2008 NCAA Division I FCS football season







































2008 NCAA Division I FCS season

Football logo.png
Logo for the 2008 NCAA Division I Football Championship Game

Regular season
Duration August 28 – November 22
Playoff
Duration November 29 – December 19
Championship date December 19, 2008
Championship site
Finley Stadium, Chattanooga, TN
Champion
Richmond Spiders[1]
Payton Award
Armanti Edwards[2]
Buchanan Award
Greg Peach[3]
Division I FCS football season

«2007

2009»


The 2008 NCAA Division I FCS football season, part of the college football season, began on August 28, 2008 and concluded on December 19, 2008 in Chattanooga, Tennessee at the 2008 NCAA Division I National Football Championship game, where the Richmond Spiders defeated the Montana Grizzlies to win the NCAA Division I Football Championship.




Contents






  • 1 Rule changes for 2008


  • 2 Conference and program changes


  • 3 FCS team wins over FBS teams


  • 4 Notable upsets


  • 5 Conference standings


  • 6 Conference champions


    • 6.1 Automatic berths


    • 6.2 Invitation


    • 6.3 Abstains




  • 7 Postseason


    • 7.1 NCAA FCS Playoff bracket


    • 7.2 SWAC Championship Game


    • 7.3 Gridiron Classic




  • 8 Final poll standings


  • 9 References





Rule changes for 2008


The NCAA football rules committee made several rule changes for 2008, and includes the following:[4][5]



  • The 25-second play clock was replaced by a 40-second version similar to one that was used in the NFL until 2005.

  • The penalty for kicking the ball out of bounds on the kickoff is increased, placing the ball at the 40-yard line, similar to the NFL.

  • All face-mask penalties result in a 15-yard penalty. Incidental contact with the face mask is no longer penalized.

  • All horse-collar tackles are now subject to a 15-yard penalty.

  • If a coach challenges a play and they win the challenge, they are given a second challenge to use later in the game, and each coach has a maximum of two challenges per game even if both are decided in their favor.


In addition to the rules changes, this was the first season in which a standard provision of NCAA rules allowed FCS teams to schedule 12 regular-season games (not counting conference championship games). In years when the period starting with the Thursday before Labor Day and ending with the final Saturday in November contains 14 Saturdays, FCS programs may play 12 games instead of the regular 11.



Conference and program changes



  • The Gateway Football Conference changed its name to its now-current name, Missouri Valley Football Conference.

  • Following the 2007 season, the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference was forced to drop its football sponsorship after La Salle dropped its program. The two remaining teams, Iona and Marist, were forced to become independents. Iona would eventually drop its own program at the end of the 2008 season.































































School 2007 Conference 2008 Conference
Bryant
Northeast-10 (D-II)
FCS Independent
Campbell New Program
Pioneer
Duquesne MAAC
Northeast
Iona MAAC
FCS Independent
La Salle MAAC
Dropped Program
Marist MAAC
FCS Independent
North Dakota State Great West
Missouri Valley
Presbyterian D-II Independent
Big South
Samford Ohio Valley
Southern
South Dakota State Great West
Missouri Valley
Stony Brook FCS Independent
Big South


FCS team wins over FBS teams



  • August 30 – Cal Poly 29, San Diego State 27

  • September 6 – New Hampshire 28, Army 10



Notable upsets



  • August 30 – Arkansas-Monticello 21, Arkansas-Pine Bluff 0 (Division II over Division I FCS)

  • August 31 – Fayetteville State 33, North Carolina Central 22 (Division II over Division I FCS)

  • September 4 – St. Francis (IL) 21, Valparaiso 0 (NAIA over Division I FCS non-scholarship)

  • September 4 – Washburn 35, Missouri State 27 (Division II over Division I FCS)

  • September 5 – Stonehill 14, Wagner 13 (Division II over Division I FCS)

  • September 6 – Methodist 32, Campbell 21 (Division III over Division I FCS non-scholarship)

