State Duma
State Duma Государственная Дума (Russian) Gosudarstvennaya Duma | |
---|---|
7th State Duma | |
Type | |
Type | Lower House of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation |
Leadership | |
Chairman | Vyacheslav Volodin, United Russia Since 5 October 2016 |
First Deputy Chairmen | Alexander Zhukov, United Russia Since 5 October 2016 |
Ivan Melnikov, Communist Party Since 5 October 2016 | |
Structure | |
Seats | 450 |
Political groups | Government (341)
Confidence and supply (40)
Opposition (67)
Vacant (2)
|
Elections | |
Voting system |
|
Last election | 18 September 2016 |
Next election | September 2021 |
Meeting place | |
State Duma Building 1 Okhotny Ryad Street, Moscow | |
Website | |
www.duma.gov.ru |
The State Duma (Russian: Госуда́рственная Ду́ма, tr. Gosudárstvennaya Dúma), commonly abbreviated in Russian as Госду́ма (Gosduma), is the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia, while the upper house is the Council of the Federation. The Duma headquarters are located in central Moscow, a few steps from Manege Square. Its members are referred to as deputies. The State Duma replaced the Supreme Soviet as a result of the new constitution introduced by Boris Yeltsin in the aftermath of the Russian constitutional crisis of 1993, and approved by the Russian public in a referendum.
Contents
1 History
2 Powers
3 Procedure
4 Organization
4.1 Committees
4.2 Commissions
5 Membership
6 List of the State Duma convocations
7 Chairmen of the State Duma
8 Latest election
8.1 By-elections
9 Presidential envoys to the State Duma
10 Notes
11 References
12 External links
History
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The State Duma was introduced in 1906 after the violence and upheaval in the Russian Revolution of 1905 and was Russia's first elected parliament. The first two attempts by Tsar Nicholas II (1868-1918) to make it active were ineffective. Subsequently, each of these Dumas was dissolved after only a few months. The third Duma was the only one to last to the end of its 5-year term. After the 1907 electoral reform, the third Duma, elected in November 1907, was largely made up of members of the upper classes, as radical influences in the Duma had almost entirely been removed. The establishment of the Duma after the 1905 Revolution was to herald significant changes to the previous Russian Imperial autocratic system. Furthermore, the Duma was later to have an important effect on Russian history, as it was one of the contributing factors in the February Revolution of 1917, the first of two that year, which led to the abolition of autocracy in Russia and the overthrow of the Tsar.
Several generations and 75 years later after another revolutionary era, the December 1993 elections pro-Yeltsin parties won 175 seats in the Duma versus 125 seats for the left bloc. The balance of power lay with the sixty four deputies of the ultranationalist Liberal Democratic Party of Russia. Only parties that won more than five percent of the vote were given party-list seats: eight passed the threshold in 1993. In addition to those eight parties, a pool of thirty five deputies was entitled to form a registered group to reflect regional or sectoral interests. Business was governed by a steering committee, the Duma Council, consisting of one person from each party or group. The most important task was dividing up the chair positions in the Duma’s twenty three committees, which was done as part of a power-sharing "package" deal.
During the second half of the 1990s, the Duma became an important forum for lobbying by regional leaders and businessmen looking for tax breaks and legislative favors. The work of the leading committees, such as those for defense, foreign affairs, or budget, attracted a good deal of media attention and lobbying activity.
In the early 2000s, following the 1999 parliamentary elections, the pro-presidential Unity party and the Communist Party of the Russian Federation were the leading forces in the State Duma.
A 2016 exposé by Dissernet showed that 1 in 9 members of the State Duma had obtained academic degrees with theses that were substantially plagiarized and likely ghostwritten.[4]
Powers
The State Duma has special powers enumerated by the Constitution of Russia. They are:
- consent to the appointment of the Prime Minister of Russia;
- hearing annual reports from the Government of the Russian Federation on the results of its work, including on issues raised by the State Duma;
- deciding the issue of confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation;
- appointment and dismissal of the Chairman of the Central Bank of Russia;
- appointment and dismissal of the Chairman and half of the auditors of the Accounts Chamber;
- appointment and dismissal of the Commissioner for Human rights, who shall act according to federal constitutional law;
- announcement of amnesty;
- bringing charges against the President of the Russian Federation for his impeachment (requires a two-thirds majority);
The State Duma adopts decrees on issues relating to its authority by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
Procedure
Decrees of the State Duma are adopted by a majority of the total number of deputies of the State Duma, unless another procedure is envisaged by the Constitution. All bills are first approved by the State Duma and are further debated and approved (or rejected) by the Federation Council.
