Romanian Cyrillic alphabet
| Romanian Cyrillic .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} | |
|---|---|
| Type | Alphabet |
| Languages | Romanian |
Time period | 16th–19th centuries |
Parent systems | Phoenician alphabet
|
Sister systems | Early Cyrillic alphabet |
The Romanian Cyrillic alphabet is the Cyrillic alphabet that was used to write the Romanian language before 1860–1862, when it was officially replaced by a Latin-based Romanian alphabet. The Romanian Cyrillic alphabet was based on the Bulgarian alphabet. Cyrillic remained in occasional use until the 1920s, mostly in Bessarabia.[1] It is not the same as the Russian-based Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet used in what is now Moldova for most of the Soviet era.
Between its discarding and the full adoption of the Latin alphabet, a so-called transitional alphabet was in place for a few years, combining Cyrillic and Latin letters, and including some of the Latin letters with diacritics that remain in the modern Romanian alphabet.[2] The Romanian Orthodox Church continued using the alphabet in its publications until 1881.[3]
Contents
1 Table of correspondence
2 Unregulated transitional alphabets
3 An example of Romanian Cyrillic text
4 See also
5 References
Table of correspondence
The Romanian Cyrillic alphabet was close to the contemporary version of the Early Cyrillic alphabet of the Old Church Slavonic liturgical language.
| Letter | Numerical value | Romanian Latin equivalent | Transitional alphabet | Moldovan Cyrillic equivalent | Phoneme | Romanian name[4] | Slavonic equiv. name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| А а | 1 | a | A a | а | /a/ | az | азъ (azŭ) |
| Б б | b | Б б | б | /b/ | buche | бꙋкꙑ (buky) | |
| В в | 2 | v | В в | в | /v/ | vede | вѣдѣ (vĕdĕ) |
| Г г | 3 | g, gh | G g | г | /ɡ/ | glagol | глаголи (glagoli) |
| Д д | 4 | d | D d | д | /d/ | dobru | добро (dobro) |
Є є, Е e[5] | 5 | e | E e | е | /e/ | est | єстъ (estŭ) |
| Ж ж | j | Ж ж | ж | /ʒ/ | juvete | живѣтє (živěte) | |
| Ѕ ѕ | 6 | dz | Ḑ ḑ | дз | /d͡z/ | zalu | ꙃѣло (dzělo) |
| З з | 7 | z | Z z | з | /z/ | zemle | зємл҄ꙗ (zemlja) |
| И и | 8 | i | I i | и | /i/ | ije | ижє (iže) |
Й й[6] | i | Ĭ ĭ | й | /j/, /ʲ/ | |||
І і[7] | 10 | i | I i | и | /i/ | i | и (i) |
| К к | 20 | c, ch | К к or K k | к | /k/ | kaku | како (kako) |
| Л л | 30 | l | Л л | л | /l/ | liude | людиѥ (ljudije) |
