LGBT rights by country or territory
Worldwide laws regarding same-sex intercourse and freedom of expression and association
| Same-sex intercourse legal | |||
| | Marriage1 | | Marriage recognized but not performed1 |
| | Civil unions1 | | Unregistered cohabitation1 |
| | Same-sex unions not recognized | | Laws restricting freedom of expression and association |
| Same-sex intercourse illegal | |||
| | Unenforced penalty2 | | Imprisonment |
| | Up to life imprisonment | | Death penalty |
Rings indicate areas where local judges have granted or denied marriages or imposed the death penalty in a jurisdiction where that is not otherwise the law or areas with a case-by-case application.
1Some jurisdictions in this category may currently have other types of partnerships.
2No arrests in the past three years or moratorium on law.
1Some jurisdictions in this category may currently have other types of partnerships.
2No arrests in the past three years or moratorium on law.
LGBT rights at the United Nations
| | Support | States which supported the LGBT rights declaration in the General Assembly or on the Human Rights Council in 2008 or 2011 |
| | Oppose | States which supported an opposing declaration in 2008 and continued their opposition in 2011 |
| | Neither | States which did not support either declaration |
| | Subsequent member | South Sudan, which was not a member of the United Nations in 2008 |
| | Non-member states | States that are not voting members of the United Nations |
Laws affecting lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people vary greatly by country or territory — everything from the legal recognition of same-sex marriage to the death penalty for homosexuality.
Laws that affect LGBT people include, but are not limited to, the following:
- laws concerning the recognition of same-sex relationships, including same-sex marriage, civil unions, and domestic partnerships
- laws concerning LGBT parenting, including adoption by LGBT people
anti-discrimination laws in employment, housing, education, public accommodations
anti-bullying legislation to protect LGBT children at school
hate crime laws imposing enhanced criminal penalties for prejudice-motivated violence against LGBT people
bathroom bills affecting access to sex-segregated facilities by transgender people- laws related to sexual orientation and military service
- laws concerning access to assisted reproductive technology
sodomy laws that penalize consensual same-sex sexual activity
age of consent laws that may impose higher ages for same-sex sexual activity- laws regarding donation of blood by men who have sex with men
- laws concerning access to sex reassignment surgery and hormone replacement therapy
- legal recognition and accommodation of reassigned gender
Notably, 25 countries, all of which are developed democracies or developing democracies, recognize same-sex marriage. By contrast, 10 countries or jurisdictions, all of which are Islamic and ruled by sharia, impose the death penalty for homosexuality.
In 2011, the United Nations Human Rights Council passed its first resolution recognizing LGBT rights, following which the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights issued a report documenting violations of the rights of LGBT people, including hate crimes, criminalization of homosexual activity, and discrimination. Following the issuance of the report, the United Nations urged all countries which had not yet done so to enact laws protecting basic LGBT rights.[1][2]
Contents
1 History of LGBT-related laws
1.1 Ancient Celts
1.2 Ancient India
1.3 Ancient West Asia
1.3.1 Ancient Israel
1.3.2 Ancient Persia
1.3.3 Assyria
1.4 Ancient Rome
1.5 Congo
1.6 Feudal Japan
1.7 Lesotho
1.8 Papua New Guinea
2 Global LGBT rights maps
3 Timeline
4 LGBT-related laws by country or territory
4.1 Africa
4.1.1 Northern Africa
4.1.2 Western Africa
4.1.3 Central Africa
4.1.4 Southeast Africa
4.1.5 Horn of Africa
4.1.6 Indian Ocean states
4.1.7 Southern Africa
4.2 Americas
4.2.1 North America
4.2.2 Central America
4.2.3 Caribbean
4.2.4 South America
4.3 Asia
4.3.1 Central Asia
4.3.2 Eurasia
4.3.3 West Asia
4.3.4 South Asia
4.3.5 East Asia
4.3.6 Southeast Asia
4.4 Europe
4.4.1 European Union
4.4.2 Central Europe
4.4.3 Eastern Europe
4.4.4 Northern Europe
4.4.5 Southern Europe
4.4.6 Western Europe
4.5 Oceania
4.5.1 Australasia
4.5.2 Melanesia
4.5.3 Micronesia
4.5.4 Polynesia
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
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History
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Prejudice, violence
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Ancient Celts
According to Aristotle, although most "belligerent nations" were strongly influenced by their women, the Celts were unusual because their men openly preferred male lovers (Politics II 1269b).[3][4] H. D. Rankin in Celts and the Classical World notes that "Athenaeus echoes this comment (603a) and so does Ammianus (30.9). It seems to be the general opinion of antiquity."[4] In book XIII of his Deipnosophists, the Roman Greek rhetorician and grammarian Athenaeus, repeating assertions made by Diodorus Siculus in the 1st century BC (Bibliotheca historica 5:32), wrote that Celtic women were beautiful but that the men preferred to sleep together. Diodorus went further, stating that "the young men will offer themselves to strangers and are insulted if the offer is refused". Rankin argues that the ultimate source of these assertions is likely to be Poseidonius and speculates that these authors may be recording "some kind of bonding ritual ... which requires abstinence from women at certain times".[4]
Ancient India
Throughout Hindu and Vedic texts there are many descriptions of saints, demigods, and even the Supreme Lord transcending gender norms and manifesting multiple combinations of sex and gender.[5] There are several instances in ancient Indian epic poetry of same sex depictions and unions by gods and goddesses. There are several stories depicting love between those of the same sex, especially among kings and queens. Kamasutra, the ancient Indian treatise on love talks about feelings for same sexes. Transsexuals are also venerated e.g. Lord Vishnu as Mohini and Lord Shiva as Ardhanarishwara (which means half woman).[6]
Ancient West Asia
Ancient Israel
The ancient Law of Moses (the Torah) forbids men lying with men (intercourse) in Leviticus 18 and gives a story of attempted homosexual rape in Genesis in the story of Sodom and Gomorrah, the cities being soon destroyed after that. The death penalty was prescribed. In Deuteronomy 22:5, cross-dressing is condemned as being "abominable".
