer, lower back and leg pain, cervical spondylosis, and myopia.[62]:261–391 Outside China qigong is used in integrative medicine to complement or supplement accepted medical treatments, including for relaxation, fitness, rehabilitation, and treatment of specific conditions.[73][76] However, there is no high-quality evidence that qigong is actually effective for these conditions.[77] Based on systematic reviews of clinical research, it is not possible within current level of available evidence to draw conclusions concerning effectiveness of qigong for specific medical conditions at this stage.[2][5]



Safety and cost


Qigong is generally viewed as safe.[78] No adverse effects have been observed in clinical trials, such that qigong is considered safe for use across diverse populations. Cost for self-care is minimal, and cost efficiencies are high for group delivered care.[79] Typically the cautions associated with qigong are the same as those associated with any physical activity, including risk of muscle strains or sprains, advisability of stretching to prevent injury, general safety for use alongside conventional medical treatments, and consulting with a physician when combining with conventional treatment.[80]



Clinical research



Overview


Although there is ongoing clinical research examining the potential health effects of qigong, there is little financial or medical incentive to support high-quality research, and still only a limited number of studies meet accepted medical and scientific standards of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).[79] Clinical research concerning qigong has been conducted for a wide range of medical conditions, including bone density, cardiopulmonary effects, physical function, falls and related risk factors, quality of life, immune function, inflammation,[79]hypertension,[77]pain,[81]Parkinson's disease,[82] and cancer treatment.[83]



Systematic reviews


A 2017 systematic review concluded that Baduanjin qigong is beneficial for quality of life, sleep quality, balance, handgrip strength, trunk flexibility, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and resting heart rate; and that reviewed studies are insufficient to confirm benefits for leg power, cardiopulmonary endurance, and pulmonary function.[84]


A 2015 systematic review of the effect of qigong exercises on cardiovascular diseases and hypertension found no conclusive evidence for effect,[77] and generally poor quality of research on the potential effects of affecting blood pressure.[85] Another systematic review found that qigong exercises improved blood pressure compared to doing nothing, but was not superior to standard treatment such as medications or conventional exercise.[86] Another 2015 systematic review of the effect of qigong exercises on biomarkers of diabetes mellitus concluded that there was insufficient evidence for effect due to methodological problems with the underlying clinical trials.[77]


A 2011 overview of systematic reviews of clinical trials concluded that "the effectiveness of qigong is based mostly on poor quality research" and "therefore, it would be unwise to draw firm conclusions at this stage".[5] Although a 2010 comprehensive literature review found 77 peer-reviewed RCTs;[79] systematic reviews for particular health conditions show that most clinical research is of poor quality, typically because of small sample size and lack of proper control groups, with lack of blinding associated with high risk of bias.[5]


A 2010 systematic review of the effect of qigong exercises on cancer treatment concluded "the effectiveness of qigong in cancer care is not yet supported by the evidence from rigorous clinical trials."[83] A separate systematic review that looked at the effects of qigong exercises on various physiological or psychological outcomes found that the available studies were poorly designed, with a high of bias in the results. Therefore, the authors concluded, "Due to limited number of RCTs in the field and methodological problems and high risk of bias in the included studies, it is still too early to reach a conclusion about the efficacy and the effectiveness of qigong exercise as a form of health practice adopted by the cancer patients during their curative, palliative, and rehabilitative phases of the cancer journey."[87]


A 2009 systematic review on the effect of qigong exercises on reducing pain concluded that "the existing trial evidence is not convincing enough to suggest that internal qigong is an effective modality for pain management."[81]



Mental health


Many claims have been made that qigong can benefit or ameliorate mental health conditions,[79] including improved mood, decreased stress reaction, and decreased anxiety and depression. Most medical studies have only examined psychological factors as secondary goals, although various studies have shown decreases in cortisol levels, a chemical hormone produced by the body in response to stress.[79]



