Caenophidia































Caenophidia

Scientific classification e
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Reptilia
Order:
Squamata
Suborder:
Serpentes
Infraorder:
Caenophidia

The Caenophidia are a derived clade in the suborder Serpentes (snakes), which contains over 80% of all the extant species of snakes.[1] The largest family is Colubridae, but it also includes at least seven other families[1], at least four of which were once classified as "Colubridae" before molecular phylogenetics helped us understand their relationships. It has been found to be monophyletic.[1]


Although the Caenophidia previously was held to exclude Acrochordidae, researchers have recognized that Acrochordids share several traits with the other Caenophidians.[2] Hence Caenophidia is usually considered to comprise Acrochordidae plus more the more derived snakes classified as Colubroidea.



Families



  • Superfamily: Acrochordoidea
    • Family: Acrochordidae –file snakes, wart snakes, elephant-trunk-snakes


  • Superfamily: Colubroidea

    • Family: Xenodermidae Oppel, 1811—odd-scaled snakes (not spelled "Xenodermatidae"[3])

    • Family: Pareidae Oppel, 1811—snail-eating snakes (not spelled "Pareatidae"[3])

    • Family: Viperidae Oppel, 1811—vipers (including pit vipers)

      • Subfamily: Azemiopinae Liem, Marx and Rabb, 1971—Fea's viper

      • Subfamily: Crotalinae Oppel, 1811—pitvipers (including rattlesnakes)

      • Subfamily: Viperinae Oppel, 1811—true vipers



    • Family: Homalopsidae Günther, 1864—Asian mudsnakes

    • Family: Colubridae Oppel, 1811—colubrids, typical snakes

      • Subfamily: Sibynophiinae Dunn, 1928

      • Subfamily: Natricinae Bonaparte, 1838 (in some classifications as a full family "Natricidae")

      • Subfamily: Pseudoxenodontinae McDowell, 1987

      • Subfamily: Dipsadinae Bonaparte, 1838 (in some classifications as a full family "Dipsadidae")

      • Subfamily: Grayiinae Günther, 1858

      • Subfamily: Calamariinae Bonaparte, 1838

      • Subfamily: Ahaetullinae Figueroa, McKelvy, Grismer, Bell & Lailvaux, 2016

      • Subfamily: Colubrinae Oppel, 1811



    • Family: Elapidae F. Boie, 1827—Cobras, coral snakes, mambas, taipans, sea snakes, and others

    • Family: Lamprophiidae Fitzinger, 1843

      • Subfamily: Prosymninae Gray, 1849

      • Subfamily: Pseudaspidinae Cope, 1893

      • Subfamily: Psammophiinae Dowling, 1967

      • Subfamily: Lamprophiinae Fitzinger, 1843

      • Subfamily: Pseudoxyrhophiinae Dowling, 1975

      • Subfamily: Atractaspidinae Günther, 1858 (in some classifications as a full family "Atractaspididae")

      • Subfamily: Cyclorinae Weinell and Brown, 2017







Notes





  1. ^ abc Vidal, Nicolas; Delmas, Anne-Sophie; David, Patrick; Cruaudd, Corinne; Couloux, Arnaud; Hedges, S. Blair (2007). "The phylogeny and classification of caenophidian snakes inferred from seven nuclear protein-coding genes". Comptes Rendus Biologies. 330 (2): 182–187. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2006.10.001..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ Rieppel, O. (1979). "A cladistics classification of primitive snakes based on skull structure". Zeitschrift für Zoologie, Systematik und Evolutionforschung (Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research). 17: 140–150. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1979.tb00696.x.


  3. ^ ab Savage, J. M. (2015). "What are the correct family names for the taxa that include the snake genera Xenodermus, Pareas, and Calamaria?". Herpetological Review. 46: 664–665.











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