Memphis Red Sox
















Memphis Red Sox
1920–1959
Memphis, Tennessee
League affiliation(s)



  • Negro Southern League (1921-1924)


  • Negro National League (I) (1924–1925)


  • Negro Southern League (1926)


  • Negro National League (I) (1927–1930)


  • Negro Southern League (1931–1936)


  • Negro American League (1937–1959)


Ballpark(s)


  • Russwood Park

  • Field's Park

  • Lewis Park

  • Martin's Stadium


Titles
League titles 1938

The Memphis Red Sox were a Negro League baseball team that was active from 1920 to 1959. The franchise won the 1938 First Half Championship in their second season in the Negro American League but, despite assembling some talented line-ups in the 1940s, never replicated the success of that year.




Contents






  • 1 Founding


  • 2 1923 Thru 1928


  • 3 1929 Thru 1960


  • 4 The Death of Porter Moss


  • 5 Notable players


  • 6 References





Founding


In 1921 Memphis had two main Negro baseball clubs, the Memphis Union Giants and the A. P. Martin's Barber Boys Baseball Club. The Union Giants were owned by real estate salesman and bookkeeper Sherman G. King. The Union Giants were managed by Chick Cummings who was also a player on the team.[1] The A. P. Martin's Barber Boys, also known as the A. P. Martin's Barber College Team,[2] was the creation of a Memphis barber named Arthur Peterson Martin. The team was a way for Martin to promote his two barber shops[1] which were located in Memphis on Main and Beale Street[3] and his barber college.[2]


The A. P. Martin's Barber College Team had been in existence since at least 1920. They played home games at Russwood Park. The park was home to the white minor league Memphis Chicks.[4] Toward the end of the summer of 1920 a promotion in the Arkansas newspaper the Hot Spring New Era invited readers to come out and watch the “Championship of the South” as the champions of Tennessee, A.P. Martin's Barber College Team face the champions of Arkansas, the Vapor City Tigers. An article in the same paper states that, “the Memphis club has beat everything in Tennessee and Alabama.” The results of the games were not published.[2][5]


The Memphis Union Giants or Memphis Giants had existed in some form since at least 1907.[6] They played throughout the region. The Giants played members of the National Association of Colored Baseball Clubs in 1908 and 1909.[7] They are mentioned in local newspapers until 1915.[8] From 1915 till 1920 there is very little mention of them or any other black teams from Memphis. The team appears to have disbanded during these years as the announcement for the 1921 team said the city was“… reorganizing the famous Memphis Union Giants known in times gone by as one of the fastest Colored team in the country.” [9]


Of these two teams the Union Giants were billed as "the toughest team in the south", but the Barber Boys Ball Club was the preeminent team due to their membership in the Negro Southern League.[1] The Barber College Team played the Chicago American Giants as the northerns toured the south in early April of 1921. The Barber Boys lost 2 to 1 in eleven innings. The Chicago Tribune’s short write-up of the game lists Martin’s team by name.[10] Southern newspapers, though, often referred to the team as simple “Memphis” or one of several other names.[11] The Montgomery Advertiser referred to the team as the Memphis Stars and the New Orleans Times-Picayune listed the team as the Memphis Black Chicks.[12][13] It wasn’t till late July that the newspaper, the Tennessean, published an article about Elite Giants who were to play a four game series against the Memphis Red Sox.[14]


At the start of the 1922 baseball season the team representing Memphis in the Negro Southern League was no longer the A. P. Martin's Barber Boys Baseball Club but rather the Memphis Red Sox. Players on the Memphis Red Sox were a combination of players from the Barber Boys and the Union Giants. John W. Miller was the team president and Chick Cummings, the former manager of the Union Giants, was manager of the new club. The team played their first game at Russwood Park on May 3 against Birmingham Black Barons. Memphis won the game against the Barons 4 to 0. The Red Sox played the rest of their 1922 season home games at Russwood and Field's Park.[1]


With the new team name came new owners, John Miller (also the team president) and Moses Dandridge.[1] Miller and Dandridge were co-owners of the Liberty Auto Repair of Memphis.[15] They purchased the Barber College Team from A. P. Martin in 1921.[16] The two would own the team for less than two seasons. By 1923 they had sold the team[1] and Dandridge was no longer listed as a co-owner of the auto repair shop.[17]