Relatively few roll call votes have been published that identify individual deputies' votes.[5] The votes of individuals are recorded only if the voting is open and the electronic method is used.[5] While not all votes are officially roll call votes, every time a deputy electronically votes a computer registers the individual deputy's vote.[6]
Organization
Committees
The State Duma forms committees and commissions. Committees are the main organs of the House involved in the legislative process. They are formed, as a rule, according to the principle of proportional representation of parliamentary associations. Chairmen of committees and their first deputies and deputies are elected by a majority vote of all deputies of the parliamentary representation of associations.
The main structural units of the State Duma are committees, each having a different sphere of responsibilities. Duma committees are formed for the duration of the current Duma itself. There are currently 26 comittees in the 7th State Duma. Their areas of authority include:[citation needed]
- proposing to build an exemplary program of legislative work of the State Duma for the current session calendar and address the issues of the State Duma for the next month;
- implement prior review of bills and preparing them for consideration by the State Duma;
- preparation of draft regulations of the State Duma;
- preparation of opinions on draft laws and draft resolutions brought before the State Duma;
- training in accordance with the decision of the House requests the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation;
- in accordance with the decision of the Council of the State Duma, State Duma Chairman requested preparation of draft regulations of the State Council to send representatives to the State Duma of the Constitutional Court of Russia;
- organization of the parliamentary hearings;
- opinions and proposals on appropriate sections of the draft federal budget;
- analysis of the practice of law.
List of Committees (September 2018)
- Agrarian Issues
- Budget and Taxes
- CIS, Eurasian Integration and Russian Diaspora Relations
- Civil Society, Public and Religious Organizations
- Culture
- Defense
- Duma Organization and Regulation
- Economic Policy, Industry, innovation, and Entrepreneurship
- Education and Science
- Energy
- Environment
- Family, Women and Children Affairs
- Federal Affairs and Regional Self-Governance
- Financial Market
- Healthcare
- Housing Policy and Communal Services
- Information Policy, IT and Communications
- International Affairs
- Labor, Social Policy and Veterans Affairs
- National Security and Corruption
- Nationalities
- Natural Resources, Property and Land
- Regional, North and Far East Affairs
- Physical Culture, Sports, Tourism, and Youth
- State Building and Legislation
- Transport and Construction
Commissions
The State Duma commissions are formed in the cases and manner prescribed by law. Commissions are formed for a period not exceeding the term of the Duma of the convocation. In the 5th convocation of the State Duma, there were five committees:
- Commission mandated Affairs and Parliamentary Ethics
- Accounts Commission
- Commission for consideration of the federal budget to ensure the defense and national security of the Russian Federation
- Commission for legislative support of anti-corruption
- Commission for legislative support of activity of natural monopolies and state corporations and commercial organizations with state participation
Membership
Any Russian citizen who is age 21 or older is eligible to participate in the election may be elected deputy to the State Duma.[7] However, that same person may not be a deputy to the Federation Council. In addition, a State Duma deputy cannot hold office in any other representative body of state power or bodies of local self-government. The office as deputy of the State Duma is a full-time and professional position.[8] Thus, deputies to the State Duma may not be employed in the civil service or engage in any activities for remuneration other than teaching, research or other creative activities.