China


Basic and clinical research in China during the 1980s was mostly descriptive, and few results were reported in peer-reviewed English-language journals.[29]:,22060–22063 Qigong became known outside China in the 1990s, and clinical randomized controlled trials investigating the effectiveness of qigong on health and mental conditions began to be published worldwide, along with systematic reviews.[29]:21792–21798



Challenges


Most existing clinical trials have small sample sizes and many have inadequate controls. Of particular concern is the impracticality of double blinding using appropriate sham treatments, and the difficulty of placebo control, such that benefits often cannot be distinguished from the placebo effect.[29]:22278–22306[88] Also of concern is the choice of which qigong form to use and how to standardize the treatment or amount with respect to the skill of the practitioner leading or administering treatment, the tradition of individualization of treatments, and the treatment length, intensity, and frequency.[29]:6869–6920,22361–22370



Meditation and self-cultivation applications


Main article: Meditation

Qigong is practiced for meditation and self-cultivation as part of various philosophical and spiritual traditions. As meditation, qigong is a means to still the mind and enter a state of consciousness that brings serenity, clarity, and bliss.[4] Many practitioners find qigong, with its gentle focused movement, to be more accessible than seated meditation.[60]


Qigong for self-cultivation can be classified in terms of traditional Chinese philosophy: Daoist, Buddhist, and Confucian.



Martial arts applications


The practice of qigong is an important component in both internal and external style Chinese martial arts.[4] Focus on qi is considered to be a source of power as well as the foundation of the internal style of martial arts (Neijia). T'ai Chi Ch'uan, Xing Yi Quan, and Baguazhang are representative of the types of Chinese martial arts that rely on the concept of qi as the foundation.[89] Extraordinary feats of martial arts prowess, such as the ability to withstand heavy strikes (Iron Shirt, 鐵衫)[90] and the ability to break hard objects (Iron Palm, 鐵掌)[91][92] are abilities attributed to qigong training.



T'ai Chi Ch'uan and Qigong


Main article: T'ai Chi Ch'uan

T'ai Chi Ch'uan (Taijiquan) is a widely practiced Chinese internal martial style based on the theory of taiji ("grand ultimate"), closely associated with qigong, and typically involving more complex choreographed movement coordinated with breath, done slowly for health and training, or quickly for self-defense. Many scholars consider t'ai chi ch'uan to be a type of qigong, traced back to an origin in the seventeenth century. In modern practice, qigong typically focuses more on health and meditation rather than martial applications, and plays an important role in training for t'ai chi ch'uan, in particular used to build strength, develop breath control, and increase vitality ("life energy").[30][93]



See also





  • Portal-puzzle.svg Qigong portal

  • Asahi Health

  • Cybersectarianism

  • Falun Gong

  • Hua Tuo

  • Jing (TCM)

  • Physiotherapy

  • List of ineffective cancer treatments

  • Mind-body problem

  • Mindfulness (Buddhism)

  • Neidan

  • Neigong

  • Prana

  • Silk reeling

  • Sima Nan

  • Tao Yin

  • Taoist sexual practices

  • World Tai Chi and Qigong Day

  • Zhong Gong

  • Zhan Zhuang




References





  1. ^ "qigong". Collins English Dictionary.


  2. ^ abcde "Tai Chi and Qi Gong: In Depth". National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health. October 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2018..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  3. ^ abcdef Cohen, K. S. (1999). The Way of Qigong: The Art and Science of Chinese Energy Healing. Random House of Canada. ISBN 0-345-42109-4.


  4. ^ abcde Liang, Shou-Yu; Wu, Wen-Ching; Breiter-Wu, Denise (1997). Qigong Empowerment: A Guide to Medical, Taoist, Buddhist, and Wushu Energy Cultivation. Way of the Dragon Pub. ISBN 1-889659-02-9.


  5. ^ abcd Lee MS, Oh B, Ernst E (2011). "Qigong for healthcare: an overview of systematic reviews". JRSM Short Rep. 2 (2): 7. doi:10.1258/shorts.2010.010091. PMC 3046559. PMID 21369525.