Ancient Persia
In Persia homosexuality and homoerotic expressions were tolerated in numerous public places, from monasteries and seminaries to taverns, military camps, bathhouses, and coffee houses. In the early Safavid era (1501–1723), male houses of prostitution (amrad khane) were legally recognized and paid taxes. Persian poets, such as Sa'di (d. 1291), Hafiz (d. 1389), and Jami (d. 1492), wrote poems replete with homoerotic allusions. The two most commonly documented forms were commercial sex with transgender young males or males enacting transgender roles exemplified by the köçeks and Sufi spiritual practices in which the practitioner admired the form of a beautiful boy in order to enter ecstatic states and glimpse the beauty of God.
Assyria
In Assyrian society, sex crimes were punished identically whether they were homosexual or heterosexual.[7] An individual faced no punishment for penetrating someone of equal social class, a cult prostitute, or with someone whose gender roles were not considered solidly masculine.[7][8] Such sexual relations were even seen as good fortune, with an Akkadian tablet, the Šumma ālu, reading, "If a man copulates with his equal from the rear, he becomes the leader among his peers and brothers".[9][10] However, homosexual relationships with fellow soldiers, slaves, royal attendants, or those where a social better was submissive or penetrated, were treated as bad omens.[11][12]
Middle Assyrian Law Codes dating 1075 BC has a particularly harsh law for homosexuality in the military, which reads: "If a man have intercourse with his brother-in-arms, they shall turn him into a eunuch."[13][14][15] A similar law code reads, "If a seignior lay with his neighbor, when they have prosecuted him (and) convicted him, they shall lie with him (and) turn him into a eunuch". This law code condemns a situation that involves homosexual rape. Any Assyrian male could visit a prostitute or lie with another male, just as long as false rumors or forced sex were not involved with another male.[16]
Ancient Rome
The "conquest mentality" of the ancient Romans shaped Roman homosexual practices.[17] In the Roman Republic, a citizen's political liberty was defined in part by the right to preserve his body from physical compulsion or use by others;[18] for the male citizen to submit his body to the giving of pleasure was considered servile.[19] As long as a man played the penetrative role, it was socially acceptable and considered natural for him to have same-sex relations, without a perceived loss of his masculinity or social standing.[20] The bodies of citizen youths were strictly off-limits, and the Lex Scantinia imposed penalties on those who committed a sex crime (stuprum) against a freeborn male minor.[21] Acceptable same-sex partners were males excluded from legal protections as citizens: slaves, male prostitutes, and the infames, entertainers or others who might be technically free but whose lifestyles set them outside the law.
"Homosexual" and "heterosexual" were thus not categories of Roman sexuality, and no words exist in Latin that would precisely translate these concepts.[22] A male citizen who willingly performed oral sex or received anal sex was disparaged, but there is only limited evidence of legal penalties against these men, who were presumably "homosexual" in the modern sense.[23] In courtroom and political rhetoric, charges of effeminacy and passive sexual behaviors were directed particularly at "democratic" politicians (populares) such as Julius Caesar and Mark Antony.[24]
Roman law addressed the rape of a male citizen as early as the 2nd century BC, when a ruling was issued in a case that may have involved a man of same-sex orientation. It was ruled that even a man who was "disreputable and questionable" had the same right as other citizens not to have his body subjected to forced sex.[25] A law probably dating to the dictatorship of Julius Caesar defined rape as forced sex against "boy, woman, or anyone"; the rapist was subject to execution, a rare penalty in Roman law.[26] A male classified as infamis, such as a prostitute or actor, could not as a matter of law be raped, nor could a slave, who was legally classified as property; the slave's owner, however, could prosecute the rapist for property damage.[27]
In the Roman army of the Republic, sex among fellow soldiers violated the decorum against intercourse with citizens and was subject to harsh penalties, including death,[28] as a violation of military discipline.[29] The Greek historian Polybius (2nd century BC) lists deserters, thieves, perjurers, and "those who in youth have abused their persons" as subject to the fustuarium, clubbing to death.[30] Ancient sources are most concerned with the effects of sexual harassment by officers, but the young soldier who brought an accusation against his superior needed to show that he had not willingly taken the passive role or prostituted himself.[31] Soldiers were free to have relations with their male slaves;[32] the use of a fellow citizen-soldier's body was prohibited, not homosexual behaviors per se.[33] By the late Republic and throughout the Imperial period, there is increasing evidence that men whose lifestyle marked them as "homosexual" in the modern sense served openly.[34]
Although Roman law did not recognize marriage between men, and in general Romans regarded marriage as a heterosexual union with the primary purpose of producing children, in the early Imperial period some male couples were celebrating traditional marriage rites. Juvenal remarks with disapproval that his friends often attended such ceremonies.[35] The emperor Nero had two marriages to men, once as the bride (with a freedman Pythagoras) and once as the groom. His consort Sporus appeared in public as Nero's wife wearing the regalia that was customary for the Roman empress.[36]