The Negro Southern League was under severe strain during the 1922 season due to financial problems and bad management. The league was reorganized in 1923 to try to fix these issues. This led to the Red Sox not playing teams in the Negro Southern League after mid July, and instead play teams from the Negro National League. The team played both the St. Louis Stars and the Chicago American Giants at home. They swept a five-game series with Chicago.[1] Chicago would later go on to win the Negro National League pennant for the third straight year.[18] Both the Commercial Appeal and the Dallas Express newspaper refer to Memphis as the winners of the Southern Negro League pennant,[1][19] but the Nashville Elite Giants appeared to have had the best record.[20] Despite the discrepancy in September, Memphis played in the first annual Colored Dixie Classic. The series was a playoff between the winner of the Southern Negro League and the winner of the Texas Negro League. In newspaper ads it was promoted as the “Championship of the South” and “A Little World Series.”[21] Memphis won the series against the Dallas Black Giants. The Giants took only three games of the nine game series.[22] The Dallas Express newspaper, at the conclusion of the Dixie Series, said the following about the victorious Red Sox. “A well balanced base ball machine made up of experience, brain, team work, team play, and inside base ball is the only way to characterize the strength and playing ability of the formidable baseball combination the Memphis Red Sox.”[22]



1923 Thru 1928


Richard Stevenson Lewis was the owner of the Red Sox at the start of the 1923 season.[23] The 30 years old[24] Lewis was the owner and operation of R. S. Lewis Funeral Home on Vance Avenue in Memphis.[25] It is not clear when Lewis bought the team from Miller and Dandridge. During the Dixie Colored Series of 1922 he is listed in The Dallas Express as the team's president.[22]


On May 15 the Memphis Red Sox dedicated their new stadium at Lewis Park. Built by the team's new owner, the stadium held approximately 3000 people.[1] It consisted of a grandstand behind home plate, a set of bleachers that ran down the third base line, and a fence that enclosed the remainder of the field.[26]


The Red Sox are one of only a few teams in the Negro Leagues that owned their stadium. Among them, the St. Louis Stars owned Star Park,[27] the Pittsburgh Crawford's owned Greenlee Field in Pittsburgh,[28] the Nashville Giants owned Tom Wilson Park in Nashville, and the Claybrook Tigers owned Tiger Stadium in Claybrook, Arkansas.[29] Since the Red Sox now owned their stadium the expense of leasing a ballpark, which could sometime cost up to twenty percent of the gate recipts, was eliminated.Teams that leased stadiums also had to arrange their schedules around the owning team's schedule, which lead to difficulties scheduling league games and cooridinating road games. Memphis would retain its Negro League stadium till the team played its last game in 1959.[1]


In 1923 the Toledo Tigers ball club, a member of the Negro National League, was dissolve in mid season. The Cleveland Tate Stars, who were expected to fill the Tiger's spot, could not raise the money for the deposit that the league required. This created an opening for a team in the Negro National League. The two top teams in the Negro Southern League, the Memphis Red Sox and the Birmingham Black Barons, were considered the top contenders to fill the spot.[30][31] Joe Rush owner of the Black Barons and R. S. Lewis owner of the Red Sox both travelled to Chicago to meet with the president of the Negro National League, Andrew "Rube" Foster, in late July.[31][1][32] Neither team was selected to fill the vacancy created by the departure of the Toledo club, but both were granted associate membership to the league.[1] This benefitted both Birmingham and Memphis by preventing National Negro League clubs from enticing players on the Red Sox or Barons roosters to abandon their team and play for the northern teams. It also allowed both southern teams to play the Negro National League teams at a regular interval, which translated to more profit due to higher attendance.[33]