  6. ^ Yang, Jwing-Ming (1987). Chi Kung: health & martial arts. Yang's Martial Arts Association. ISBN 0-940871-00-9.


  7. ^ Ho, Peng Yoke (Oct 2000). Li, Qi, and Shu: An Introduction to Science and Civilization in China. Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-41445-0.


  8. ^ MDBG dictionary entry for Gong


  9. ^ abc Palmer, David A. (2007). Qigong fever: body, science, and utopia in China. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-14066-5.


  10. ^ ab YeYoung, Bing. "Origins of Qi Gong". YeYoung Culture Studies: Sacramento, CA (http://literati-tradition.com). Archived from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 14 October 2011.


  11. ^ abc Ownby, David (2008). Falun Gong and the future of China. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-532905-6.


  12. ^ abcde Yang, Jwing-Ming. (1989). The root of Chinese Chi kung: the secrets of Chi kung training. Yang's Martial Arts Association. ISBN 0-940871-07-6.


  13. ^ ab Holland, Alex (2000). Voices of Qi: An Introductory Guide to Traditional Chinese Medicine. North Atlantic Books. ISBN 1-55643-326-3.


  14. ^ Yang, Jwing-Ming (1998). Qigong for health and martial arts: exercises and meditation. YMAA Publication Center. ISBN 1-886969-57-4.


  15. ^ YeYoung, Bing. "Lineage Transmission of Qi Gong". YeYoung Culture Studies: Sacramento, CA (http://literati-tradition.com). Retrieved 7 December 2011.


  16. ^ Miura, Kunio (1989). "The Revival of Qi". In Livia Kohl (ed). Taoist Meditation and Longevity Techniques. Center For Chinese Studies: University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. ISBN 0-89264-085-5.CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list (link)


  17. ^ Voigt, John (Autumn 2013). "The Man Who Invented "Qigong"" (pdf). Qi: the Journal of Traditional Eastern Health & Fitness. 23 (3): 28–33.


  18. ^ Otehode, Utiraruto (2009). "The Creation and Reemergence of Qigong in China". In Ashiwa, Yoshiko; Wank, David L. Making religion, making the state: the politics of religion in modern China. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. pp. 241–265. ISBN 978-0-8047-5842-0.


  19. ^ Despeux, C. (1997). Le qigong, une expression de la modernité Chinoise. In J. Gernet & M. Kalinowski (eds.), En suivant la Voie Royale: Mélanges en homage à Léon Vandermeersch. École Française d'Extrême-Orient. pp. 267–281.


  20. ^ ab Chen, Nancy N. (2003). Breathing Spaces: Qigong, Psychiatry, and Healing in China. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-12804-5.


  21. ^ Lin, Zixin (2000). Qigong: Chinese medicine or pseudoscience. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-232-6.


  22. ^ Wanjek, Christopher (2003). Bad medicine: misconceptions and misuses revealed, from distance healing to vitamin O. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 182–187. ISBN 0-471-43499-X.


  23. ^ Palmer, David A. (2007). Qigong fever: body, science, and utopia in China. Columbia University Press. p. 59. ISBN 0-231-14066-5.


  24. ^ Penny, Benjamin (1993). "Qigong, Daoism and Science: some contexts for the qigong boom". In Lee, M.; Syrokomla-Stefanowska, A.D. Modernisation of the Chinese Past. Sydney: Wild Peony. pp. 166–179. ISBN 978-0-86758-658-9.


  25. ^ Karchmer, Eric (2002). "Magic, Science and Qigong in Contemporary China". In Blum, Susan Debra; Jensen, Lionel M. China off center: mapping the margins of the middle kingdom. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 311–22. ISBN 978-0-8248-2577-5.


  26. ^ Scheid, Volker (2002). Chinese medicine in contemporary China: plurality and synthesis. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-2872-0.