Apart from measures to protect the prerogatives of citizens, the prosecution of homosexuality as a general crime began in the 3rd century of the Christian era when male prostitution was banned by Philip the Arab. By the end of the 4th century, after the Roman Empire had come under Christian rule, passive homosexuality was punishable by burning.[37] "Death by sword" was the punishment for a "man coupling like a woman" under the Theodosian Code.[38] Under Justinian, all same-sex acts, passive or active, no matter who the partners, were declared contrary to nature and punishable by death.[39]
Congo
E. E. Evans-Pritchard recorded that in the past male Azande warriors in the northern Congo routinely took on young male lovers between the ages of twelve and twenty, who helped with household tasks and participated in intercrural sex with their older husbands. The practice had died out by the early 20th century, after Europeans had gained control of African countries, but was recounted to Evans-Pritchard by the elders to whom he spoke.[40]
Feudal Japan
In feudal Japan, homosexuality was recognized, between equals (bi-do), in terms of pederasty (wakashudo), and in terms of prostitution. The younger partner in a pederastic relationship often was expected to make the first move; the opposite was true in ancient Greece. In religious circles, same-sex love spread to the warrior (samurai) class, where it was customary for a boy in the wakashū age category to undergo training in the martial arts by apprenticing to a more experienced adult man. The man was permitted, if the boy agreed, to take the boy as his lover until he came of age; this relationship, often formalized in a "brotherhood contract",[41] was expected to be exclusive, with both partners swearing to take no other (male) lovers. The Samurai period was one in which homosexuality was seen as particularly positive. Later when Japanese society became pacified, the middle classes adopted many of the practices of the warrior class.
Lesotho
Anthropologists Stephen Murray and Will Roscoe reported that women in Lesotho engaged in socially sanctioned "long term, erotic relationships" called motsoalle.[42]
Papua New Guinea
In Papua New Guinea, same-sex relationships were an integral part of the culture of certain tribes until the middle of the last century. The Etoro and Marind-anim for example, even viewed heterosexuality as wasteful and celebrated homosexuality instead. They believed that in sharing semen, they are sharing their life force, yet women simply wasted this force any time they didn't get pregnant after sex. In many traditional Melanesian cultures a prepubertal boy would be paired with an older adolescent who would become his mentor and who would "inseminate" him (orally, anally, or topically, depending on the tribe) over a number of years in order for the younger to also reach puberty.[43]
Global LGBT rights maps
Laws regarding same-sex sexuality by country or territory |
|---|
 Laws regarding same-sex sexuality by country or territory Same-sex marriage Other type of partnership (or unregistered cohabitation) Foreign same-sex marriages recognized No recognition of same-sex couples Laws restricting freedom of expression and association De jure penalty that is de facto not enforced Imprisonment Imprisonment (up to life sentence) Up to death |
LGBT rights at the United Nations |
|---|
 Support Countries which have signed a General Assembly declaration of LGBT rights and/or sponsored the Human Rights Council's 2011 resolution on LGBT rights (96 members) Oppose Countries which signed a 2008 statement opposing LGBT rights (initially 57 members, now 54 members) Neither Countries which, as regards the UN, have expressed neither official support nor opposition to LGBT rights (44 members) |
Homosexual "propaganda" and "morality" laws by country or territory |
|---|
 Homosexual "propaganda" and "morality" laws by country or territory Countries or territories that don't have homosexual "propaganda" or "morality" laws Fine[44] Unknown punishment Imprisonment |
Decriminalization of same-sex sexual intercourse by country or territory |
|---|
 1790–1799 1800–1819 1820–1829 1830–1839 1840–1859 1860–1869 1870–1879 1880–1889 1890–1909 1910–1919 1920–1929 1930–1939 1940–1949 1950–1959 1960–1969 1970–1979 1980–1989 1990–1999 2000–2009 2010–present Unknown date of legalization of same-sex intercourse Same-sex sexual intercourse always legal Male same-sex sexual intercourse illegal Same-sex sexual intercourse illegal |
Equalization of age of consent laws for same-sex couples by country or territory |
|---|
 1790–1829 1830–1839 1840–1859 1860–1869 1870–1879 1880–1889 1890–1929 1930–1939 1940–19491 1950–1959 1960–1969 1970–1979 1980–1989 1990–1999 2000–2009 2010-present Unknown date for equal age of consent laws for opposite and same-sex couples No consent laws/equal age of consent laws always equal for opposite and same-sex couples Unequal age of consent laws for same-sex couples Same-sex sexual intercourse illegal |
Legal status of adoption by same-sex couples by country or territory |
|---|
 Joint adoption allowed Second-parent adoption allowed No laws allowing adoption by same-sex couples |
LGBT service in national militaries by country or territory |
|---|
 All LGBT people can serve GBT men can serve LGB people can serve GB men can serve Ambiguous/unknown policy LGBT people are banned from serving No military |
Employment discrimination laws by sexual orientation and/or gender identity by country or territory |
|---|
 Sexual orientation and gender identity: all employment Sexual orientation with anti–employment discrimination ordinance and gender identity solely in public employment Sexual orientation: all employment Gender identity: all employment Sexual orientation and gender identity: federal public employment and federal contractors Sexual orientation and gender identity: public employment Sexual orientation: public employment No national-level employment laws covering sexual orientation and/or gender identity |
Anti-discrimination laws covering goods and services by sexual orientation and/or gender identity by country or territory |
|---|
