Terrorism in Europe
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There is a long history of terrorism in Europe. This has often been linked to nationalist and separatist movements, while other acts have been related to political extremism (including anarchism, far-right and far-left extremism), or religious extremism.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Definitions
1.2 Early history
1.3 Modern trends
2 Prevention
2.1 Early twentieth century
2.2 Europol
2.3 Individual countries
3 Incidents
3.1 Deadliest attacks
3.2 Costliest attacks
3.3 Terrorism by country and region
4 See also
5 References
6 Bibliography
7 Further reading
8 External links
History
Definitions
Defining terrorism is difficult, and there are more than one hundred definitions of it in scholarly literature. The term is used in polemical contexts, thus it can become a move in a campaign rather than an aid to thought.[1] A simple definition would be "use of force against innocent people for political purposes". Some scholars argue that there is no true or correct definition due to terrorism being an abstract concept without a real presence. Legal definitions contain internal contradictions and might be misused.[2] There is an overlap between terrorism and various other forms of conflict and violent action, including civil wars[3] or non-international armed conflicts. This is the case with several significant non-international conflicts in Europe, where there thus can be dispute as to what counts as terrorism: examples include the Irish War of Independence (1919–21), the breakup of Yugoslavia and subsequent conflicts,[4] the First (1994–6) and Second Chechen Wars (1999–2009), and the War of Dagestan (1999).
Early history
In the Middle Ages, maritime nations in Europe sponsored pirates and privateering against rivals.[5] The term "terror" is used about the reign of terror in France, carried out by the Jacobins, 1792-4.
Modern trends
- Statistics from 2006 to 2013 by affiliation
Attacks
Arrests
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By ideology
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Structure
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Terrorist groups
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Adherents
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Response to terrorism
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Terrorism in Europe around the beginning of the twentieth century was often associated with anarchism.[6][7]
Terrorism within the European Communities since 1951 has often been linked to separatist movements, including the Irish Republican Army within the United Kingdom, and Euskadi Ta Askatasuna within Spain. Other perpetrators have been linked to far-right and far-left extremism, environmental extremism and anarchism. Since 2001, there has been an increase in attacks linked to extremist Islamist groups, particularly in France. Many separatist terrorist activities also have a religious angle, as, for example, with Chechen separatism in Russia. The internationally co-ordinated element has seen increasing attempts by governments to seek to weaken extremist ideology, particularly Islamic extremism.
It remains the case that the majority of deaths from terrorism do not occur in the "West".[8] When the Al Qaeda attacks against the United States in 2001 are excluded, only 0.5% of all deaths from terrorism have occurred in Western countries – European nations, United States, Canada and Australia – in the years 2000-14.[9] However, there have been recent increases in the number of high-fatality attacks. There had been a decrease in the number of overall fatalities from terrorist attacks between 1990 and 2015, compared to those between 1970 and 1990.[10] Prior to 1990, on average 150 people died each year from terrorist attacks; this figure would be even higher if the large number of people who died in 1988 from the Pan Am 2013 bombing were included. From 1990, an average of a little under 50 people died each year. However, this figure has begun to increase again from 2011, with the attacks by far-right extremist Anders Breivik in Norway, and Islamist extremist attacks in France in 2015 and 2016.
Europol has published an annual trend report on terrorist attacks (including failed, foiled, and completed attacks) and terrorist related arrests in the EU since 2006.[11] The reports identify that perpetrators' known or suspected affiliations have been disparate in nature. Europol break these down into five categories: jihadist terrorism (previously termed "religiously-inspired terrorism"); ethno-nationalist and separatist terrorism; left-wing and anarchist terrorism; right-wing terrorism; and single-issue terrorism. Europol's reports do not provide a breakdown of the proportion of attacks that have been completed or the type of damage inflicted. According to these data the vast majority of terrorist attacks in the EU between 2006 and 2013 are affiliated with ethno-national or separatist motives, followed by left-wing attacks and those that are registered as 'unspecified'. A significant number of terror attacks are motivated religiously or associated with right-wing groups. However, among those arrested on terror-related crimes most are religiously motivated and form the largest group, followed by separatist related terror suspects.