  27. ^ Yang, Bai Long 杨柏龙 (2006). A Standard Guide on Qigong 气功标准教程. Beijing Sport University Press 北京体育大学出版社. ISBN 9787811005400.


  28. ^ Lam Kam-Chuen, Master; Lam, Kam Chuen (1991). The way of energy: mastering the Chinese art of internal strength with chi kung exercise. New York: Simon Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-73645-3.


  29. ^ abcdefg Micozzi, Marc S. (2010). Fundamentals of Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences, Kindle Edition.


  30. ^ ab Yang, Jwing-Ming (1998). The Essence of Taiji Qigong, Second Edition : The Internal Foundation of Taijiquan (Martial Arts-Qigong). YMAA Publication Center. ISBN 978-1-886969-63-6.


  31. ^ Fick, Franklin (2005). Five Animal Frolics Qi Gong: Crane and Bear Exercises. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1-4116-2776-5.


  32. ^ Clark, Angus (2003). Secrets of Qigong (Secrets of). Evergreen. ISBN 978-3-8228-0967-9.


  33. ^ Zhang, Hong-Chao (2000). Wild Goose Qigong: Natural Movement for Healthy Living. YMAA Publication Center. ISBN 978-1-886969-78-0.


  34. ^
    Connor, Danny; Tse, Michael (1992). Qigong: Chinese movement meditation for health. York Beach, Me.: S. Weiser. ISBN 978-0-87728-758-2.


  35. ^ ab Frantzis, Bruce Kumar (2008). The Chi Revolution: Harnessing the Healing Power of Your Life Force. Blue Snake Books. ISBN 1-58394-193-2.


  36. ^ Diepersloot, Jan (2000). The Tao of Yiquan: The Method of Awareness in the Martial Arts. Center For Healing & The Arts. ISBN 0-9649976-1-4.


  37. ^ Dumoulin, Heinrich; Heisig, James W.; McRae, John M.; Knitter, Paul F. (2005). Zen Buddhism: a history. Bloomington, Ind.: World Wisdom. ISBN 978-0-941532-89-1.


  38. ^ Dong, Paul; Raffill, Thomas. Empty Force: The Power of Chi for Self-Defense and Energy Healing. Blue Snake Books/Frog, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-58394-134-8.


  39. ^ Yang, Jwing-Ming; Jwing-Ming, Yang. Eight Simple Qigong Exercises for Health: The Eight Pieces of Brocade. 2007: YMAA Publication Center. ISBN 978-1-886969-52-0.


  40. ^ Lu, Kuan Yü (1969). The secrets of Chinese meditation: self-cultivation by mind control as taught in the Ch'an, Mahāyāna and Taoist schools in China. S. Weiser.


  41. ^ Xu, Xiangcai (2000). Qigong for Treating Common Ailments. YMAA Publication Center. ISBN 978-1-886969-70-4.


  42. ^ Ma Ji Ren 馬濟人 (1992). Practical Qigong for Traditional Chinese Medicine 實用中醫氣功學. Shanghai Scientific and Technical Publishers 上海科学枝术出版社. p. 466. ISBN 7532327205.


  43. ^ Chinese Health Qigong Association. "Chinese Health QiGong Association". Beijing. Retrieved 2005-10-20.


  44. ^ Yang, Jwing-Ming (2000). Qigong, The Secret of Youth. YMAA Publication Center. ISBN 978-1-886969-84-1.


  45. ^ Chia, Mantak; Chia, Maneewan (1988). Bone marrow nei kung: Taoist way to improve your health by rejuvenating your bone marrow and blood. Huntington, N.Y.: Healing Tao Books. ISBN 978-0-935621-17-4.


  46. ^ Wushu Association, Chinese (2008). Wu Qin Xi: Five Animals Qigong Exercises (Chinese Health Qigong). Singing Dragon. ISBN 978-1-84819-007-8.