  • September 6 – UNC Pembroke 21, Davidson 9 (Division II over Division I FCS non-scholarship)

  • September 6 – Henderson State 34, Arkansas-Pine Bluff 0 (Division II over Division I FCS)

  • September 13 – Franklin 31, Butler 28 (Division III over Division I FCS non-scholarship)

  • September 20 – UNC Pembroke 22, Jacksonville 21 (Division II over Division I FCS non-scholarship)

  • September 20 – Marian 13, Valparaiso 10 (NAIA over Division I FCS non-scholarship)

  • October 4 – Tuskegee 34, Alabama A&M 24 (Division II over Division I FCS)

  • October 11 – Wesley 23, Iona 12 (Division III over Division I FCS non-scholarship)



Conference standings






























































































































































































2008 Big Sky football standings

  • v

  • t

  • e

 Conf     Overall
Team   W   L         W   L  
#2 Montana $^
   7
 – 1
         14
 – 2
  
#7 Weber State $^
   7
 – 1
         10
 – 4
  

Montana State
   5
 – 3
         7
 – 5
  

Eastern Washington
   5
 – 3
         6
 – 5
  

Northern Arizona
   4
 – 4
         6
 – 5
  

Sacramento State
   3
 – 5
         6
 – 6
  

Portland State
   3
 – 5
         4
 – 7
  

Northern Colorado
   1
 – 7
         1
 – 10
  

Idaho State
   1
 – 7
         1
 – 11
  



  • $ – Conference champion

  • ^ – FCS playoff participant

Rankings from The Sports Network FCS Poll





















































































































2008 Big South football standings

  • v

  • t

  • e

 Conf     Overall
Team   W   L         W   L  
#14 Liberty $
   5
 – 0
         10
 – 2
  

Stony Brook
   3
 – 2
         5
 – 6
  

Charleston Southern
   3
 – 2
         7
 – 5
  

Gardner–Webb
   2
 – 3
         5
 – 6
  

Coastal Carolina
   1
 – 4
         6
 – 6
  

VMI
   1
 – 4
         4
 – 7
  


  • $ – Conference champion
Rankings from The Sports Network poll
















































































































































































































2008 CAA football standings

  • v

  • t

  • e

 Conf     Overall
Team   W   L         W   L  

North
#8 New Hampshire x^
   6
 – 2
         10
 – 3
  
#18 Maine ^
   5
 – 3
         8
 – 5
  

UMass
   4
 – 4
         7
 – 5
  

Hofstra
   2
 – 6
         4
 – 8
  

Rhode Island
   1
 – 7
         3
 – 9
  

Northeastern
   1
 – 7
         2
 – 10
  

South
#3 James Madison x$^
   8
 – 0
         12
 – 2
  
#6 Villanova ^
   7
 – 1
         10
 – 3
  
#1 Richmond ^
   6
 – 2
         13
 – 3
  
#20 William & Mary
   5
 – 3
         7
 – 4
  

Delaware
   2
 – 6
         4
 – 8
  

Towson
   1
 – 7
         3
 – 9
  



  • x – Division champion/co-champions

  • ^ – FCS playoff participant

Rankings from The Sports Network FCS Poll







































































































2008 Great West football standings

  • v

  • t

  • e

 Conf     Overall
Team   W   L         W   L  
#10 Cal Poly $^
   3
 – 0
         8
 – 3
  

UC Davis
   2
 – 1
         5
 – 7
  

North Dakota
   1
 – 2
         6
 – 4
  

South Dakota
   1
 – 2
         6
 – 5
  

Southern Utah
   1
 – 3
         4
 – 7
  



  • $ – Conference champion

  • ^ – FCS playoff participant

Rankings from The Sports Network FCS Poll



















































































































































2008 Ivy League football standings

  • v

  • t

  • e

 Conf     Overall
Team   W   L         W   L  
#15 Harvard +
   6
 – 1
         9
 – 1
  

