Rdxfbgrtj

"For the Fallen" inscription on Stirling War Memorial, Scotland

"For the Fallen" is a poem written by Laurence Binyon. It was first published in The Times in September 1914. The "Ode of Remembrance" is an ode taken from the poem. It is often recited at Remembrance Day services. Over time, the third and fourth stanzas of the poem (usually nowadays just the fourth) have been claimed as a tribute to all casualties of war, regardless of state,^[1] and it is this selection of "For the Fallen" to which the term "Ode of Remembrance" usually refers.^[2]

Background

War memorial in ChristChurch Cathedral, Christchurch, New Zealand

CWGC headstone with adapted excerpt from "For The Fallen"

Laurence Binyon (10 August 1869 – 10 March 1943) was a British poet. He attended Trinity College, Oxford, winning the Newdigate Prize.^[3] A week after the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Binyon published his first war poem, "The Fourth of August" in The Times. Binyon is described as having a "sober" response to the outbreak of the war, in contrast to the euphoria many others felt. He signed the Author's Declaration with 54 other British authors that appeared in The New York Times on 18 September, and defended British involvement in the war.^[4][5] In the first British action of the war, on 23 August, the British Expeditionary Force suffered a loss at the Battle of Mons and the subsequent lengthy retreat. The extent of fighting to follow was not revealed as casualties were comparable to past European wars.^[6][7]

"For The Fallen' plaque with The Rumps promontory beyond

Writing

"For the Fallen" was specifically composed in honour of the casualties of the British Expeditionary Force in the opening action of the war on the Western Front.^[8] Binyon wrote the poem immediately following the retreat from the Battle of Mons.^[7] Binyon composed the original poem while sitting on the cliffs between Pentire Point and The Rumps in north Cornwall, UK. A stone plaque was erected at the spot in 2001 to commemorate the fact. The plaque bears the inscription:^[8]

There is also a plaque on the East Cliff above Portreath in central North Cornwall which cites that as the place where Binyon composed the poem.^[8] It was published in The Times on 21 September 1914, just seven weeks after the beginning of the war.^[7]

Poem

The first stanza establishes a patriotic element. Binyon personifies the United Kingdom as a "mother", and British soldiers as "children". The poem remembers the deaths of soldiers while justifying the cause of their deaths as "the cause of the free": a theme carried throughout the rest of the poem.^[9]

The monosyllabic words of the second stanza echo "solemn, funereal drums."^[10] The stanza, like the first espouses themes of "martial glorification". It describes war as "solemn", with a "music" and "glory" and compares death to "celestial music".^[9]

The third stanza refers to soldiers marching to fight in the Battle of the Marne. It is less known than the fourth,^[11] despite occasionally being recited on Remembrance Day.^[1] The soldiers are "straight of limb, true of eye, steady and aglow”, and though facing “odds uncounted” are “staunch to the end”.^[9]

The fourth stanza of the poem was written first,^[10] and includes the best known lines in the poem.^[12] The line commencing "Age shall not weary them" echoes (probably unconsciously) Enobarbus' description of Cleopatra in Antony and Cleopatra: "Age cannot wither her, nor custom stale".^[13] It has been suggested that the word should be "contemn" rather than "condemn". "Condemn" was used when the poem was first printed in The Times on 21 September 1914, and in the anthology The Winnowing Fan: Poems of the Great War in 1914 in which the poem was later published. If either publication had contained a misprint, Binyon had the chance to make an amendment. The issue has arisen in Australia, with little or no debate in other Commonwealth countries that mark Remembrance Day.^[14][15][16]

Binyon speaks of loss and mourns the deaths of soldiers who left behind "familiar tables" and "laughing comrades".^[17]

In the sixth stanza, the soldiers are described as achieving a sort of "bodily transcendence" in their death.^[18]

The seventh stanza compares dead soldiers to stars and constellations, that remain traces of being soldiers, moving in "marches". This memorializes the dead while keeping their role as soldiers for the British Empire present; "an empire that, by association with these eternal soldiers, makes its own claims on a sort of immortality. "^[18]

Reception

Use at memorial services and on monuments

The "Ode of Remembrance" is regularly recited at memorial services held on days commemorating World War I, such as ANZAC Day, Remembrance Day, and Remembrance Sunday. In Australia's Returned and Services Leagues, and in New Zealand's Returned Services Associations, it is read out nightly at 6 p.m., followed by a minute's silence. In Australia and New Zealand it is also part of the Dawn service at 4.28 a.m. Recitations of the "Ode of Remembrance" are often followed by a playing of the "Last Post". In Canadian remembrance services, a French translation^[19] is often used along with or instead of the English ode.

