5 ft 3 in gauge railways
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Railways with track gauge of 5 ft 3 in (1,600 mm) are broad gauge railways, currently in use in Australia, Brazil and Ireland.
Contents
1 History
2 Nomenclature
3 Installations
4 Similar gauges
5 Locomotives
6 See also
7 References
History
- 600 BCE
- The Diolkos (Δίολκος) across the Isthmus of Corinth in Greece – a grooved paved trackway – was constructed with an average gauge of 5 ft 3 in (1,600 mm).[1]
- 1840
- The Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway was constructed to 5 ft 3 in gauge, converted to 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge in 1854–1855.
- 1843
- The Board of Trade of the United Kingdom recommended the use of 5 ft 3 in in Ireland, after investigating a dispute caused by diverse gauges in Ireland.
- 1846
- The Regulating the Gauge of Railways Act 1846 made this gauge mandatory throughout all of Ireland.[2]
- 1847
- The Swiss Northern Railway was opened, converted to standard gauge in 1854.
- 1854
- The first Australian 5 ft 3 in line was opened, the Melbourne and Hobson's Bay Railway Company.
- 1858
- The first Brazilian 5 ft 3 in railway was opened, the Companhia de Estrada de Ferro Dom Pedro II.
- 1863
- The Canterbury Provincial Railways in New Zealand was built in 5 ft 3 in until gauge conversion to 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) in 1876
Nomenclature
- In Ireland and the United Kingdom this gauge is known as Irish gauge.[3][4] (Irish: leithead Éireannach)[5] In Ireland it is also common to hear it referred to as standard gauge, in contrast to the various 3 ft gauge railways of the island.
- In the Australian state of Victoria this gauge is known as Victorian broad gauge.[6][7]. In South Australia it is simply known as broad gauge.
- In Brazil this gauge is mainly known as broad gauge (Portuguese: bitola larga), but it is also less known as Irish gauge (Portuguese: bitola irlandesa).
Installations
| Country/territory | Railway |
|---|---|
| Australia | States of South Australia, Victoria (Victorian broad gauge), New South Wales (a few lines built by, and connected to, the Victorian rail system) and Tasmania, Australia (one line, Deloraine to Launceston, opened in 1871, partly converted to dual gauge, and then converted to 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) in 1888). |
| Brazil | Lines connecting the states of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Minas Gerais; E.F.Carajás in Pará and Maranhão states, and Ferronorte in Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul states. Used in older Metro systems. Although the metre gauge network is almost 5 times longer,[8] Irish gauge is considered the standard by ABNT.[9] The current network is 4,057 km or 2,521 mi, 15% of the total Brazilian network. |
| Germany | Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway 1840–1855[10] |
| Switzerland | Swiss Northern Railway between 1847 and 1854, converted to 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge. |
| Ireland | Irish broad gauge. The current network is 2,400 km or 1,491 mi.[11] |
| New Zealand | Canterbury Provincial Railways from 1863; all routes converted to 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) by 1876 |
| United Kingdom | Northern Ireland Railways – entire network, currently 330 km or 205 mi. |
Similar gauges
The Pennsylvania trolley gauges of 5 ft 2 1⁄2 in (1,588 mm) and 5 ft 2 1⁄4 in (1,581 mm) are similar to Irish gauge, but incompatible. There is also 5 ft 2 in (1,575 mm) gauge, which is similar as well. See: Track gauge in Ireland.
Locomotives
One of the supposed advantages of the broader 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) Irish gauge, compared to 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge, is that the greater space between the wheels allows for bigger cylinders. In practice, Ireland does not have any heavily-loaded or steeply-graded lines that would require especially powerful locomotives. The most powerful steam locomotives on systems of this gauge were:
- Ireland – GSR Class 800 – Tractive effort: 155 kN (34,850 lbf)
Victoria – Victorian Railways H class – 245 kN (55,080 lbf); 23.6 t (23.2 long tons; 26.0 short tons) axle load – 1 in 48 (2.1%) grade.
By comparison a non-articulated standard gauge locomotive in the same country was:
NSW D57 class locomotive[citation needed] of 286 kN (64,300 lbf) – 1 in 33 (3.333 %) grades
See also
- Track gauge in Australia
References
^ Lewis, M. J. T. (2001), "Railways in the Greek and Roman world", in Guy, A.; Rees, J., Early Railways. A Selection of Papers from the First International Early Railways Conference (PDF), pp. 8–19 (10–15), archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-03-12.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ "ODDS AND ENDS". Colonial Times. Hobart, Tas.: National Library of Australia. 24 March 1846. p. 4. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
^ "Dublin's Strangest Tales". google.nl.
^ Mike W. Harry. "Cast Into the Unknown". google.nl. p. 30.
^ "Pota Focal - leithead". Pota Focal. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
^ "Back on Track". google.nl.
^ Transfer of gauge, a useful railway invention Sunday Times (Perth, WA) Sunday 8 June 1902 Supplement, page 1
^ Rail_transport_in_Brazil
^ Newer Metro systems use 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge.
^ Rieger, Bernhard (2006-04-23). "Breitspurbahn". Retrieved 2007-11-29.
^ "Infrastructure". Irish Rail.