Brown +
   6
 – 1
         7
 – 3
  

Penn
   5
 – 2
         6
 – 4
  

Yale
   4
 – 3
         6
 – 4
  

Princeton
   3
 – 4
         4
 – 6
  

Cornell
   2
 – 5
         4
 – 6
  

Columbia
   2
 – 5
         2
 – 8
  

Dartmouth
   0
 – 7
         0
 – 10
  



  • + – Conference co-champions

  • The Ivy League does not participate in the FCS Playoffs

Rankings from The Sports Network FCS Poll

















































































































































































2008 MEAC football standings

  • v

  • t

  • e

 Conf     Overall
Team   W   L         W   L  
#13 South Carolina State $^
   8
 – 0
         10
 – 2
  

Florida A&M
   5
 – 3
         9
 – 3
  

Bethune-Cookman
   5
 – 3
         8
 – 3
  

Hampton
   5
 – 3
         6
 – 5
  

Delaware State
   5
 – 3
         5
 – 6
  

Morgan State
   4
 – 4
         6
 – 6
  

Norfolk State
   3
 – 5
         5
 – 7
  

North Carolina A&T
   1
 – 7
         3
 – 9
  

Winston-Salem State*
   0
 – 0
         3
 – 8
  

Howard
   0
 – 8
         1
 – 10
  



  • $ – Conference champion

  • ^ – FCS playoff participant

  • * Not eligible for conference championship

Rankings from AP Poll



































































































































































2008 Missouri Valley Football Conference standings

  • v

  • t

  • e

 Conf     Overall
Team   W   L         W   L  
#4 Northern Iowa $^
   7
 – 1
         12
 – 3
  
#11 Southern Illinois ^
   7
 – 1
         9
 – 3
  

South Dakota State
   6
 – 2
         7
 – 5
  

Western Illinois
   4
 – 4
         6
 – 5
  

North Dakota State
   4
 – 4
         6
 – 5
  

Missouri State
   3
 – 5
         4
 – 7
  

Youngstown State
   3
 – 5
         4
 – 8
  

Illinois State
   2
 – 6
         3
 – 8
  

Indiana State
   0
 – 8
         0
 – 12
  



  • $ – Conference champion

  • ^ – FCS playoff participant

Rankings from The Sports Network FCS Poll



















































































































































2008 Northeast Conference football standings

  • v

  • t

  • e

 Conf     Overall
Team   W   L         W   L  

Albany $
   7
 – 0
         9
 – 3
  

Monmouth
   6
 – 1
         7
 – 5
  

Sacred Heart
   4
 – 3
         8
 – 3
  

Central Connecticut State
   4
 – 3
         7
 – 4
  

Robert Morris
   4
 – 3
         5
 – 6
  

Duquesne
   2
 – 5
         3
 – 7
  

Wagner
   1
 – 6
         3
 – 8
  

Saint Francis
   0
 – 7
         0
 – 11
  



  • $ – Conference champion

  • ^ – FCS playoff participant

Rankings from The Sports Network FCS Poll


































































































































































2008 Ohio Valley football standings

  • v

  • t

  • e

 Conf     Overall
Team   W   L         W   L  
No. 19 Eastern Kentucky $^
   7
 – 1
         8
 – 4
  

Jacksonville State
   6
 – 2
         8
 – 3
  

Tennessee-Martin
   6
 – 2
         8
 – 4
  

Tennessee State
   5
 – 3
         8
 – 4
  

Murray State
   4
 – 4
         5
 – 7
  

Eastern Illinois
   3
 – 5
         5
 – 7
  

Southeast Missouri State
   2
 – 6
         4
 – 8
  

Austin Peay
   2
 – 6
         2
 – 9
  

Tennessee Tech
   1
 – 7
         3
 – 9
  



  • $ – Conference champion

  • ^ – FCS playoff participant

Rankings from The Sports Network FCS Poll





































































































































2008 Patriot League football standings

  • v

  • t

  • e

 Conf     Overall
Team   W   L         W   L  
#16 Colgate $^
   5
 – 0
         9
 – 3
  