The Negro Southern League with the loss Memphis and Birmingham did not post second half season standings. The league appears to have folded after the first half of 1923. Memphis had 15 wins to 16 loses as the first half of the Negro Southern League wrapped up. They were second to Birmingham, the dominant club in the league, who had 24 wins and 8 loses.[33] Memphis played 19 games as an associate member of the Negro National League[34] against such teams as the Milwaukee Bears, Toledo Tigers, and St. Louis Stars.[33] The team won 13 of those games and lost 6.[34] Memphis finished the season as they had in 1922 by playing the Dallas Black Giants of the Negro Texas League. The Black Giants swept Memphis in three games at Dallas.[1]


The Memphis Red Sox remained an associate member of the Negro National League in 1924.[35] During the leagues winter meetings in December of 1923 Birmingham, though, had been made a full member.[36] The Negro Southern League, which disbanded in 1923 with the loss of its two best teams, did not reform in 1924. Former teams in the Negro Southern League were left to play independently.[33]


The first preseason game of 1924 at Lewis Stadium was not played due to weather. The game was scheduled for March 30th was cancelled after a storm hit the city.[1] The same storm impacted almost half the country. Severe thunderstorms, tornadoes, hail, gales force wind, flooding and blizzard conditions lead to the death of at least twenty-three people across the country. [37][38] After the cancellation of their first home game The Red Sox faced the Chicago American Giants in three exhibition games in mid April. The Red Sox lost the first two games of the series, but won the third game with a 6 to 4 score. The win was significant since it broke the Chicago American Giants 19 game win streak.[1][39]


Memphis first game of the regular Negro National League season was May 3rd. The team played the Cuban All-Stars.[40] The Cuban All-Stars were the only team in the Negro National League that did not have a home ballpark and were a road team for the entire season.[41] Memphis and the Cuban Stars split the two game series. Memphis’s schedule though May and into June included St. Louis, Indianapolis, and Birmingham.[1]


On June 26th the Indianapolis A.B.C’s were dropped from the Negro National League. Indianapolis had lost ten players over the winter to the Eastern Colored League. The lost of veteran players devastated the team. In their first seven home games the A.B.C’s won only one game. Due to the team’s poor performance it was designated as an associate team and Memphis took Indianapolis’s place in the league and also assumed their record of 3 wins and 19 loses.[42][43]


The month of July saw Memphis get off to a fast start. The team won 14 games and lost only 3. The team was ranked forth in the league.[44] The pace they set though couldn’t be maintained. From August 2nd to the end of the season Memphis would win only 5 games while losing 14. Memphis finished the season with an average of .439 in 5th place in the league.[34]



1929 Thru 1960


The Red Sox were purchased in 1929 by Dr. J.B. Martin and Dr. B.B. Martin, brothers in a prominent family in Memphis. J. B. Martin, a wealthy dentist and real estate investor, established his own ballpark, Martin Park, for the team in addition to a hotel near the field.[45] The Red Sox played in the Negro National League between 1924 and 1930, except for 1926, when the franchise rejoined the Negro Southern League. It later re-assimilated into the Negro Southern league in 1932, the only season it was designated as a major league.[45]


At various periods, the franchise played independently, but in 1937 the Red Sox became a charter member of the Negro American League. The following year, having earned a 21-4 record, the team won the First Half Championship. During the second half playoffs, against the Atlanta Black Crackers, Memphis jumped out to a two-game lead; however, the series was canceled, a consequence of friction between the teams' management. Never again did the Red Sox match the success of the 1938 season.[45][46]


On May 28, 1960 Dr. B.B. Martin announced he was dissolving the Red Sox for financial reason. “It has been a losing proposition for the past four or five years...,” Dr. Martin said. The Negro American League would continue on for just a couple more years before it dissolve completely and by 1970 nothing remained of the once popular Negro Baseball Teams.[1][47]



The Death of Porter Moss


Porter Moss was a right handed submarine pitcher who played for Memphis for six years and in the Negro Leagues for eight years.[48][49] A college educated man, Porter played the first year in the Negro Leagues as a part of the Cincinnati Tigers.[48][49] In 1938 he was traded from the Tigers to the Kansas City Monarchs and later that year he was traded again to the Chicago American Giants.[48][49] 1938 was also his first election to the West All-Star Team. As a member of the Memphis Red Sox he would go back to the East West All-Star Game two more times.[49] In 1944 Porter was having one of his best years. He started seven games and his ERA was only 2.63.[49]