List of the State Duma convocations
Duma | Period | Election |
---|---|---|
1st | 12 December 1993 – 16 December 1995 | 1993 |
2nd | 17 December 1995 – 19 December 1999 | 1995 |
3rd | 19 December 1999 – 7 December 2003 | 1999 |
4th | 7 December 2003 – 24 December 2007 | 2003 |
5th | 2 December 2007 – 21 December 2011 | 2007 |
6th | 21 December 2011 – 5 October 2016 | 2011 |
7th | 5 October 2016 – current | 2016 |
Chairmen of the State Duma
Ivan Rybkin (1994–1996)
Gennadiy Seleznyov (1996–2003)
Boris Gryzlov (2003–2011)
Sergey Naryshkin (2011-2016)
Vyacheslav Volodin (since 2016)
Latest election
Party | PR | Constituency | Total result | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | ±pp | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Seats | +/– | |||
United Russia | 28,527,828 | 54.20 | 4.87 | 140 | 25,162,770 | 48.42 | 203 | 343 | +105 | ||
Communist Party of the Russian Federation | 7,019,752 | 13.34 | 5.85 | 35 | 6,492,145 | 12.93 | 7 | 42 | –50 | ||
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia | 6,917,063 | 13.14 | 1.47 | 34 | 5,064,794 | 9.75 | 5 | 39 | –17 | ||
A Just Russia | 3,275,053 | 6.22 | 7.02 | 16 | 5,017,645 | 9.66 | 7 | 23 | –41 | ||
Communists of Russia | 1,192,595 | 2.27 | N/A | 0 | 1,847,824 | 3.56 | 0 | 0 | +0 | ||
Yabloko | 1,051,335 | 1.99 | 1.44 | 0 | 1,323,793 | 2.55 | 0 | 0 | +0 | ||
Russian Party of Pensioners for Justice | 910,848 | 1.73 | N/A[9] | 0 | No SMC | +0 | |||||
Rodina | 792,226 | 1.51 | N/A[10] | 0 | 1,241,642 | 2.39 | 1 | 1 | +1 | ||
Party of Growth | 679,030 | 1.29 | 0.69 | 0 | 1,171,259 | 2.25 | 0 | +0 | |||
The Greens | 399,429 | 0.76 | N/A[11] | 0 | 770,076 | 1.48 | 0 | +0 | |||
People's Freedom Party | 384,675 | 0.73 | N/A[12] | 0 | 530,862 | 1.02 | 0 | +0 | |||
Patriots of Russia | 310,015 | 0.59 | 0.38 | 0 | 704 197 | 1.36 | 0 | +0 | |||
Civic Platform | 115,433 | 0.22 | N/A | 0 | 364,100 | 0.70 | 1 | 1 | +1 | ||
Civilian Power | 73,971 | 0.14 | N/A | 0 | 79,922 | 0.15 | 0 | +0 | |||
Independent | No Party list | 429,051 | 0.83 | 1 | 1 | +1 | |||||
Invalid/blank votes | 982,596 | 1.87 | –0.30 | 1,767,725 | 3.40 | – | – | – | |||
Total | 52,700,922 | 100 | 0.00 | 225 | 51,967,805 | 100 | 225 | 450 | 0 | ||
Registered voters/turnout | 110,061,200 | 47.88 | 0.00 | 109,636,794 | 47.40 | ||||||
Source: CIKRF |
By-elections
Two seats remain vacant as of September 2018.
Presidential envoys to the State Duma
- Alexander Yakovlev (February 18, 1994 – February 10, 1996)
- Alexander Kotenkov (February 10, 1996 – April 5, 2004)
- Alexander Kosopkin (April 5, 2004 – January 9, 2009)
- Garry Minkh (since February 10, 2009)
Notes
^ 340 deputies from United Russia and one Independent deputy
References
^ "Умер депутат Александр Коровников". 2018-08-11. Retrieved 2018-08-11..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ "Избирком зарегистрировал Фургала губернатором Хабаровского края". 2018-09-28. Retrieved 2018-09-28.
^ 2014 electoral law Archived 2014-02-27 at the Wayback Machine. at pravo.gov.ru (in Russian)
^ Neyfakh, Leon (2016-05-22). "The Craziest Black Market in Russia". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Archived from the original on 2016-12-30. Retrieved 2016-05-23.
^ ab Chandler, Andrea (2004). Shocking Mother Russia: Democratization, Social Rights, and Pension Reform in Russia, 1990-2001. University of Toronto Press. p. 97. ISBN 0-8020-8930-5.
^ Ostrow, Joel M. (2000). Comparing Post-Soviet Legislatures: A Theory of Institutional Design and Political Conflict. Ohio State University Press. pp. 24–25. ISBN 0-8142-0841-X. LCCN 99-059121.
^ Article 97(2) of the Constitution of Russia
^ Article 97(3) of the Constitution of Russia
^ Russian Party of Pensioners for Justice participated in the last election as part of A Just Russia
https://rg.ru/2012/10/29/partii-site.html
^ Rodina participated in the last election as part of A Just Russia
https://rg.ru/2012/10/29/partii-site.html
^ The Greens participated in the last election as part of A Just Russia "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-04-19. Retrieved 2015-07-08.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
^ The party did not participate in the 2011 elections because its registration was revoked from 2007 until 2012
External links
Official website (in Russian)
Coordinates: 55°45′27″N 37°36′55″E / 55.75750°N 37.61528°E / 55.75750; 37.61528