In 2015, a total of 211 completed, failed, or foiled terrorist attacks were reported by EU states, resulting in 151 fatalities (of which 148 were in France, with 130 of them occurring during the November 2015 Paris attacks) and over 360 people injured. As in previous years, separatist attacks accounted for the largest proportion (65), followed by jihadist attacks (17). The latter, however, caused the largest number of fatalities (150) and injuries (250). The United Kingdom reported the largest number of attacks (103), but did not provide statistics on suspected affiliation.[12]
Tackling jihadist terrorism threats has become an over-riding priority for security services, although many commentators express concerns that the risk of far-right terrorism is currently being underestimated.[13]
In 2017, British intelligence MI5 said that Northern Ireland is the most concentrated area of terrorist activity "probably anywhere in Europe", with weekly threats from dissident Irish republicans.[14]
Prevention
Early twentieth century
European states were at the fore of plans for an international criminal court under the League of Nations in the 1930s, working through the Committee for the Repression of Terrorism (CRT). The CRT sought to define terrorism and get nation's domestic policies to support anti-terrorism activities. Opposition by Britain and tensions over fascism in Germany and Italy limited the final proposals.[15]
Europol
The seat of the European Police Office (Europol) in The Hague.
European cooperation in the field of counter-terrorism include the European Police Office (Europol), an EU agency, and Interpol. TREVI was an early example of EU cooperation in this field.
The main transnational activity to combat terrorism in recent years has been through Europol. They have categorised acts of terrorism that have either failed, been foiled or been successfully executed within the European Union (EU) as either pertaining to religious issues, right wing, left wing or separatist movements. The field is subject to considerable cooperation among national authorities.
Individual countries
In July 2014 the Government of France introduced legislation to combat terrorism by toughening surveillance, making it lawful to detain individuals linked to radical "Islamist" groups, and to block Internet sites that incite anti-Semitism, terrorism and hatred. The country's Interior Minister Bernard Cazeneuve revealed 600 French nationals were in Syria at the time or planned to go there. The bill includes a ban on foreign travel for up to six months for those believed to hold terrorist sympathies, provides for the confiscation and invalidation of passports, and prohibits airlines from allowing such individuals to fly.[16]
From 2005, the United Kingdom government introduced the CONTEST strategy, which seeks to improve co-operation between security services, and other public and private organisations.[17] This includes four strands, namely Pursue, (seeking to apprehend potential terrorists), Prevent, (seeking to reduce risks of 'radicalisation', deter potential terrorists and share information), Protect, (seeking to ensure the security of potential targets and organisations is optimised), and Prepare, (seeking to ensure an effective response in the immediate aftermath of any attack). Similar strategies have been adopted by other countries across the European Union, and there have been increases in co-operation between nations and security forces.
Incidents
Deadliest attacks
The following is a list of terrorist incidents in Europe which resulted in at least ten deaths. It lists attacks on civilians by non-state actors that are widely referred to as terrorism. It excludes transcontinental countries such as Turkey and Russia. For incidents in Russia, see Terrorism in Russia and for incidents in Turkey, see Terrorism in Turkey.