On the night of July 15th fifty-five miles from Nashville in northern Tennessee, the Memphis Red Sox’s team bus broke down.[50][48] The bus had broken down before, but this night the driver and mechanic, Sam Thomas, couldn’t fix the aging vehicle.[1][48] With a double header scheduled the next day the team booked passage on a train at McEwen Tennessee to complete their trip to Memphis.[50][48][1] The team was forced to sit in the over crowded “Jim Crow” car where passengers were standing do to a lack of seats.[1] Johnny Easley, who was drunk, was arguing with passengers and especially pestering the females in the train car.[50][48] Porter approached Easley and said, “Why don’t you sit down and leave the woman alone?”[1][48] Easley, upset, walked to the back of the train car. Verdell Mathis, one of Porters teammates was glad to see Easley go. Verdell had notice that Easley was carrying a gun.[48]


As the train approached Camden, Easley began to argue with several ballplayers standing on the vestibule between the train cars.[50][48] The conductor and the pullman porter confronted Easley and were also threatened.[1] As the train was stopping at Camden, Easley jumped on to the depot platform and fire his gun into the crowd watching him from the train.[50] The bullet just missed the conductor and struck Porter Moss in the stomach.[50][1] Porter’s teammates carried him to the baggage car and laid him on some old clothes.[1][48] At the trains next stop, Waverly, no doctor could be found to treat Porter.[1] A doctor did board the train at Bruceton to treat a white passenger,[1] but when the doctor was asked to help Porter he refused because Porter was black.[1][48] An hour later the train pulled into Jackson.[1] Railroad officials had called ahead and had an ambulance waiting to take Porter to the hospital.[1][48]


By the time Porter made it to the hospital he had lost too much blood and doctors could not save him.[51][48] Porter Moss died on the 16thof July in Jackson Tennessee more than twelve hours after he was shot.[50][51] His death was announced after the first game of a Sunday double header between the Red Sox and the Cleveland Buckeyes at Russwood Field.[52][48] Fans at the game stood at attention for one minute in his memory.[52] The second game of the double header was canceled after the announcement was made.[1]


On October 10th1944 Johnny Easley plead guilty to 2nd Degree Murder in Benton County Tennessee Criminal Court.[53] He was sentenced to ten years in prison for the killing of Moss.[53] Five Memphis Red Sox players were present at the court to testify, but none were called to the stand.[53] The players present were Bubber Hyde, Jimmy Ford, Red Longley, Fred Bankhead and Willie Hutchinson.[53]


Moss left behind a wife, Artie Moss.[52] He was buried in Cincinnati, Ohio where he was born and his mother resided.[52][54]



Notable players




  • Verdell Mathis, left hand pitcher who also played first base and the outfield. Mathis pitched in two North-South Negro League All Star games and he was the winning pitcher in two East-West All-Star games.[55] In nine years with Memphis his ERA was 3.20.[56]


  • Marlin "Pee Wee" Carter played shortstop, second base, and third base. He had a BA of .257 and a OBP of .317 in his time with Memphis.[57] He also played in the 1942 East-West All-Star game.[58]


  • Cornelius "Neal" Randall Robinson played shortstop, second base, center field and left field. Over the eleven years he played Memphis, he played in eight East-West All-Star games. In the 1938 All-Star game he hit a 3 run inside the park home run that lead the West to a 5-4 victory over the East.[59] He had a career BA of .310 and an OBP of .377 over 14 years.[60]


  • Norman "Turkey" Stearnes played center field, left field and first base. He was only with Memphis for the 1922 season.[1] In his 13-year career he had a BA of .346 and an OBP of .407.[61] Stearnes played in four All-Star games was induction in to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2000.[1]


  • William "Willie" Hendrick Foster was a pitcher. He played with Memphis in 1923, 1924, and 1938. Foster was the half brother of Andrew "Rube" Foster, owner of the Chicago American Giants and one of the founders of the Negro National League.[32][62] In his eleven-year career he had an ERA of 2.77.[63] On July 2, 1923 while with Memphis, Foster pitched a no hitter against the independent Hot Spring black baseball club.[1] Foster was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1996.[62]

  • Country Singer Charley Pride also played for the team in 1953 and 1958 as a pitcher and outfielder.[64]



References





  1. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafag McBee, Kurt (August 2001). They Also Played the Game: A Historical Examination of the Memphis Red Sox Baseball Organization, 1922-1959 (PhD Dissertation). The University of Memphis..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ abc "Baseball". The Hot Springs New Era. 14 August 1920. p. 4.