 Countries and territories with LGBT anti-discrimination laws in goods and services Sexual orientation and gender identity covered Sexual orientation covered Gender identity covered No national or local level anti-discrimination laws covering sexual orientation and/or gender identity in goods and services |
Constitutional discrimination laws by sexual orientation and/or gender identity by country or territory |
|---|
 Sexual orientation and gender identity covered Sexual orientation covered Gender identity covered No national or local level constitutional discrimination laws covering sexual orientation and/or gender identity |
LGBT hate crime laws by country or territory |
|---|
 Sexual orientation and gender identity hate crime laws Sexual orientation hate crime laws No LGBT hate crime laws |
Incitement to hatred based on sexual orientation and gender identity prohibited by country or territory |
|---|
 Incitement to hatred based on sexual orientation and gender identity prohibited Incitement to hatred based on sexual orientation prohibited No prohibition on incitement to hatred based on sexual orientation and gender identity |
Ban on conversion therapy for minors on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity by country or territory |
|---|
 Ban on conversion therapy on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity De facto ban on conversion therapy Case-by-case bans Proposed ban on conversion therapy No ban on conversion therapy |
LGBT immigration equality by country or territory |
|---|
 Recognition of same-sex couples in national immigration laws Unknown/ambiguous |
Bans on same-sex unions by country or territory |
|---|
 No specific prohibition of same-sex marriages or unions Constitution bans same-sex marriage |
Blood donation policies for men who have sex with men by country or territory |
|---|
 Men who have sex with men may donate blood; No deferral Men who have sex with men may donate blood; No deferral, except for blood transfusions1 Men who have sex with men may donate blood; Temporary deferral1 Men who have sex with men may not donate blood; Permanent deferral1 No Data |
Blood donation policies for female sex partners of men who have sex with men by country or territory |
|---|
 Female sex partners of men who have sex with men may donate blood; No deferral Female sex partners of men who have sex with men may donate blood; Temporary deferral Female sex partners of men who have sex with men may not donate blood; Permanent deferral No Data |
Laws concerning gender identity-expression by country or territory |
|---|
 Legal identity change No legal identity change Unknown/Ambiguous |
Legal recognition of non-binary genders and third gender |
|---|
 Nonbinary / third gender available as voluntary opt-in Opt-in for intersex people only Mandatory for some born intersex, and opt in Mandatory for some born intersex Nonbinary / third gender not legally recognized / no data |
Timeline
| Countries/Territories/States | |
|---|---|
| Never been illegal | List
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| 18th century | List
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| 19th century | List
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| 20th century | List
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| 21th century | List
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Notes
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Africa
List of countries or territories by LGBT rights in Africa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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This table: Northern Africa
Western Africa
Central Africa
Southeast Africa
Horn of Africa
Indian Ocean states
Southern Africa
|
Illegal since 1966
Legal since 1979
Female uncertain.[45][57]
Americas
List of countries or territories by LGBT rights in the Americas | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Tables: North America
Central America
Caribbean
South America
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Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Saint Barthélemy
Saint Martin
Asia
List of countries or territories by LGBT rights in Asia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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This table: Central Asia
Eurasia
West Asia
South Asia
East Asia
Southeast Asia
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Europe
List of countries or territories by LGBT rights in Europe | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Tables: European Union
Central Europe
Eastern Europe
Northern Europe
Southern Europe
Western Europe
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Oceania
List of countries or territories by LGBT rights in Oceania | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Tables: Australasia
Melanesia
Micronesia
Polynesia
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See also
- Violence against LGBT people
- Buggery
- Civil union
- Heterosexism
- Homophobia
- Intersex human rights
- Movements for civil rights
- Transphobia
- List of human rights articles by country
- List of LGBT rights articles by region
- List of transgender-rights organizations
- LGBT people in prison
- Religion and homosexuality
- Same-sex marriage
- Sexual revolution
- Socialism and LGBT rights
- Societal attitudes toward homosexuality
- Status of same-sex marriage
- Yogyakarta Principles
Notes
^ Legal nationwide, except the provinces of Aceh and for Muslims in the city of Palembang in South Sumatra.
References
^ Jill Dougherty (June 17, 2011). "U.N. council passes gay rights resolution". CNN. Retrieved September 20, 2018..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ "UN issues first report on human rights of gay and lesbian people". United Nations. December 15, 2011. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
^ Percy, William A. (1996). Pederasty and Pedagogy in Archaic Greece. University of Illinois Press. p. 18. ISBN 0-252-06740-1. Retrieved 2009-09-18.
^ abc Rankin, David; Ranking, H.D. (1996). Celts and the Classical World. Psychology Press. pp. 55 and 78. ISBN 978-0-4151-5090-3.