- Key: motivation
Nationalism/Separatism
Islamist
Right-wing
Left-wing
Other
| Date | Country/Region | Incident | Casualties | Perpetrator |
|---|---|---|---|---|
28 Jul 1835 |  France | Assassination attempt on King Louis Philippe I | 18 killed, 23 injured (inc. 1 perp.)[18] | Giuseppe Marco Fieschi |
13 Dec 1867 |  UK | Clerkenwell explosion | 12 killed, 120 injured[19] | Irish Republican Brotherhood |
7 Nov 1893 |  Spain | Gran Teatre del Liceu bombing | 20+ killed,[7] 40+ injured[20] | Santiago Salvador Franch |
7 Jun 1896 | Spain | Barcelona Corpus Christi procession bombing | 12 killed, 44 injured[20] | Anarchists (suspected) |
28 Apr 1903 |  Ottoman Empire | Thessaloniki bombings of 1903 | 16 killed (inc. 6 perp.), 16 injured[21] | Boatmen of Thessaloniki |
| 31 May 1906 | Spain | Botched assassination of Alfonso XIII | 30 killed, 100 injured[22] | Mateo Morral Rocca |
15 Aug 1906 |  Poland | Bloody Wednesday | 19 to 200 killed, 43 to >100 injured[23][24] | Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party |
13 Dec 1921 |  Romania | Bolgrad palace bombing | 100 killed[25] | Bessarabian Separatists |
23 Mar 1923 |  Italy | Diana Theatre bombing (Milan) | 21 killed, 172 injured[26] | Anarchists |
16 Apr 1925 |  Bulgaria | St Nedelya Church bombing | 150 killed, 500+ injured[27] | Bulgarian Communist Party |
1 May 1947 | Italy | Portella della Ginestra massacre | 11 killed, 33 wounded[28] | Salvatore Giuliano |
18 Jun 1961 | France | Vitry-Le-François train bombing | 28 killed, 100+ injured[29] | Organisation Armée Secrète |
12 Oct 1967 |  Cyprus | Cyprus Airways Flight 284 bombing | 66 killed[30] | Militants (suspected) |
12 Dec 1969 | Italy | Piazza Fontana bombing | 17 killed, 88 injured[31] | Ordine Nuovo |
21 Feb 1970 |  Switzerland | Swissair Flight 330 bombing | 47 killed[32] | PFLP-GC |
4 Dec 1971 | UK | McGurk's Bar bombing | 15 killed, 17 injured[33] | Ulster Volunteer Force |
26 Jan 1972 |  Czechoslovakia | JAT Flight 367 bombing | 27 killed[34] | Ustaše (suspected) |
5 Sep 1972 |  West Germany | Munich massacre | 17 killed[35] | Black September |
17 Dec 1973 | Italy | Rome airport attacks | 34 killed, 22 injured[36] | Black September |
4 Feb 1974 | UK | M62 coach bombing | 12 killed, 38 injured[37] | Provisional IRA |
17 May 1974 |  Ireland | Dublin and Monaghan bombings | 34 killed, 300 injured[38] | Ulster Volunteer Force |
4 Aug 1974 | Italy | Italicus Express bombing | 12 killed, 48 injured[39] | Ordine Nero |
8 Sep 1974 |  Greece | TWA Flight 841 bombing | 88 killed[40] | Abu Nidal Organization |
13 Sep 1974 | Spain | Cafetería Rolando bombing | 13 killed, 71 injured[41] | ETA |
21 Nov 1974 | UK | Birmingham pub bombings | 21 killed, 182 injured[42] | Provisional IRA |
5 Jan 1976 | UK | Kingsmill massacre | 10 killed, 1 injured[43] | South Armagh Republican Action Force |
17 Feb 1978 | UK | La Mon restaurant bombing | 12 killed, 30 injured[44] | Provisional IRA |
12 Jul 1979 | Spain | Hotel Corona de Aragón fire | 80+ killed[45] | ETA (suspected) |
2 Aug 1980 | Italy | Bologna massacre | 85 killed, 200+ injured[46] | Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari |
26 Sep 1980 | West Germany | Oktoberfest bombing | 13 killed (inc. 1 perp.), 211 injured[47] | Gundolf Köhler |
20 Jul 1982 | UK | Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings | 11 killed, 50 injured[48] | Provisional IRA |
6 Dec 1982 | UK | Droppin Well bombing | 17 killed, 30 injured[49] | Irish National Liberation Army |
23 Dec 1984 | Italy | Train 904 bombing | 16 killed, 267 injured[50] | Sicilian Mafia |
12 Apr 1985 | Spain | El Descanso bombing | 18 killed, 82 injured[51] | Al-Qaeda (suspected) |
23 Jun 1985 | Atlantic Ocean in Irish airspace | Air India Flight 182 bombing | 329 killed[52] | Babbar Khalsa |
23 Nov 1985 |  Malta | EgyptAir Flight 648 hijacking | 60 killed (inc. 2 perps.)[53] | Abu Nidal Organization |