  3. ^ 1921 Memphis City Directory, 1038


  4. ^ Fuller, T.O. (22 July 1920). "Activities Among Memphis Negroes". The News Scimitar (4th Edition). p. 3.


  5. ^ "Tigers to Play Memphis". Hot Springs New Era. 14 August 1920. p. 3.


  6. ^ "Louisville Giants Return". The Courier-Journal. 14 August 1907. p. 6.


  7. ^ "Philadephia Giants Won". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. 28 July 1907. p. 8.


  8. ^ "Blues have Much at Stake Sunday". Atchison Champion. 25 August 1915. p. 6.


  9. ^ "Memphis Union Giants Have Fast Ball Club". The Chicago Defender. 2 April 1921. p. 14.


  10. ^ "American Giants 2; Memphis 1". Chicago Tribune. 11 April 1921. p. 18.


  11. ^ "The Black Crackers…". 19 June 1921. p. 4.


  12. ^ "Grey Sox Win, Score Sixteen to Nothing". The Montgomery Advertiser. 4 May 1921. p. 6.


  13. ^ "Ads Rained Out; 2 Games Today". The Times-Picayune. 30 May 1922.


  14. ^ "Elite Giants will play Memphis". The Tennessean. 28 July 1921. p. 8.


  15. ^ 1922 Memphis City Directory, 318,792.


  16. ^ Magness, Perre (2 June 1994). "Great players stuck in the black leagues". The Commercial Appeal. p. EM2.


  17. ^ 1923 Memphis City Directory, 319


  18. ^ "Negro Leagues Baseball eMuseum: Team Profiles: Chicago American Giants". www.nlbemuseum.com. Retrieved 2019-01-21.


  19. ^ "Stage all set for the Dixie (World) Series". The Dallas Express. 9 September 1922. p. 7.


  20. ^ "Southern Negro League Standings" (PDF). www.negrosouthernleaguemuseumresearchcenter.org. 2019-01-20.


  21. ^ "Colored Dixie Series (Advertisement)". The Dallas Express. 2 September 1922. p. 7.


  22. ^ abc "Memphis Red Sox Win Dixie Series". The Dallas Express. 23 September 1922. p. 1,7.


  23. ^ Randal Rust. "Negro Leagues Baseball". Tennessee Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2019-02-01.


  24. ^ "Robert S Lewis". www.findagrave.com. Retrieved 2019-02-01.


  25. ^ "Historic Memphis funeral home turns 100, gets marker". www.commercialappeal.com. Retrieved 2019-02-01.


  26. ^ "lewis park, 1927". Agate Type. Retrieved 2019-02-01.


  27. ^ Lab, Missouri Historical Society | Mohistory. "A Rare Baseball Find: Stars Park | Missouri Historical Society". The Missouri Historical Society is ... Missouri Historical Society and was founded in 1866. Retrieved 2019-02-01.


  28. ^ "Greenlee Field site earns place in history". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 2019-02-01.


  29. ^ "Claybrook Tigers Baseball Team - Encyclopedia of Arkansas". www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net. Retrieved 2019-02-01.


  30. ^ "Negro "Major League" Teams" (PDF). www.cnlbr.org. 3 February 2019.


  31. ^ ab "Southern Managers in Chicago". The Pittsburgh Courier. 4 August 1923. p. 6.


  32. ^ ab "Negro Leagues Baseball eMuseum: Personal Profiles: Andrew "Rube" Foster". www.nlbemuseum.com. Retrieved 2019-02-01.


  33. ^ abcd Plott, William J. (2015). The Negro Southern League: A Baseball History, 1920-1951. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company Inc. pp. 44, 46–47. ISBN 978-0-7864-7544-5.