^ ritiya-Prakriti: People of the Third Sex, p. 40
^ "Gay and Lesbian Vaishnava Association, Inc". The Gay and Lesbian Vaishnava Association. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
^ ab Homoeroticism in the Biblical World: A Historical Perspective, by Martti Nissinen, Fortress Press, 2004, p. 24–28
^ The Origins and Role of Same-Sex Relations in Human Societies, by James Neill, McFarland, 27 Oct 2008, p.83
^ The Construction of Homosexuality, authored by David Greenberg, University of Chicago Press, 1990
^ "Homosexuality in the Ancient Near East, beyond Egypt by Bruce Gerig in the Ancient Near East, beyond Egypt". epistle.us.
^ Pritchard, p. 181.
^ Gay Rights Or Wrongs: A Christian's Guide to Homosexual Issues and Ministry, by Mike Mazzalonga, 1996, p.11
^ Halsall, Paul. "The Code of the Assura". Internet History Sourcebooks Project. Fordham University. Archived from the original on 11 September 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
^ The Nature Of Homosexuality, Erik Holland, page 334, 2004
^ "Tritiya-Prakriti: People of the Third Sex".
^ G. R. Driver and J. C. Miles, The Assyrian Laws (Oxford, Clarendon Press [1935]), 71.
^ Eva Cantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World (Yale University Press, 1992, 2002, originally published 1988 in Italian), p. xi; Marilyn B. Skinner, introduction to Roman Sexualities (Princeton University Press, 1997), p. 11.
^ Thomas A.J. McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome (Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 326.
^ Catharine Edwards, "Unspeakable Professions: Public Performance and Prostitution in Ancient Rome," in Roman Sexualities, pp. 67–68.
^ Amy Richlin, The Garden of Priapus: Sexuality and Aggression in Roman Humor (Oxford University Press, 1983, 1992), p. 225, and "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men," Journal of the History of Sexuality 3.4 (1993), p. 525.
^ Plutarch, Moralia 288a; Thomas Habinek, "The Invention of Sexuality in the World-City of Rome," in The Roman Cultural Revolution (Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 39; Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," pp. 545–546. Scholars disagree as to whether the Lex Scantinia imposed the death penalty or a hefty fine.
^ Craig Williams, Roman Homosexuality (Oxford University Press, 1999, 2010), p. 304, citing Saara Lilja, Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome (Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 1983), p. 122.
^ Williams, Roman Homosexuality, pp. 214–215; Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," passim.
^ Catharine Edwards, The Politics of Immorality in Ancient Rome (Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 63–64.
^ As recorded in a fragment of the speech De Re Floria by Cato the Elder (frg. 57 Jordan = Aulus Gellius 9.12.7), noted and discussed by Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 561.
^ Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," pp. 562–563. See also Digest 48.5.35 [34] on legal definitions of rape that included boys.
^ Under the Lex Aquilia. See McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality, and the Law in Ancient Rome, p. 314.
^ McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome, p. 40.
^ Sara Elise Phang, Roman Military Service: Ideologies of Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate (Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 93.
^ Polybius, Histories 6.37.9 (translated as bastinado).
^ Phang, The Marriage of Roman Soldiers, pp. 280–285.
^ Phang, The Marriage of Roman Soldiers, p. 3.
^ Williams, Roman Homosexuality, p. 112 et passim.
^ Phang, The Marriage of Roman Soldiers, pp. 285–292.
^ Juvenal, Satire 2; Williams, Roman Homosexuality, p. 28.
^ Suetonius Life of Nero 28–29; Williams, Roman Homosexuality, p. 279ff.
^ Michael Groneberg, "Reasons for Homophobia: Three Types of Explanation," in Combatting Homophobia: Experiences and Analyses Pertinent to Education (LIT Verlag, 2011), p. 193.
^ Codex Theodosianus 9.7.3 (4 December 342), introduced by the sons of Constantine in 342.
^ Groneberg, "Reasons for Homophobia," p. 193.
^ Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (1970). "Sexual Inversion among the Azande". American Anthropologist. New Series. 72 (6): 1428–1434. doi:10.1525/aa.1970.72.6.02a00170.
^ Leupp, Gary P. (1999). Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan. University of California Press. pp. 53–54. ISBN 0-520-20909-5.
^ Murray, Stephen (ed.); Roscoe, Will (ed.) (1998). Boy Wives and Female Husbands: Studies of African Homosexualities. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-23829-0.CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
^ Herdt, Gilbert H. (1984), Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia, University of California Press, pp. 128–136, ISBN 0-520-08096-3
^ In the Russian law "for the Purpose of Protecting Children from Information Advocating for a Denial of Traditional Family Values", foreigners may be arrested and detained for up to 15 days then deported, or fined up to 5,000 rubles and deported.
^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapaqarasatauavawaxayazbabbbcbdbebfbgbhbibjbkblbmbnbobpbqbrbsbtbubvbwbxbybzcacbcccdcecfcgchcicjckclcmcncocpcqcrcsctcucvcwcxcyczdadbdcdddedfdgdhdidjdkdldmdndodpdqdrdsdtdudvdwdxdydzeaebecedeeefegeheiejekelemeneoepeqereseteuevewexeyezfafbfcfdfefffgfhfifjfkflfmfnfofpfqfrfsftfufvfwfxfyfzgagbgcgdgegfggghgigjgkglgmgngogpgqgrgsgtgugvgwgxgygzhahbhchdhehfhghhhihjhkhlhmhnhohphqhrhshthuhvhwhxhyhziaibicidieifigihiiijikiliminioipiqir "State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition" (PDF). International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. 17 May 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
^ abcdefghijklmno "Where is it illegal to be gay? - BBC News". Bbc.com. Retrieved 2015-09-29.