| М м | 40 | m | M m | м | /m/ | mislete | мꙑслитє (myslite) |
| Н н | 50 | n | N n | н | /n/ | naș | нашь (našĭ) |
Ѻ Ѻ, О o[5] | 70 | o | O o | о | /o̯/ | on | онъ (onŭ) |
| П п | 80 | p | П п | п | /p/ | pocoi | покои (pokoi) |
| Р р | 100 | r | Р р | р | /r/ | râță | рьци (rĭci) |
| С с | 200 | s | S s | с | /s/ | slovă | слово (slovo) |
| Т т | 300 | t | T t | т | /t/ | tferdu | тврьдо (tvrĭdo) |
Ѹ ѹ, ОУ оу[5] | 400 | u | Ꙋ ꙋ[8] (Ȣ, ȣ, ɣ) | у | /u/ | upsilon | ꙋкъ (ukŭ) |
Ѹ Ȣ, У Ȣ[5] | ucu | ||||||
| Ф ф | 500 | f | F f | ф | /f/ | fârta | фрьтъ (frĭtŭ) |
| Х х | 600 | h | Х х | х | /h/ | heru | хѣръ (xěrŭ) |
Ѡ ѡ[9] | 800 | o | O o | о | /o/ | omega | отъ (otŭ) |
| Щ щ | șt | Щ щ | шт | /ʃt/ | ștea | ща (šta) | |
| Ц ц | 900 | ț | Ц ц | ц | /t͡s/ | ți | тврьдо (tvrĭdo) |
| Ч ч | 90 | c (before e, i) | Ч ч | ч | /t͡ʃ/ | cervu | чрьвь (črĭvĭ) |
| Ш ш | ș | Ш ш | ш | /ʃ/ | șa | ша (ša) | |
| Ъ ъ | ă, ŭ[10] | Ъ ъ | э | /ə/ | ier | ѥръ (jerŭ) | |
| Ы ы, Ꙑ ꙑ | â, î, ĭ, ŭ[10] | Î î | ы | /ɨ/ | ieri | ѥрꙑ (jery) | |
| Ь ь | ă, ŭ, ĭ[10] | Ꙋ̆ ꙋ̆ | ь | — | ѥрь (jerĭ) | ||
| Ѣ ѣ | ea | Ea ea | я | /e̯a/ | eati(u) | ѣть (ětĭ) | |
| Ю ю | iu | Ĭꙋ ĭꙋ | ю | /ju/ | Io / iu | cu|ю} (ju) | |
Ꙗ ꙗ, IA[5] | ia | Ĭa ĭa | иа | /ja/ | ia | ꙗ (ja) | |
Ѥ ѥ, IE[5] | ie | Ĭe ĭe | ие | /je/ | ѥ (je) | ||
| Ѧ ѧ | ĭa, ea[10] | Ĭa ĭa, Ea ea | я | /ja/ | ia | ѧсъ (ęsŭ) | |
| Ѫ ѫ | î | Î î | ы | /ɨ/ | ѫсъ (ǫsŭ) | ||
Ѯ ѯ[11] | 60 | x | Ks ks | кс | /ks/ | csi | ѯи (ksi) |
Ѱ ѱ[11] | 700 | ps | Пs пs | пс | /ps/ | psi | ѱи (psi) |
Ѳ ѳ[11] | 9 | th, ft | T t, Ft ft | т, фт | /t/ and approx. /θ/ or /f/ | thita | фита (fita) |
Ѵ ѵ[11] | 400 | i, u | I i; Ꙋ ꙋ | и, у | /i/, /y/, /v/ | ижица (ižica) | |
| Ꙟ ꙟ, ↑ ↑ | în îm | În în Îm îm | ын, ым | /ɨn/, /ɨm/ | în | ||
| Џ џ | g (before e, i) | Џ џ | ӂ | /d͡ʒ/ | gea |
Unregulated transitional alphabets
Starting with the 1830s and ending with the official adoption of the Latin alphabet, there were no regulations for writing Romanian, and various alphabets using Cyrillic and Latin letters, besides the mid-transitional version in the table above, were used, sometimes two or more of them in a single book. The following table shows some of the many alphabets used in print.
| Pre-1830 | 1833[12] | 1838[13] | 1846 (1),[14] 1848[15] | 1846 (2)[16] | 1858[17] | 1860[18] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| А а | А а | А а | А а | А а | A a | A a |
Б б | Б б | Б б | Б б | Б б | B b | Б б |