  34. ^ abc "Negro National League Standings (1920-1948)" (PDF). www.cnlbr.org. Retrieved 1 March 2019.


  35. ^ "Negro National League Gets in Full Swing". The Indianapolis News. 3 May 1924. p. 18.


  36. ^ "Birmingham Represented in the N.N. Circuit". The Pittsburgh Courier. 15 December 1923. p. 6.


  37. ^ "23 Die as Storms Grip the U.S.". The Chicago Tribune. 30 March 1924. p. 1.


  38. ^ "Score Died in Tornado, Flooding and Blizzard". The Tennessean. 30 March 1924. p. 1.


  39. ^ "AM. Giants Lose, 6-4". The Chicago Tribune. 14 April 1924. p. 25.


  40. ^ "Official Schedule of the Negro National League; Apr., May". The Pittsburgh Courier. 12 April 1924. p. 11.


  41. ^ "Negro National League Gets in Full Swing". The Indianapolis News. 3 May 1924. p. 18.


  42. ^ "Indianapolis to Make Big Shake-up in the Team". The Pittsburgh Courier. 31 May 1924. p. 6.


  43. ^ "Indianapolis Dropped from the National League". The Pittsburgh Courier. 28 June 1924. p. 6.


  44. ^ "N. N. League Standing". The Pittsburgh Courier. 2 August 1924. p. 6.


  45. ^ abc "Memphis Red Sox". Kansas State University. Retrieved May 7, 2017.


  46. ^ "Memphis Red Sox". Negro League Baseball. Retrieved May 7, 2017.


  47. ^ "1933-1962: The Business Meetings of Negro League Baseball | Society for American Baseball Research". sabr.org. Retrieved 2019-01-24.


  48. ^ abcdefghijklmno "Porter Moss was "the best of it all"". The Cincinnati Enquirer. 5 April 1993. p. 38.


  49. ^ abcde "Porter Moss - Seamheads Negro Leagues Database". www.seamheads.com. Retrieved 2019-03-21.


  50. ^ abcdefg "Hunt for Slayer". The Pittsburgh Courier. 22 July 1944. p. 12.


  51. ^ ab Certificate of Death: Porter Moss.  Filed 18 July 1944.  State of Tennessee, Dept. of Public Health, Div. of Vital Statistics, Reg. Dist. No. 581, Reg. No. 25805.


  52. ^ abcd "Porter Moss, Red Sox Pitcher, dies". The Pittsburgh Courier. 29 July 1944. p. 15.


  53. ^ abcd "Slayer of Red Sox pitcher Sentenced". The Pittsburgh Courier. 14 October 1944. p. 12.


  54. ^ "Moss's Death real blow to Memphis". The Pittsburgh Courier. 22 July 1944. p. 12.


  55. ^ "Negro Leagues Baseball eMuseum: Personal Profiles: Verdell Mathis". www.nlbemuseum.com. Retrieved 2019-02-01.


  56. ^ "Verdell Mathis - Seamheads Negro Leagues Database". www.seamheads.com. Retrieved 2019-02-01.


  57. ^ "Marlin Carter - Seamheads Negro Leagues Database". www.seamheads.com. Retrieved 2019-02-01.


  58. ^ "Marlin Carter - BR Bullpen". www.baseball-reference.com. Retrieved 2019-02-01.


  59. ^ "Negro Leagues Baseball eMuseum: Personal Profiles: Neal Robinson". www.nlbemuseum.com. Retrieved 2019-02-01.


  60. ^ "Neil Robinson - Seamheads Negro Leagues Database". www.seamheads.com. Retrieved 2019-02-01.


  61. ^ "Turkey Stearnes - Seamheads Negro Leagues Database". www.seamheads.com. Retrieved 2019-02-01.


  62. ^ ab "Negro Leagues Baseball eMuseum: Personal Profiles: William Foster". www.nlbemuseum.com. Retrieved 2019-02-03.


  63. ^ "Willie Foster - Seamheads Negro Leagues Database". www.seamheads.com. Retrieved 2019-02-01.


  64. ^ "Negro Leagues Baseball eMuseum: Personal Profiles: Charley Pride". www.nlbemuseum.com. Retrieved 2019-01-25.









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