^ abcdefghij Galán, José Ignacio Pichardo. "Same-sex couples in Spain. Historical, contextual and symbolic factors" (PDF). Institut national d'études démographiques. Retrieved December 30, 2012.
^ "Spain approves liberal gay marriage law". St. Petersburg Times. 2005-07-01. Retrieved 2007-01-08.
^ "Spain - Intercountry Adoption". travel.state.gov.
^ (in Spanish) Boletín Oficial del Estado Ley 14/2006, de 26 de mayo, sobre técnicas de reproducción humana asistida (see Article 7)
^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafag "ILGA-Europe" (PDF). ilga-europe.org.
^ abc (in Spanish) Ley 3/2007, de 15 de marzo, reguladora de la rectificación registral de la mención relativa al sexo de las personas
^ (in Spanish) Reglamento regulador del Registro de Uniones de Hecho
^ ab "Spain approves liberal gay marriage law". St. Petersburg Times. 2005-07-01. Retrieved 2007-01-08.
^ ab "Adoption in Spain". Intercountry Adoption. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
^ abcdefgh "ILGA-Europe". ilga-europe.org.
^ "Egypt (Law) - ILGA". ilga.org. ILGA. Archived from the original on 11 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
^ "Libyan Penal Code of 1953, Amended 1956 (selected provisions related to women) – 4: Title III – Offences Against Freedom, Honour and Morals". Retrieved 19 May 2017.
^ (in Portuguese) Law no. 7/2001, from 11 May (specifically Article 1, no. 1).
^ (in Portuguese) AR altera lei das uniões de facto
^ Law no. 9/2010, from 30th May.
^ (in Portuguese) Lei 17/2016 de 20 de junho
^ (in Portuguese) Lei que alarga a procriação medicamente assistida publicada em Diário da República
^ (in Portuguese) Todas as mulheres com acesso à PMA a 1 de Agosto
^ "MEPs welcome new gender change law in Portugal; concerned about Lithuania - The European Parliament Intergroup on LGBTI Rights". www.lgbt-ep.eu.
^ (in Spanish) REGLAMENTO REGULADOR DEL REGISTRO DE PAREJAS DE HECHO DE LA CIUDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MELILLA
^ "Morocco (Law)". ilga.org. ILGA. Archived from the original on 24 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
^ "Encyclopedia of Lesbian and Gay Histories and Cultures: An Encyclopedia. Gay histories and cultures. Vol. 2". Taylor & Francis. 8 November 2017 – via Google Books.
^ "La junta de protección a la infancia de Barcelona: Aproximación histórica y guía de su archivo" (PDF). Retrieved 20 January 2011.
^ "Tunisia (Law)". ilga.org. ILGA. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
^ "Tunisian presidential committee recommends decriminalizing homosexuality". NBC News. Retrieved 2018-06-19.
^ "Benin (Law)". ilga.org. ILGA. Archived from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
^ "The Gambia passes bill imposing life sentences for some homosexual acts | World news". The Guardian. Retrieved 2015-09-29.
^ "Ghana (Law)". ilga.org. ILGA. Archived from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
^ "LGBT Rights in Liberia - Equaldex". www.equaldex.com.
^ "LGBT Rights in Mauritania - Equaldex". www.equaldex.com.
^ "Nigeria (Law)". ilga.org. ILGA. Archived from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
^ "LGBT Rights in Senegal - Equaldex". www.equaldex.com.
^ "Décret n° 160218 du 30 mars 2016 portant promulgation de la Constitution de la République centrafricaine" (PDF). ilo.org.
^ "Marriage (Ascension) Ordinance, 2016" (PDF).
^ "This tiny island just passed same-sex marriage".
^ "Everything you need to know about human rights. | Amnesty International". Amnesty.org. 2015-09-25. Retrieved 2015-09-29.
^ "Laws of Kenya ; The Constitution of Kenya" (PDF). Kenyaembassy.com. Retrieved 2015-09-29.
^ ab Gettleman, Jeffrey (8 November 2017). "David Kato, Gay Rights Activist, Is Killed in Uganda" – via www.nytimes.com.
^ "LGBT Rights in Eritrea - Equaldex". www.equaldex.com.
^ ab Noor Ali (7 July 2013). "Gay Somali refugees face death threats". www.aljazeera.com.
^ "LGBT Rights in Comoros - Equaldex". www.equaldex.com.
^ "The Sexual Offences Bill" (PDF). mauritiusassembly.govmu.org. Government of Mauritius. 6 April 2007. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
^ "LGBT Rights in Mauritius - Equaldex". www.equaldex.com.
^ ab "Africa: Outspoken activists defend continent's sexual diversity - Norwegian Council for Africa". Afrika.no. 2009-08-06. Retrieved 2015-09-29.
^ "Equal Opportunities Act 2008" (PDF). Ilo.org. Retrieved 2015-09-29.