  47. ^ Wushu Association, Chinese. Liu Zi Jue: Six Sounds Approach to Qigong Breathing Exercises (Chinese Health Qigong). Singing Dragon. ISBN 978-1-84819-006-1.


  48. ^ Wushu Association, Chinese (2008). Ba Duan Jin: Eight-section Qigong Exercises (Chinese Health Qigong). Singing Dragon. ISBN 978-1-84819-005-4.


  49. ^ Chinese Health Qigong Association. "Health Qigong Management Center introduced five sets of new exercises of Health Qigong". Beijing. Retrieved 2012-03-12.


  50. ^ Xiang, Zhao (1997). Chinese Soaring Crane Qigong. Qigong Association of America.


  51. ^ Gu, Mingtong (2011). Wisdom Healing (Zhineng) Qigong. Petaluma, CA: The Chi Center. pp. 61–80. ISBN 978-0-9835043-0-6.


  52. ^ Ou, Wen wei (1999). Pan Gu Mystical Qigong. Unique Publications. ISBN 978-1-892515-06-3.


  53. ^ Yu, Wen Mei (1998). Chi Kung: Taoist Secrets of Fitness and Longevity. Unique Publications. ISBN 978-0-86568-165-1.


  54. ^ Frantzis, Bruce (2010). Dragon and Tiger Medical Qigong: A Miracle Health System for Developing Chi. North Atlantic Books. ISBN 978-1-55643-921-6.


  55. ^ Elliott, Stephen Bennett (2010). Wuji Qi Gong And The Secret Of Immortality. Coherence Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9786399-4-5.


  56. ^ Lakshmana, Arjuna (2008). Enlightenment Qigong. Centre Namasté de Teràpies Alternatives, Barcelona.


  57. ^ Chan, Hou Hee (2015). Zhineng (Chilel) Qigong Overview and Foundation Methods. Rocklin CA: Chilel Qigong. ISBN 978-1-893104-12-9.


  58. ^ Lok, Joe (2014). Phoenix in Graceful Clouds of Blessing. Natural Energy Academy. ISBN 978-988-13353-3-3.


  59. ^ "What is Yuan Gong Practice? | Ren Xue of the Americas". Ren Xue of the Americas. Retrieved 2018-10-12.


  60. ^ abc Garripoli, Garri (1999). Qigong: Essence of the Healing Dance. HCI. ISBN 1-55874-674-9.


  61. ^ Patterson, Jeff. "Use of Sound in Qigong". portlandtaichiacademy.com. Portland Tai Chi Academy. Retrieved 12 March 2014.


  62. ^ abcdefghi Liu, Tian Jun; Qiang, Xiao Mei, eds. (2013). Chinese Medical Qigong, Third Edition. Singing Dragon. ISBN 978-1848190962.


  63. ^ Frantzis, Bruce Kumar (1995). Opening the Energy Gates of Your Body (The Tao of Energy Enhancement). North Atlantic Books. ISBN 978-1-55643-164-7.


  64. ^ Liu, JeeLoo. An Introduction to Chinese Philosophy: From Ancient Philosophy to Chinese Buddhism. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-2949-7.


  65. ^ Li, Chenyang (1999). The Tao encounters the West: explorations in comparative philosophy. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-4135-0.


  66. ^ Luk, C.; Chen Chao, Pi; Lu, Kʻuan Yü (1984). Taoist yoga: alchemy and immortality: a translation, with introduction and notes, of The secrets of cultivating nature and eternal life (Hsin ming fa chueh ming chih). York Beach, Me.: Samuel Weiser. ISBN 978-0-87728-067-5.


  67. ^ Réquéna, Yves (1996). Chi Kung: The Chinese Art of Mastering Energy. Healing Arts Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0892816392.


  68. ^ Bucknell, Roderick S.; Stuart-Fox, Martin (1993). The twilight language: explorations in Buddhist meditation and symbolism. London: Curzon Press. ISBN 978-0-7007-0234-3.