Holy Cross
   5
 – 1
         7
 – 4
  

Lehigh
   4
 – 2
         5
 – 6
  

Lafayette
   3
 – 3
         7
 – 4
  

Bucknell
   2
 – 4
         5
 – 6
  

Fordham
   1
 – 5
         5
 – 6
  

Georgetown
   0
 – 5
         2
 – 8
  



  • $ – Conference champion

  • ^ – FCS playoff participant

Rankings from The Sports Network FCS Poll


































































































































































2008 Pioneer Football League standings

  • v

  • t

  • e

 Conf     Overall
Team   W   L         W   L  

Jacksonville $
   7
 – 1
         9
 – 4
  

San Diego
   6
 – 2
         9
 – 2
  

Dayton
   6
 – 2
         9
 – 3
  

Butler
   4
 – 4
         6
 – 5
  

Drake
   4
 – 4
         6
 – 5
  

Morehead State
   4
 – 4
         6
 – 6
  

Davidson
   3
 – 5
         4
 – 7
  

Valparaiso
   2
 – 6
         3
 – 8
  

Campbell
   0
 – 8
         1
 – 10
  



  • $ – Conference champion

  • ^ – FCS playoff participant

Rankings from The Sports Network FCS Poll


































































































































































2008 Southern Conference football standings

  • v

  • t

  • e

 Conf     Overall
Team   W   L         W   L  
#5 Appalachian State $^
   8
 – 0
         11
 – 3
  
#9 Wofford ^
   7
 – 1
         9
 – 3
  
#17 Elon
   6
 – 2
         8
 – 4
  

Furman
   4
 – 4
         7
 – 5
  

Samford
   4
 – 4
         6
 – 5
  

Georgia Southern
   4
 – 4
         6
 – 5
  

The Citadel
   2
 – 6
         4
 – 8
  

Western Carolina
   1
 – 7
         3
 – 9
  

Chattanooga
   0
 – 8
         1
 – 11
  



  • $ – Conference champion

  • ^ – FCS playoff participant

Rankings from The Sports Network FCS Poll




















































































































































2008 Southland Conference football standings

  • v

  • t

  • e

 Conf     Overall
Team   W   L         W   L  
#12 Central Arkansas $
   6
 – 1
         10
 – 2
  