| В в | В в | В в | В в | В в | V v | В в |
| Г г | Г г | Г г | Г г | Г г | G g | Г г |
| Д д | Д д | Д д | D d | Д д | D d | D d |
Є є, Е e | Є є | Є є | E e | Ε ε | E e | E e |
| Ж ж | Ж ж | Ж ж | Ж ж | Ж ж | J j | Ж ж |
| Ѕ ѕ | Ѕ ѕ | Дз дз | Ḑ ḑ | Дз дз | Dz dz | Dz dz |
| З з | З з | З з | Z z | З з | Z z | Z z |
| И и | И и | I i | I i | І і | I i | I i |
| І і | Ї ї | I i | I i | І і | I i | I i |
| К к | К к | К к | K k | К к | K k | K k |
| Л л | Л л | Л л | Л л | Л л | L l | L l |
| М м | М м | М м | M m | М м | M m | M m |
| Н н | Н н | Н н | N n | Ⲛ ⲛ | N n | N n |
| Ѻ Ѻ, О o | О о | О о | O o | О о | О о | O о |
| П п | П п | П п | П п | П п | П п | П п |
| Р р | Р р | Р р | Р р | Р р | R r | Р р |
| С с | С с | С с | S s | С с | S s | S s |
| Т т | Т т | Т т | T t | Т т | T t | T t |
Ѹ ѹ | У у (initial) Ꙋ ꙋ (mid and final) | Ꙋ ꙋ | Ꙋ ꙋ | Ꙋ ꙋ | Ꙋ ꙋ | Ꙋ ꙋ |
Ꙋ, ȣ | ||||||
| Ф ф | Ф ф | Ф ф | Ф ф | Ф ф | F f | Ф ф |
| Х х | Х х | Х х | Х х | Х х | Х х | Х х |
Ѡ ѡ | Ѡ ѡ[19] | О о | O o | О о | О о | О о |
| Щ щ | Щ щ | Щ щ | Щ щ | Шт шт | Шt шt | Шt шt |
| Ц ц | Ц ц | Ц ц | Ц ц | Ц ц | Ц ц | Ц ц |
| Ч ч | Ч ч | Ч ч | Ч ч | Ч ч | Ч ч | Ч ч |
| Ш ш | Ш ш | Ш ш | Ш ш | Ш ш | Ш ш | Ш ш |
| Ъ ъ | Ъ ъ | Ъ ъ | Ъ ъ | Ъ ъ | Ъ ъ | Ъ ъ |
Ы ы | Ꙟ ꙟ (initial) Ѫ ѫ (mid and final) | Ꙟ ꙟ (initial) Ѫ ѫ (mid and final) | Ꙟ ꙟ | Ꙟ ꙟ | Î î | Î î |
Ѣ ѣ | Ѣ ѣ | Ѣ ѣ | Ea ea | Εа εа (ligature, small letter only) | Ea ea | Ea ea |
Ю ю | Ю ю | IꙊ iꙋ (ligature) | IꙊ Iꙋ iꙋ (ligature) | IꙊ Iꙋ іꙋ (ligature, small letter only) | IꙊ iꙋ (ligature) | Ĭꙋ ĭꙋ |
Ꙗ ꙗ | Ꙗ ꙗ (initial) Ѧ ѧ (mid and final) | Ꙗ ꙗ | Ꙗ Iа (ligature) ꙗ | IА Iа ꙗ | Ĭa ĭa | Ĭa ĭa |
| Ѥ ѥ | Йє йє | Ĭe ĭe | Ĭe ĭe | Ĭε ĭε | Ĭe ĭe | Ĭe ĭe |
Ѧ ѧ | Ꙗ ꙗ (initial) Ѧ ѧ (mid and final) | Ꙗ ꙗ | Ꙗ Iа (ligature) ꙗ | IА Iа ꙗ | Ĭa ĭa | Ĭa ĭa |
Ѫ ѫ | Ꙟ ꙟ (initial) Ѫ ѫ (mid and final) | Ꙟ ꙟ (initial) Ѫ ѫ (mid and final) | Ꙟ ꙟ | Ꙟ ꙟ | Î î | Î î |
| Ѯ ѯ | Кс кс | Кс кс | Ks ks | Кс кс | Ks ks | Ks ks |
Ѱ ѱ[11] | Пс пс | Пс пс | Пs пs | Пс пс | Пs пs | Пs пs |
Ѳ ѳ[11] | Т т | Т т | T t | Ѳ ѳ | T t | T t |
Ѵ ѵ[11] | И, Ꙋ | I, Ꙋ | I, Ꙋ | І, Ꙋ | I, Ꙋ | I, Ꙋ |
| Ꙟ ꙟ | Ꙟн ꙟн Ꙟм ꙟм | Ꙟн ꙟн Ꙟм ꙟм | Ꙟн ꙟн Ꙟм ꙟм | Ꙟⲛ ꙟⲛ Ꙟм ꙟм | În în Îm îm | În în Îm îm |
| Џ џ | Џ џ | Џ џ | Џ џ | Џ џ | Џ џ | Џ џ |
An example of Romanian Cyrillic text
According to a document from the 1850s,[20] this is how the Romanian Lord's Prayer looked in Cyrillic script. Transcriptional values correspond to the above table.