  69. ^
    Hook, Mary, Van; Hugen, Beryl; Aguilar, Marian Angela (2001). Spirituality within religious traditions in social work practice. Australia: Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning. ISBN 978-0-534-58419-1.


  70. ^ Richey, Jeffrey Edward (2008). Teaching Confucianism. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-531160-0.


  71. ^ ab Douglas Wengell; Nathen Gabriel (2008). "Educational Opportunities in Integrative Medicine". The Hunter Press. ISBN 978-0-9776552-4-3.


  72. ^ Sackett DL, Rosenberg WM, Gray JA, Haynes RB, Richardson WS (January 1996). "Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn't". BMJ. 312 (7023): 71–2. doi:10.1136/bmj.312.7023.71. PMC 2349778. PMID 8555924.


  73. ^ ab Kotsirilos, Vicki, Luis Vitetta, and Avni Sali (2011). A Guide to Evidence-based Integrative and Complementary Medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences APAC. Kindle Edition.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)


  74. ^ "Complementary, Alternative, or Integrative Health: What's In a Name?". National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health. 2018. Missing or empty |url= (help)


  75. ^ "Energy Medicine: An Overview". National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Archived from the original on 15 November 2008. Retrieved 17 March 2014.


  76. ^ Kuntsler, R.A.; F.S. Daly (2010). Therapeutic Recreation Leadership and Programming. Human Kinetics. ISBN 978-0736068550.


  77. ^ abcd Hartley L, Lee MS, Kwong JS, Flowers N, Todkill D, Ernst E, Rees K (2015). "Qigong for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (6): CD010390. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010390.pub2. PMID 26068956.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)


  78. ^ "Tai Chi and Qi Gong for Health and Well-Being". National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Retrieved 5 March 2014.


  79. ^ abcdef Jahnke, R.; Larkey, L.; Rogers, C.; Etnier, J; Lin, F. (2010). "A comprehensive review of health benefits of qigong and tai chi". American Journal of Health Promotion. 24 (6): e1–e25. doi:10.4278/ajhp.081013-LIT-248. PMC 3085832. PMID 20594090.


  80. ^ "Web MD: Are tai chi and qi gong safe?". Retrieved 14 March 2014.


  81. ^ ab Lee MS, Pittler MH, Ernst E (November 2009). "Internal qigong for pain conditions: a systematic review". J Pain. 10 (11): 1121–1127.e14. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2009.03.009. PMID 19559656.


  82. ^ Moon, Sanghee; Schmidt, Marshall; Smirnova, Irina V.; Colgrove, Yvonne; Liu, Wen (2017-04-23). "Qigong Exercise May Reduce Serum TNF-α Levels and Improve Sleep in People with Parkinson's Disease: A Pilot Study". Medicines. 4 (2): 23. doi:10.3390/medicines4020023.


  83. ^ ab Lee MS, Chen KW, Sancier KM, Ernst E (2007). "Qigong for cancer treatment: a systematic review of controlled clinical trials". Acta Oncol. 46 (6): 717–22. doi:10.1080/02841860701261584. PMID 17653892.


  84. ^ Zou L, Sasaki JE, Wang H, Zhongjun X, Qun F, Zhang M (2017). "A systematic review and meta-analysis of Baduanjin Qigong for health benefits: randomized controlled trials". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2017. Article ID 4548706.


  85. ^ Xiong, X; Wang, P; Li, X; Zhang, Y (2015). "Qigong for Hypertension: A Systematic Review". Medicine. 94 (1): e352. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000000352. PMC 4602820. PMID 25569652.


  86. ^ Guo, X; Zhou, B; Nishimura, T; Teramukai, S; Fukushima, M (Jan–Feb 2008). "Clinical effect of qigong practice on essential hypertension: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 14 (1): 27–37. doi:10.1089/acm.2007.7213. PMID 18199012.