The line "Lest we forget", taken from Kipling's poem "Recessional" (which incidentally has nothing to do with remembering the fallen in war), is often added as if were part of the ode and repeated in response by those listening, especially in Australia. Several Boer War memorials are inscribed with the phrase showing its use pre WWI. In the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand and Singapore, the final line of the ode, "We will remember them", is repeated in response. In Canada, the second stanza of the above extract has become known as the Act of Remembrance, and the final line is also repeated.^[20]

The ode is also read at the Menin Gate, every evening at 8 p.m., after the first part of the "Last Post". It is mostly read by a British serviceman. The recital is followed by a minute of silence. Like the Menin Gate, the Australian War Memorial incorporates the Ode into its Last Post Ceremony, where it is read by a member of the Australian Defence Force and is followed by a minute of silence and a bugler playing the Last Post.

In 2018, at the centennial of the signing of the Armistice, plans were made to ring carillons and church bells across the British Commonwealth at local sundown, in reference to the line, "at the going down of the sun ... we will remember them." The bells were to be rung 100 times in recognition of the 100 years having passed.^[21][22]

A quotation appears on the Calgary Soldiers' Memorial.

A plaque on a statue dedicated to the fallen in La Valletta, Malta, is also inscribed with these words.

Musical settings

Sir Edward Elgar set to music three of Binyon's poems ("The Fourth of August", "To Women", and "For the Fallen", published within the collection "The Winnowing Fan") as The Spirit of England, Op. 80, for tenor or soprano solo, chorus, and orchestra (1917). His setting of "For the Fallen" sparked some controversy as it was published after another setting of the same poem by the composer Cyril Rootham in 1915. Neither composer was responsible for this, and Elgar initially offered to withdraw but was persuaded to continue by the literary and art critic Sidney Colvin and by Binyon himself.^[23] There is an eighth stanza in the version that was set to music by Elgar.^[24]

"They shall grow not old..." was set to music by Douglas Guest in 1971, and has become a well-known feature of choral services on Remembrance Sunday. Nottingham-based composer Alex Patterson also wrote a setting of the text in 2010.^[25] The text of "For the Fallen" has also been set by Mark Blatchly for treble voices, organ and trumpet (which plays "The Last Post" in the background).^[26] In March 2015, a new musical setting was released by Gil Orms.^[27]

Other uses in popular culture

Time of our Darkness, the title of a novel by the South African author Stephen Gray, is a reference to the last two lines of "For the Fallen": "As the stars that are starry in the time of our darkness, / To the end, to the end, they remain."

Paul Bearer recited part of the poem as a tribute to Owen Hart on May 24, 1999, at the memorial Raw is Owen, the night after the wrestler died in the ring.^{[citation needed]}

Artists Rifles, a CD audiobook published in 2004, includes a reading of "For the Fallen" by Binyon himself. The recording itself is undated and appeared on a 78 rpm disc issued in Japan. Other Great War poets heard on the CD include Siegfried Sassoon, Edmund Blunden, Robert Graves, David Jones and Edgell Rickword.^[28]

The Roy Harper song "Berliners", from his 1990 album Once, uses the 4th stanza as its opening verse, preceded by a recording of a Remembrance Day ceremony where the same stanza was recited.^{[citation needed]}

"...For Victory", a song from the eponymous album by the British death metal band Bolt Thrower, contains a quote from Laurence Binyon's poem.^{[citation needed]}

In a closing scene of "The Family of Blood", an episode of the Doctor Who television series, the vicar at a Remembrance Day ceremony reads "For the Fallen/Ode of Remembrance" to those who have gathered, including elderly survivors of the war.^{[29][30][31][better source needed]}

With a slight change of word order, a line from the poem was used as the title of Peter Jackson's film They Shall Not Grow Old, produced to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Armistice Day in 2018.

Critical response

In his biography on Laurence Binyon, John Hatcher noted that "In its gravitas, its tenderness, and depth of grief, "For the Fallen" looks as if it should have appeared in The Times of 21 September 1918 not 1914. It harmonizes with the tone neither of The Times war reports nor of other poems appearing at the time...While other early Great War poems sounded hollow when the true scale and nature of the war slowly permeated the national consciousness, this poem grew in stature with each defeat, each abortive push, and pyrrhic victory." Hatcher concludes that "by 1918 it was an infinitely better poem than it had been in 1914."^[7] The British Library said the poem"remains one of the most affecting and well-known elegies from the period."^[32]

References

Bibliography

• 
  Moffett, Alex (2007). ""We Will Remember Them": The Poetic Rewritings of Lutyens' Cenotaph 1" (PDF). War, Literature & the Arts. 12: 228–246.
  


• 
  Hatcher, John (1995). "For the Fallen". Laurence Binyon: Poet, Scholar of East and West. Oxford UP. pp. 188–211. ISBN 9780198122968.
  

External links

Wikisource has original text related to this article: For the Fallen

• Audiobook CD featuring reading of "Ode" by Binyon


• Manuscript copy of "For the Fallen" at the British Library