Texas State ^
   5
 – 2
         8
 – 5
  

McNeese State
   4
 – 3
         7
 – 3
  

Northwestern State
   4
 – 3
         7
 – 5
  

Nicholls State
   3
 – 4
         3
 – 6
  

Southeastern Louisiana
   2
 – 5
         5
 – 7
  

Sam Houston State
   2
 – 5
         4
 – 6
  

Stephen F. Austin
   2
 – 5
         4
 – 8
  



  • $ – Conference champion

  • ^ – FCS playoff participant

Rankings from The Sports Network FCS Poll



















































































































































































2008 SWAC football standings

  • v

  • t

  • e

 Conf     Overall
Team   W   L         W   L  

East

Jackson State x
   6
 – 1
         7
 – 5
  

Alabama A&M
   4
 – 3
         5
 – 7
  

Alabama State
   2
 – 5
         3
 – 8
  

Mississippi Valley State
   1
 – 6
         3
 – 8
  

Alcorn State
   1
 – 6
         2
 – 10
  

West

Grambling State x$
   7
 – 0
         11
 – 2
  

Prairie View A&M
   6
 – 1
         9
 – 1
  

Southern
   5
 – 2
         6
 – 5
  

Arkansas–Pine Bluff
   2
 – 5
         3
 – 9
  

Texas Southern
   1
 – 6
         4
 – 8
  

Championship: Grambling State 41, Jackson State 9
December 13, 2008


  • $ – Conference champion

  • x – Division champion/co-champions





















































































































2008 NCAA Division I FCS independents football standings

  • v

  • t

  • e

 Conf     Overall
Team   W   L         W   L  

Savannah State
  
–
        5
 – 7
  

Marist
  
–
        4
 – 7
  

North Carolina Central
  
–
        4
 – 7
  

Iona
  
–
        3
 – 8
  

Winston–Salem State
  
–
        3
 – 8
  

Western Kentucky
  
–
        2
 – 10
  





Conference champions



Automatic berths
















































Conference Champion Record*

Big Sky Conference
 Montana
 11–0, 8-0

Colonial Athletic Association
 James Madison
 10–1, 8–0

Missouri Valley Football Conference
 Southern Illinois
 9–2, 7–1

Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference
 South Carolina State
 10–2, 8–0

Ohio Valley Conference
 Eastern Kentucky
 8–3, 7–1

Patriot League
 Colgate
 9–2, 5–0

Southern Conference
 Appalachian State
 10–2, 8–0

Southland Conference
 Texas State
 8–4, 5–2


Invitation




























Conference Champion Record*

Great West Conference
 Cal Poly
 8–2, 3–0

Big South Conference
 Liberty
 10–2, 5–0

Northeast Conference
 Albany
 8–3, 7–0

Pioneer Football League
 Jacksonville
 9–3, 7–1


Abstains


















Conference Champion Record*

Ivy League
 Brown
 7–3, 6–1

Southwestern Athletic Conference
 Grambling State
 11–2, 7–0

*Overall record, Conference record



Postseason



NCAA FCS Playoff bracket





































































































































































































































































































































First Round[6]
November 29
Campus Sites
Quarterfinals
December 6
Campus Sites
Semifinals
December 12 and December 13
Campus Sites
National Championship Game

December 19
Finley Stadium
Chattanooga, Tennessee
                       


Wofford
 35

1
James Madison*
38

1
James Madison*
31


Villanova
 27

Colgate
 28

Villanova*
55
1
 James Madison*
 27


4
Montana
35


Texas State
 13

4
Montana*
31

4
Montana*
24


Weber State
 13

Weber State
49

Cal Poly*
 35
4
 Montana
 7



Richmond
24


South Carolina State
 21

2
Appalachian State*
37
2
 Appalachian State*
 13



Richmond
33

Eastern Kentucky
 10

Richmond*
38


Richmond
21

3
 Northern Iowa*
 20


Maine
 15

3
Northern Iowa*
40

3
Northern Iowa*
36


New Hampshire
 34

New Hampshire
29

Southern Illinois*
 20

* Host institution



SWAC Championship Game



















Date Location Venue West Div. Champion East Div. Champion Result
December 13
Birmingham, Alabama
Legion Field
Grambling State
Jackson State
 Grambling State, 41–9[7]


Gridiron Classic


The Gridiron Classic is an annual game between the champions of the Northeast Conference and the Pioneer Football League that has been held since December 2006.



















Date Location Venue NEC Champion PFL Champion Result
December 6
Albany, New York
University Field
Albany
Jacksonville
 Albany, 28–0[8]


Final poll standings


Standings are from The Sports Network final 2008 poll.





































































































































Rank[9]
 Team Record
1 Richmond Spiders 13–3
2 Montana Grizzlies 14–2
3 James Madison Dukes 12–2
4 Northern Iowa Panthers 12–3
5 Appalachian State Mountaineers 11–3
6 Villanova Wildcats 10–3
7 Weber State Wildcats 10–4
8 New Hampshire Wildcats 10–3
9 Wofford Terriers 9–3
10 Cal Poly Mustangs 8–3
11 Southern Illinois Salukis 9–3
12 Central Arkansas Bears 10–2
13 South Carolina State Bulldogs 10–3
14 Liberty Flames 10–2
15 Harvard Crimson 9–1
16 Colgate Raiders 9–3
17 Elon Phoenix 8–4
18 Maine Black Bears 8–5
19 Eastern Kentucky Colonels 8–4
20 William & Mary Tribe 7–4
21 McNeese State Cowboys 7–4
22 Texas State Bobcats 8–5
23 Jacksonville State Gamecocks 8–3
24 Grambling State Tigers 11–2
25 Prairie View A&M Panthers 9–1


References






  1. ^ Associated Press (2008-12-19). "Richmond cruises to first football title". ESPN. Retrieved 2008-12-20..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ "Armanti Edwards wins 2008 Walter Payton Award". The Sports Network. Archived from the original on 2011-04-04. Retrieved 2008-12-20.