^ "Tiny African victory: Seychelles repeals ban on gay sex". 18 May 2016.
^ "LGBT Rights in Angola - Equaldex". www.equaldex.com.
^ Group, Global Media (23 February 2017). "Angola - Aprovada em Angola nova lei que penaliza aborto com prisão".
^ Group, Global Media (28 June 2017). "Internacional - Votação do novo Código Penal angolano novamente adiada".
^ "Employment & labour law in Angola". Lexology. 15 September 2015.
^ Transgender Rights in Angola
^ Fresh bid to decriminalise homosexuality, Mmegi Online
^ Press Release: Botswana High Court Rules in Landmark Gender Identity Case
^ Transgender Rights in Lesotho
^ "Malawi suspends anti-gay laws as MPs debate repeal | World news". The Guardian. Retrieved 2015-09-29.
^ "Mozambique Gay Rights Group Wants Explicit Constitutional Protections | Care2 Causes". Care2.com. 2011-03-03. Retrieved 2015-09-29.
^ "Homosexuality Decriminalised in Mozambique". Kuchu Times. 2015-06-01. Retrieved 2015-09-29.
^ "Namibia". State.gov. 2002-03-04. Retrieved 2015-09-29.
^ "Namibia". Lgbtnet.dk. Retrieved 2015-09-29.
^ Transgender Rights in Namibia
^ Simpson, Lisa (28 February 2018). "House: Three more months of same-sex marriage". The Royal Gazette. Archived from the original on 28 February 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
^ "Gay couples have until end of May to marry". Retrieved 3 March 2018.
^ [1]
^ Johnson, Ayo (June 15, 2013). "MPs approve historic Human Rights Act changes". The Royal Gazette. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
^ "Criminal Code (R.S., 1985, c. C-46), Section 159, Subsection (1)". Department of Justice Canada. 21 May 2010.
^ Anonymous (27 November 2017). "Law Reform (2000) Act".
^ "An Act instituting civil unions and establishing new rules of filiation" (PDF).
^ "Alberta: Adult Interdependent Relationships". Legal Resource Center of Alberta. 2006. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
^ Justice, Manitoba. "Manitoba Laws". web2.gov.mb.ca.
^ "LOI CONCERNANT CERTAINES CONDITIONS DE FOND DU MARIAGE CIVIL" (PDF).
^ Status differs in provinces and territories:
Mary C. Hurley (31 May 2007). "Sexual Orientation and Legal Rights". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
Jennifer A. Cooper (31 December 2001). "Opinion on Common-Law Relationships". Government of Manitoba. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
"Gay couple leaps 'walls' to adopt son". Edmonton Journal. 19 February 2007.
"Legal Information for Same Sex Couples" (PDF). Legal Information for Same Sex Couples. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
"Yukon Adoption: Important Adoption Issues". Adoptiveparents.ca. Retrieved 2013-03-16.
^ "Canadian Armed Forces". The Canadian Lesbian & Gay Archives. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
^ Northwest Territories Human Rights Act, S.N.W.T. 2002, c.18. Section 5.
^ "Ontario passes law to protect transgender people". CBC News. June 13, 2012. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
^ Services, Ministry of Citizens. "Change Your Personal Information - Province of British Columbia". www2.gov.bc.ca.
^ "Manitoba Vital Statistics Agency - Province of Manitoba".
^ "1995-96 - L 162 (oversigt): Forslag til lov om ændring af kriminalloven og arveloven for Grønland. (Ændringer som følge af indførelse af registreret partnerskab)" (in Danish). Webarkiv.dk. Retrieved September 14, 2012.
^ (in Danish) Anordning om ikrafttræden for Grønland af lov om ændring af lov om registreret partnerskab m.v.
^ ksv. "Folketinget - L 122 - 2014-15 (1. samling)Om forældreansvarslovgivningen og lovgivningen om ægteskab mellem to personer af samme køn". www.folketingstidende.dk.
^ (in Spanish) Leopoldo Ramos (11 January 2007). "Aprueba Coahuila la figura del pacto civil de solidaridad". La Jornada. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
^ (in Spanish) Pedro Zamora Briseño (29 July 2013). "Aprueba Colima "enlace conyugal" entre parejas del mismo sexo". Proceso. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
^ "Legalizan bodas gays en Campeche". 23 December 2013.
^ (in Spanish) "Jalisco avala Ley de Libre Convivencia para regular parejas del mismo sexo". CNN México. 31 October 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
^ ab David Agren (10 August 2010). "Mexican States Ordered to Honor Gay Marriages". New York Times. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
^ (in Spanish) Varillas, Adriana (3 May 2012). "Revocan anulación de bodas gay en QRoo". El Universal. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
^ (in Spanish) Mauricio Torres (14 November 2013). "Senadores proponen legalizar el matrimonio gay en todo México". CNN México. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
^ (in Spanish) "Propone Fernando Mayans Canabal reconocer el matrimonio sin distinción de preferencia sexual". Senado de México. 20 November 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
^ Summers, Claude (6 June 2015). "Mexico's Supreme Court Effectively Legalizes Same-Sex Marriage Nationwide". Retrieved 15 June 2015.