  87. ^ Chan CL, Wang CW, Ho RT, et al. (June 2012). "A systematic review of the effectiveness of qigong exercise in supportive cancer care". Support Care Cancer. 20 (6): 1121–33. doi:10.1007/s00520-011-1378-3. PMC 3342492. PMID 22258414.


  88. ^ "Clinical trials and CAM" (PDF). National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, US National Institutes of Health. August 2010. Retrieved 27 October 2018.


  89. ^ Li, Lu; Yun, Zhang (2006). The Combat Techniques of Tai Ji, Xing Yi, and Ba Gua : Principles and Practices of Internal Martial Arts. Frog, Ltd./Blue Snake Books. ISBN 978-1-58394-145-4.


  90. ^ Chia, Mantak (2006). Iron Shirt Chi Kung. Destiny Books. ISBN 978-1-59477-104-0.


  91. ^ Lee, Ying-Arng. (1973). Iron Palm in 100 days. Wehman Bros. Inc.


  92. ^ Chao, H.C. (1981). Complete iron palm training for self defense. Unitrade Company.


  93. ^ YeYoung, Bing. "Introduction to Taichi and Qigong". YeYoung Culture Studies: Sacramento, CA. Retrieved 2014-04-25. External link in |publisher= (help)




External links




  • The dictionary definition of qigong at Wiktionary


  • Media related to Chi Kung at Wikimedia Commons










-

Popular posts from this blog

Italian cuisine

Image
"Italian restaurant" redirects here. For the television series, see Italian Restaurant. Some typical Italian gastronomic products in a window display in Imola Pizza is one of the world's most popular foods and a common fast food item Part of a series on the Culture of Italy History People Languages Traditions Mythology and folklore Mythology folklore Cuisine Festivals Religion Art Literature Music and performing arts Music Media Television Cinema Sport Monuments World Heritage Sites Symbols Flag Coat of arms Italy portal v t e Italian cuisine History Ancient Roman cuisine Medieval cuisine Early modern cuisine Contemporary cuisine Regional cuisines Apulian cuisine Lombard cuisine Neapolitan cuisine Roman cuisine Sicilian cuisine Venetian cuisine Cuisine of Abruzzo Cuisine of Sardinia Lists Chefs Dishes Pas
Read more

Bulgarian cuisine

Image
Part of a series on Bulgarians .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} българи Culture Literature Music Art Cinema Names Cuisine Dances Costume Sport Public holidays in Bulgaria By country Albania Australia Canada Czechoslovakia Greece New Zealand Romania Serbia South America Turkey Ukraine United States Bulgarian citizens France Germany Hungary Italy Lebanon Lithuania Macedonia Spain United Kingdom Subgroups Anatolian Balkanian Banat Bulgarians Bessarabian Bulgarian Dobrujans Macedonian Ruptsi Balkandzhii Pomaks (Bulgarian Muslims) Thracian Shopi/Torlaks Şchei Religion Bulgarian Orthodox Church Islam Catholic Church Protestant denominations Language Bulgarian Dialects Banat Bulgarian Other List of Bulgarians People of Bulgarian descent v t e Tarator is a cold soup made of yogurt, water, minced cucumber, dill, garlic, and sunflower or olive oil (Chips are
Read more

Carrot

Image
Root vegetable, usually orange in color This article is about the cultivated vegetable. For other uses, see Carrot (disambiguation). Carrot Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Eudicots Clade : Asterids Order: Apiales Family: Apiaceae Genus: Daucus Species: D. carota Subspecies: D. c. subsp. sativus Trinomial name Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Schübl. & G. Martens The carrot ( Daucus carota subsp. sativus ) is a root vegetable, usually orange in colour, though purple, black, red, white, and yellow cultivars exist. [1] Carrots are a domesticated form of the wild carrot, Daucus carota , native to Europe and southwestern Asia. The plant probably originated in Persia and was originally cultivated for its leaves and seeds. The most commonly eaten part of the plant is the taproot, although the stems and leaves are eaten as well. The domestic carrot ha
Read more