27 Dec 1985 | Italy Austria | Rome and Vienna airport attacks | 23 killed (inc. 4 perps.), 139 injured[54] | Abu Nidal Organization |
14 Jul 1986 | Spain | Plaza República Dominicana bombing | 12 killed, 32 injured[55] | ETA |
19 Jun 1987 | Spain | Hipercor bombing | 21 killed, 45 injured[56] | ETA |
8 Nov 1987 | UK | Remembrance Day bombing | 12 killed, 63 injured[57] | Provisional IRA |
11 Dec 1987 | Spain | Zaragoza Barracks bombing | 11 killed, 88 injured[58] | ETA |
11 Jul 1988 | Greece | City of Poros ship attack | 11 killed (inc. 1 perp.), 98 injured[59] | Abu Nidal Organization |
21 Dec 1988 | UK | Pan Am Flight 103 bombing | 270 killed[60] | Abdelbaset al-Megrahi |
22 Sep 1989 | UK | Deal barracks bombing | 11 killed, 21 injured[61] | Provisional IRA |
29 May 1991 | Spain | Vic bombing | 10 killed, 44 injured[62][63] | ETA |
23 Oct 1993 | UK | Shankill Road bombing | 10 killed (inc. 1 perp.), 57 injured[64] | Provisional IRA |
15 Aug 1998 | UK | Omagh bombing | 29 killed, 300+ injured[65] | Real IRA |
11 Mar 2004 | Spain | Madrid train bombings | 192 killed, 2,050 injured[66][67] | Al-Qaeda |
7 Jul 2005 | UK | 2005 London bombings | 56 killed, (inc. 4 perps.), 784 injured[68] | Al-Qaeda |
11 Apr 2011 |  Belarus | Minsk Metro bombing | 15 killed, 204 injured[69] | Dzimitry Kanavalau and Vlad Kavalyou |
22 Jul 2011 |  Norway | Norway attacks | 77 killed, 319 injured[70] | Anders Behring Breivik |
| 7–9 Jan 2015 | France | January 2015 Île-de-France attacks | 20 killed (inc. 3 perps.), 22 injured[71] | Al-Qaeda |
13 Jan 2015 |  Ukraine | Volnovakha bus attack | 12 killed, 18 injured[72] | Donetsk People's Republic (suspected) |
9 May 2015 |  Republic of Macedonia | Kumanovo clashes | 22 killed (inc. 14 perps.), 37 injured[73] | National Liberation Army |
13 Nov 2015 | France | November 2015 Paris attacks | 137 killed (inc. 7 perps.), 368 injured[74] | Islamic State |
22 Mar 2016 |  Belgium | Brussels bombings | 35 killed (inc. 3 perps.), 340 injured[75] | Islamic State |
14 Jul 2016 | France | Nice truck attack | 87 killed (inc. 1 perp.), 434 injured[76] | Islamic State |
19 Dec 2016 | Germany | Berlin Christmas market attack | 12 killed, 56 injured[77] | Islamic State |
22 May 2017 | UK | Manchester Arena bombing | 23 killed (inc. 1 perp.), 250 injured[78] | Islamic State (suspected) |
3 Jun 2017 | UK | 2017 London Bridge attack | 11 killed (inc. 3 perps.), 48 injured[79] | Islamic State |
| 17–18 Aug 2017 | Spain | 2017 Barcelona attacks | 24 killed (inc. 8 perps.), 152 injured[80][81] | Islamic State (suspected) |
Costliest attacks
These are the incidents that had the highest financial damage. By far the biggest four are listed here below, all having occurred in England.[82][83][84]
| Date | Country/Region | Incident | Cost (USD) | Perpetrator |
|---|---|---|---|---|
24 Apr 1993 | UK | 1993 Bishopsgate bombing | $2 billion | Provisional IRA |
7 July 2005 | UK | 7 July 2005 London bombings | $1 billion | Al-Qaeda |
15 Jun 1996 | UK | 1996 Manchester bombing | $996 million | Provisional IRA |
10 Apr 1992 | UK | Baltic Exchange bombing | $897 million | Provisional IRA |
Terrorism by country and region
- Terrorist activity in Belgium
- Terrorist incidents in Denmark
- Terrorist incidents in France
- Terrorism in Germany
- Terrorism in Greece
- Terrorism in Italy
- Terrorism in Norway
- Terrorism in Russia
- Terrorism in Serbia
- Terrorism in the United Kingdom
- Terrorism in Yugoslavia
See also
- Islamic terrorism in Europe
- Islamic terrorism in Europe (2014–present)
- List of non-state terrorist incidents
- Terrorism in the United States
References
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^ "Global Terrorism Index 2017". globalterrorismindex.org. Retrieved 2018-06-22.Just five countries account for three quarters of all deaths from terrorism: Iraq, Afghanistan, Syria, Nigeria and Pakistan.