^ "SCJN abre la puerta a matrimonio gay en todo el país" (in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico: La Journada. 12 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
^ "Suprema Corte ampara matrimonio igualitario" (in Spanish). Mexico: Animal Politico. 13 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
^ Associated Press (4 March 2010). "Mexico City's gay marriage law takes effect". MSNBC. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
^ (in Spanish) Jesús Castro (12 February 2014). "Ya pueden parejas gay adoptar en Coahuila; PAN vota en contra". Vanguardia. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
^ "Intercountry Adoption: Mexico". Office of Children Issues, U.S. Dept. of State. November 2009.
^ International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission (IGLHRC) (23 April 2003). "Mexico protects its gay and lesbian citizens with new law". Retrieved 27 November 2009.
^ International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA) Trans (29 August 2008). "Mexico City extends official rights to transgender individuals". Retrieved 27 November 2009.
^ Mexico, Protocol of Action for Those Who Impart Justice in Cases that Involve Sexual Orientation or Gender Identity (PDF) (in Spanish). Mexico City: Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation. August 2014. ISBN 978-607-96207-3-8. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
^ abcdef (in French) Loi n° 99-944 du 15 novembre 1999 relative au pacte civil de solidarité
^ abcdef Vignal, Francois (April 15, 2013). "Mariage pour tous : le détail du vote au Sénat" (in French). Public Senat. Retrieved October 27, 2013.
^ abcdef "France". travel.state.gov.
^ abcdef "France: Transsexualism will no longer be classified as a mental illness in France / News / Welcome to the ILGA Trans Secretariat / Trans / ilga - ILGA". Trans.ilga.org. 2009-05-16. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
^ "California Family Code Section 299.2". Onecle.
^ "CitizenLink: Amendment Would Mean No Money to D.C. Domestic-Partner Registry". Family Policy Alliance.
^ "Summary". www.mainelegislature.org.
^ "Oregon Registered Domestic Partners" (PDF). State of Oregon. Retrieved December 11, 2012.
^ "Senate Bill 566".
^ "Nevada legalizing domestic partnerships". CNN. May 31, 2009. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
^ "New Jersey Public Law 2006, c.103" (PDF). New Jersey Legislature. 2006. Retrieved July 31, 2007.
^ Wayne, Kevin. "Illinois House passes civil unions legislation in historic vote".
^ Huffington Post: Mark Niesse, "Hawaii Governor Neil Abercrombie Signs Same-Sex Civil Unions Into Law," February 23, 2011, accessed April 13, 2011
^ "Votes for SB13-011" (PDF).
^ Wolf, Richard (June 26, 2015). "Supreme Court strikes down bans on same-sex marriage". USA Today. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
^ abcd Liptak, Adam (26 June 2015). "Gay Marriage Backers Win Supreme Court Victory". nytimes.com. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
^ abcdefg "In 60 days, gays will be allowed to serve openly in the military". CNN. July 23, 2011.
^ "Trump: Transgender people 'can't serve' in US military". bbc.com. July 26, 2017.
^ "Judge rules transgender people can enlist in military, denying Trump bid to delay deadline". The Washington Post. December 11, 2017.
^ abc "Beginning today, transgender individuals can join the US military". ABC News. January 1, 2018.
^ Geidner, Chris (23 April 2012). "Transgender Breakthrough". Metro Weekly. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
^ "HHS Says Antitransgender Discrimination Illegal Under Health Reform Law". 6 August 2012.
^ "'Transgender' Could Be Defined Out of Existence Under Trump Administration". The New York Times. October 21, 2018.
^ "Belize Supreme Court Overturns Anti-Gay Law".
^ "Chapter 4 of the Laws of Belize - THE CONSTITUTION OF BELIZE PART II: Protection of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms". Belmopan, Belize: The Government of Belize. 1981. Archived from the original on 21 August 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
^ Littauer, Dan (10 August 2016). "Love wins! Belize anti-gay law struck down". Scotland: KaleidoScot. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
^ "Supreme Court declares Section 53 unconstitutional". Port of Spain, Trinidad: Daily Express. Cana News. 10 August 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
^ "Transgender Culture in Belize". unibam.org. United Belize Advocacy Movement (UNIBAM). Retrieved 16 October 2016.
^ "CCSS aprobó extender seguro de salud a parejas gais".
^ "Costa Rica Government To Prioritize Bill Legalizing Gay Civil Unions". ticotimes.net. 19 Mar 2015.
^ "Costa Rica". travel.state.gov.
^ "Transgender Population in Costa Rica Will be Able to Choose the Name Shown in Their ID". Costa Rica Star News. 14 May 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
^ Press, Associated (17 April 2015). "El Salvador approves measures banning same-sex marriage, gay couple adoption".
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External links
International Lesbian and Gay Association
- State-sponsored Homophobia report (2015 edition)
- Lesbian and Gay Rights in the World map (2015 edition)
Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual: Law at Curlie
Amnesty International USA: LGBT legal status around the world — interactive map
GayLawNet: Laws — information by country- Human Rights Watch on LGBT Rights
International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission
Resource links — for researching legal information
International Commission of Jurists, Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Justice - A Comparative Law Casebook
United Nations Human Rights Council, Discriminatory laws and practices and acts of violence against individuals based on their sexual orientation and gender identity, an annual report
The United Nations, Living Free and Equal: What States Are Doing to Tackle Violence and Discrimination against Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex People, November 2016
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