  3. ^ "Greg Peach captures 2008 Buck Buchanan Award". The Sports Network. Retrieved 2008-12-20.


  4. ^ "NCAA Football Rules Committee Proposes Rules to Enhance Student-Athlete Safety and Encourage Consistent Pace of Play" (Press release). NCAA. 2008-02-13. Archived from the original on 23 December 2008. Retrieved 20 December 2008.


  5. ^ Olin Buchanan (2008-02-13). "More new timing rules among NCAA proposal". Rivals. Archived from the original on 15 February 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-13.


  6. ^ "2008 Playoff Bracket". NCAA. Archived from the original on 27 November 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-24.


  7. ^ Associated Press (2008-12-13). "Grambling St. 41, Jackson St. 9". ESPN. Retrieved 2008-12-20.


  8. ^ Associated Press (2008-12-06). "Albany, N.Y. 28, Jacksonville 0". ESPN. Retrieved 2008-12-20.


  9. ^ "Final Sports Network's 2008 FCS College Football Poll". The Sports Network. Archived from the original on 2011-05-25. Retrieved 2009-03-01.










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Shashamane

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city in Oromia, Ethiopia Shashamane ሻሸመኔ (in Amharic) , Shashemane (in Oromo) Shashe city Main Street Shashamane Shashamane Location within Ethiopia Coordinates: 7°12′N 38°36′E  /  7.200°N 38.600°E  / 7.200; 38.600 Country Ethiopia Region Oromia Zone Mirab Arsi Population (2012)  • Total 122,046 Time zone UTC+3 (EAT) Climate Cwb Shashamane (or Shashemene , Oromo) is a town and a separate woreda in West Arsi Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. The town lies on the Trans-African Highway 4 Cairo-Cape Town, about 150 miles (240 km) from the capital of Addis Ababa. It has a latitude of 7° 12' north and a longitude of 38° 36' east. The 2007 national census reported a total population for this town of 100,454, of whom 50,654 were men and 49,800 were women. A plurality of the inhabitants practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 43.44% of the population reporting they observed this belief, while 31.15% of the population said
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Carrot

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Root vegetable, usually orange in color This article is about the cultivated vegetable. For other uses, see Carrot (disambiguation). Carrot Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Eudicots Clade : Asterids Order: Apiales Family: Apiaceae Genus: Daucus Species: D. carota Subspecies: D. c. subsp. sativus Trinomial name Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Schübl. & G. Martens The carrot ( Daucus carota subsp. sativus ) is a root vegetable, usually orange in colour, though purple, black, red, white, and yellow cultivars exist. [1] Carrots are a domesticated form of the wild carrot, Daucus carota , native to Europe and southwestern Asia. The plant probably originated in Persia and was originally cultivated for its leaves and seeds. The most commonly eaten part of the plant is the taproot, although the stems and leaves are eaten as well. The domestic carrot ha
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Deprivation index

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Deprivation indices are a measure of the level of deprivation in an area. Examples include: Indices of deprivation 2004 (ID2004) Indices of deprivation 2007 (ID2007) Underprivileged area score Carstairs index Department of Environment Index v t e Indices of Deprivation National (general deprivation) Carstairs index Index of Multiple Deprivation 2000 (IMD2000) Indices of deprivation 2004 (ID2004) Indices of deprivation 2007 (ID2007) Indices of deprivation 2010 (ID2010) National (subject specific deprivation) Underprivileged area score Department of Environment Index This economics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e This sociology-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e This page is only for reference, If you need detailed information, please check here
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