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^ Tadeusz Władysław Świątek, Rafał Chwiszczuk, Warszawski ruch społecznikowski, Fundacja Cultus, Warszawa, 2010,
ISBN 978-83-62679-00-3, p.149
^ "PALACE BOMBED, 100 KILLED; Bessarabian Conspirators Accused of Outrage at Bolgard". The New York Times. 14 December 1921. Retrieved 2011-10-15.
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^ Sutton, Malcolm. "CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths".
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^ Bocca, Giorgio. Gli anni del terrorismo (in Italian). pp. 291–293.|access-date=requires|url=(help)
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^ "Civil Guard website listing the Civil Guard retired high rank member died in the fire as an ETA victim". Archived from the original on 2008-06-07.
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^ 25 años del atentado de la plaza de la República Dominicana, El Diario Montanes, 14 January 2017
^ "Bomb explodes in Barcelona". Los Angeles Times. 19 June 1987. Retrieved 2017-01-14.
^ "Enniskillen bomb victim dies after 13-year coma". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
^ El País: Zaragoza: cinco ataúdes blancos 2 August 2009 accessed 14 January 2017
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^ http://ecodiario.eleconomista.es/espana/noticias/1326181/06/09/Vic-Barcelona-recordara-hoy-a-las-victimas-del-atentado-de-ETA-en-su-casa-cuartel.html
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^ "Man cleared over Omagh bombing". CNN.com. 20 December 2007. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
^ "elmundo.es. Documento: Auto del 11-M".
^ ZoomNews (in spanish) Archived 2015-03-15 at the Wayback Machine.. The 192nd victim (Laura Vega) died in 2014, after a decade in coma in a hospital of Madrid. She was the last hospitalized injured person.
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^ Seierstad, Asne (2016). One of Us: The Story of Anders Breivik and the Massacre in Norway. p. 5. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
^ "French security forces kill gunmen, end terror rampage". 9 January 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
^ "Прокуратура расследует обстрел автобуса под Волновахой по статье "теракт"" (in Russian). Retrieved 2018-02-25.
^ "Macedonia charges 30 with terrorism after Kumanovo clashes". BBC. 11 May 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
^ "Paris attacks death toll rises to 130". RTE News. 20 November 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
^ "Brussels Attacks Death Toll Lowered To 32". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
^ "Nice killer visited Italy's 'Little Calais' as he was radicalised over a year before July 14 massacre". The Telegraph. 14 October 2016.
^ Eddy, Melissa (21 December 2016). "Germany Seeks Tunisian Tied to Berlin Christmas Market Attack". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
^ Abbit, Beth (2017-06-22). "Number of people injured in Manchester terror attack rises to 250". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 2017-06-26.
^ "London attack: 12 arrested in Barking after van and knife attack". BBC News. Retrieved 4 June 2017.
^ "Barcelona attack: Suspected van driver shot dead by police". BBC. 21 August 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
^ Burgen, Stephen. "Spanish attacks death toll rises to 16 after woman dies in hospital". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
^ "Most Expensive Terrorist Attacks in the World". Retrieved 24 March 2018.
^ "The Bishopsgate Bomb: One bomb: pounds 1bn devastation: Man dead after". 25 April 1993. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
^ "IRA's City of London Bomb Aimed for Financial Impact". 27 April 1993. Retrieved 24 March 2018 – via Christian Science Monitor.
Bibliography
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Barry M. Rubin; Judith Colp Rubin (2008). Chronologies of Modern Terrorism. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 9780765622068.
- Janos Besenyo: Low-cost attacks, unnoticable plots? Overview on the economical character of current terrorism, Strategic Impact (ROMANIA) (ISSN: 1841-5784) (eISSN: 1824-9904) 62/2017: (Issue No. 1) pp. 83–100.
- Poland, J.M (1988). Understanding Terrorism. Englewood Cliffs. NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Further reading
- Romagnoli, M. 2016, "The Effects of Terrorism on Tourism: (Inter)relations, Motives & Risks", Almatourism, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 125–133.
External links
European Counter Terrorism Centre – Europol
List of most wanted fugitives in Europe – Europol