| Тáтъʌь нѡ́стрꙋ | Tatăl nostru |
|---|---|
.mw-parser-output .script-slavonic{font-family:"Ponomar Unicode","Ponomar Unicode TT","Monomakh Unicode","Monomakh Unicode TT","Menaion Unicode","Menaion Unicode TT","Fedorovsk Unicode","Fedorovsk Unicode TT",BukyVede,"Kliment Std","RomanCyrillic Std","Monomachus","Old Standard","Old Standard TT",Dilyana,Menaion,"Menaion Medieval",Lazov,Code2000,"DejaVu Sans","DejaVu Serif",Code2001,"FreeSerif","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Chrysanthi Unicode","Bitstream Cyberbit","Bitstream CyberBase",Thryomanes,"Lucida Grande","FreeSans","Arial Unicode MS","Microsoft Sans Serif","Lucida Sans Unicode"}.mw-parser-output .script-glagolitic{font-family:"Menaion Unicode TT","Menaion Unicode",Vikidemia,Bukyvede,FreeSerif,Ja,Unicode5,"TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Noto Sans Glagolitic","Segoe UI Historic","Segoe UI Symbol"}Та́тъль но́стрꙋ ка́реле є҆́щй ꙟ҆ че́рюрй: сфн҃цѣ́скъсе нꙋ́меле тъ́ꙋ: | Tatăl nostru, carele ești în ceruri, sfințeascăse numele tău: |
Usual letter formats and Romanian equivalents
The oldest surviving document in Romanian: Neacșu's Letter, a trader from Câmpulung, sent to the mayor of Brașov (1521)
The Lord's Prayer, in an 1850s religious document
Transitional alphabet (fragment of Dimitrie Bolintineanu's Călătorii pe Dunăre și în Bulgaria, 1858)
See also
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Romanian Cyrillic alphabet. |
- Early Cyrillic alphabet
- Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet
- Romanian alphabet
References
^ Ileana-Stanca Desa, Dulciu Morărescu, Ioana Patriche, Adriana Raliade, Iliana Sulică, Publicațiile periodice românești (ziare, gazete, reviste). Vol. III: Catalog alfabetic 1919–1924, pp. 235–236, 264, 368, 374, 575, 708, 1024. Bucharest: Editura Academiei, 1987
^ George Baiculescu, Georgeta Răduică, Neonila Onofrei, Publicațiile periodice românești (ziare, gazete, reviste). Vol. II: Catalog alfabetic 1907–1918. Supliment 1790–1906, pp. 763, 801, 810, 813, 832, 867. Bucharest: Editura Academiei, 1969
^ Grigore Chiriță, Societatea din Principatele Unite Române în perioada constituirii statului național (1856-1866), p. 134. Bucharest: Editura Academiei Române, 2004, .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
ISBN 978-973-270-984-9
^ According to Costache Negruzzi, "Cum am învățat românește", first published in Curier de Ambe Sexe, I, nr. 22, p.337–343
^ abcdef Initial vs. non-initial shapes: Є/Е, Ѻ/О, Ѹ/У, IA/Ѧ.
^ Й is hardly a separate letter of the alphabet; the letters Ю, Ȣ and Ѡ also accept a brevity sign.
^ In loanwords of Greek origin (or ones adopted through the Greek language), letters И and І correspond to eta and iota, respectively. In the words of Romanian origin and in Slavic loanwords, their usage follows pre-1917 Russian rules, namely, І before vowels, otherwise И.
^ Book written in the transitional alphabet showing various letter forms
^ The distinction of Ѡ and О is present not only in loanwords, but in Romanian words as well.
^ abcd Letters ĭ and ŭ represent a barely spoken/heard i or u.
^ abcdefg Letters Ѯ, Ѱ, Ѳ and Ѵ are used for copying Greek spelling of loanwords (especially for names and toponyms).
^ Grammatică practică romano-franțozeaseă compusă dupre autorii clasicii cei ... - George Vida. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
^ Filosofice și politice prin falule învățaturĭ morale - Dimitrie Țichindeal, Dositej Obradović. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
^ Magazinu istoriku pentru Dacia - Treboniu A. Laurian, Nicolae Bălcescu. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
^ Biografia lui Viliam G. Shecspri dupe Le Fourneur: Urmată de Romeo cu ... - William Shakespeare. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
^ Noul Testament al Domnuluī shī Mîntuītoruluī nostru Īīsus Khrīstos. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
^ Istoria Moldo-Romănieĭ: arătîndŭ neamurile de ċare s'aŭ loċuitŭ aceste ... - George Ioanid. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
^ Cîntece naționale: Tipărite cu fondul d-lor librarĭ Pusu i Petriu. A treia ... - O. Dumitrescu. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
^ -лѡр only
^ File:Romanian-kirilitza-tatal-nostru.jpg
